英美概况社会生活 Social Life课件

SocialLife

ChapterITheFamily

Britishsocietyisbasedonfamilylifeandthefamilyisaself-containedeconomicandsocialunitwithmother,fatherandchildrenlivingtogetheraloneintheirownhouse.SomarriagesignifiesthebeginningofanewandindependentfamilyandmeansagreatdealinBritishlife.1ASocialLifeChapt1.MarriageIntermsofmarriagenochildcanmarrybelowtheageofsixteen,whetherwithorwithouttheparents’consent.Between16to18theparents’contentisnecessary.Butovertheageof18theparents’consentisunnecessary.2A1.MarriageIntermsofmarriaNowadaysitisquitenormalforagirlof16togooutwithaboyfriend.Iftheyaretogetherforalongtimeandknoweachotherwell,theywillinviteeachothertotheirhousetomeettheirparentsonthebasisof“goingsteady”.Thefirststeptowardstheweddingisanengagementringwhichisplacedonthethirdfingerofthegirl’slefthand.3ANowadaysitisquitenormalfoForthewedding,manyBritishcouplesgotochurchtohavetheceremony,nomatterwhethertheyarereligiousornot.Forthechurchceremonythegirlisusuallydressedinalongwhitedressandattendedbyhercloserelativesandfriends.Thebrideandbridegroommakeconsiderablepromisesofloyaltytoeachother,butfirstofallthevicar(教区牧师)willaskthemwhethereachiswillingtomarrytheother.4AForthewedding,manyBritishThebrideisgivenawaybyacloserelativetoherhusband,usuallybyherfather,whichindicatethatthebondofmarriageisstrongerthananypreviousfamilybonds,strongerthanthebondbetweenthebrideandhermother.Aftertheweddingthereisalwaysareceptionofalightmealtowhichalltherelativesandfriendsareinvited.5AThebrideisgivenawaybyac2.MealsBritishmealsareanimportantelementinfamilylife,becauseBritishmealshaveagreateffectonfamilylifewhenthefamilymemberssittogetherroundthetableatdefinitetime.Visitsatmealtimeareimpolite.Theydonotexpectyoutobeinvitedtosharethemeal.6A2.MealsBritishmealsareanBreakfastBreakfastisoftenaratherhurriedandinformalmeal,whichistakensittingatthetable.Afullbreakfastcommonlybeginswithacereal(谷类),likecorn-flakes（玉米片）,towhichmilkandsugarareadded.Thenfriedegg,bacon(熏猪肉)orsausages(香肠)mayfollowwithfriedbreadorfriedpotatoes.Butteredslicesoftoast(烤面包)concludethemeal,andteaorcoffeeisdrunkwithit.7ABreakfastBreakfastisoftenaLunchThemiddaylunchtimeisfromabout12:30to2:00p.m.OnSundays,thefamilyusuallysittogethertolunch.Thefirstcourseisasmallquantityofsoup.Themaincourseconsistsofmeat,potatoesandothervegetables.Afterthemaincoursethereisalwaysalightcoursecalledthedessertor“sweet”.8ALunchThemiddaylunchtimeisAfternoonteaThenextmealis“tea”intheafternoon,called“afternoontea”.Ataboutfiveo’clockthemotherandchildrenmayhavecupsoftea,withslicesofbreadandbutter,andcake.Iftheywaitalittlelaterforthefathertocomebackfromwork,theymayhave“ahightea(台茶/茶餐)”,whichisaheavier,cookedmeal,oftenincludingaplateofchipswithfriedeggorfriedfish.Theeveningmealvariesfromfamilytofamily.9AAfternoonteaThenextmealisChapterIICharacterandManners

性格与礼貌

TheBritishpeoplehavetheirownmentalitiesandattitudes.Theyhavetheirownwayofthinkingandacting.10AChapterIICharacterandManne1.ExclusivenessThebest-knownqualityoftheBritishpeopleand,inparticular,oftheEnglishpeopleistheirexclusiveness.Itisverydifficulttoknowsuchamanwhodoesnottalkmuch,neversaysanythingabouthimself,doesnotshowmuchemotionandhardlyevergetsexcited.Perhapstherearetworeasons:oneisthespecialgeographicallocationofBritain;theotheristhedistinctdevelopmentofitshistory.11A1.ExclusivenessThebest-know2.ConservativenessTheEnglishpeoplearesoconservativethattheyhavetowaitalongtimebeforetheyarepreparedtotrysomethingnew.Englishmenthinktheirwayofdoingthingsisalwaysthebest,andalwaysthemostnormal.12A2.ConservativenessTheEnglisOneisthattheBritishpeoplehavebeenslowinadoptingrationalreform.Inthe1960sthe24clockwasatlastadoptedforrailwaytimetables.Thepublicattitudetothemonarchy(君主制)illustratesconservativeness.AnotherexampleisthattheBritishpeoplefavortheoldways.WhencentralheatingwasdevelopedintheU.S.A.theEnglishpeoplethoughtthiswasahorriblething.13AOneisthattheBritishpeople3.PolitenessInBritain,allpolitenessisbasedonthebasicruleofshowingconsiderationforothers.TheBritishpeopledonotreadilyaskyoutodoanythinginconvenientforthem.InthedailylifeoftheBritish“Excuseme”isheardasanapologyfortroublingsomebody.Sorryexpressregretforanunconsciousdisturbance;alsoreplaces“no”,whenyoucannotaccepttoarequest.14A3.PolitenessInBritain,all“pardon”or“sorry”ratherthan“what”isthenormalpolitewayofaskingsb.torepeatwhathehassaid.Abare“yes”or“no”isconsideredveryrudewhenyoureplytoanoffer.Theyarequiteparticularabouttablemanners.E.g.Attable,itisadvisabletositupstraight.TheBritishpeopleusuallydonotcryandshoutinpublic.15A“pardon”or“sorry”rathert4.LoveofPrivacyTherighttoprivacyandpersonalfreedomisunquestionedbytheBritish.ThereisacommonsayingamongtheBritishpeople,“Myhomeismycastle.Thewindcancomein,buttheKingsandQueensandhumanbeingscannevercomeinwithoutmypermission.”16A4.LoveofPrivacyTherightto5.StiffUpperLipTheBritishpeopleshowingtheirmentalityiscalled“phlegm(冷淡、不动感情)”.Itmeanscalmandundemonstrative(含蓄的)behavior.TheBritishdonotshowtheirfeelingsverymuch.17A5.StiffUpperLipTheBritish6.SenseofHumorTheEnglishsenseofhumourisself-deprecating,thatistheactoflaughingatoneself.AnEnglishmanlaughsathisownfaults,hisownshortcomings,hisownfailuresandhisownembarrassment.18A6.SenseofHumorTheEnglishsChapterIIICustomsandHabitsTheBritishpeoplehavetheirownparticularcustoms,particularlythecustomsassociatedwiththeroyalfamily.Herearesomeimportantones:1.JohnBull

ImageofJohnBull:heisshortandfat,withatallhatonhisheadandapairofbootsonhisfeet.ItisthenicknamesforBritain.19AChapterIIICustomsandHabits20A20A英国人的绰号“约翰牛”TheNicknameoftheBritishPeople：JohnBull

英国人在国际上有个很通行的绰号——约翰牛。这个绰号是英国人自己叫起来的。它源自1727年苏格兰作家约翰·阿巴思诺特（JohnArbuthnot）写的一本书，名为《约翰牛的历史》（TheHistoryofJohnBull）。阿巴思诺特生于1667年，毕业于圣安德兽医学院，担任过英国宫廷医生，还善于写政治性的讽刺作品。1712年后，共写了5本关于约翰牛和其邻居的讽刺性寓言小册子。1727年汇辑成书，题名为《约翰牛的历史》。作者在书中讽刺英国在西班牙王位继承战争中所扮演的角色。他把英国人格化，把英国写成一个叫约翰牛的人物。这个人物是一个头戴礼帽、足蹬长统靴、手持雨伞的矮胖愚笨的绅士，用来比喻参与西班牙王位继承战争的英国当局。约翰牛喜欢虚张声势，也很执拗，但心地善良。从此以后，人们就把英国人称为约翰牛。这个绰号多半是形容英国人傲慢、固执。

21A英国人的绰号“约翰牛”21A2.TalkingAbouttheWeatherWhydoEnglishmenlovetotalkabouttheweather?Thereareperhapstworeasons.Oneistheuncertaintyoftheweather.Anotherreasonisthattalkingabouttheweather,unlikediscussingpolitics,seemsawayofbeingfriendly,withoutgettingheated.Theweatherisasubjectwhichisquitesafetotalkabout.22A2.TalkingAbouttheWeatherWh3.LadiesFirst“LadiesFirst”isalsoaBritishcustom,thoughitislessobservedtodaythanitusedtobe.Butthereisstillthefeelingthattheyneedprotection.Itisstillconsideredpolitetoletawomangofirst,toprotectherfromtraffic,tohelphergoonandgetoffthebusandtodomanyotherthingsforher.23A3.LadiesFirst“LadiesFirst”4.Three“Don’s”TheBritishhavethehabitofqueuing.Ifsomebodyjumpsthequeue(插队),theBritishpeoplelookdownuponhimorher.InEngland,youshouldneveraskawomanherage.Don’ttrytobargaininBritainwhenyoudotheshopping.24A4.Three“Don’s”TheBritishh5.Three“INGS”Three“INGS”refertobetting,drinkingandtipping,theendforeachofwhichisING.TheBritishpeoplearegreatloversofbetting.TheybetmainlyonhorseracingandBingo(一种用纸牌搭成方块的赌博).DrinkingisahabitoftheBritishpeople.Mostmenhavethehabitofdrinkingbeer,wineandsoon.Thereisanothertypeofdrinking,thedrinkingoftea.TippingisacustomwhichtheBritishhave.ThetippingsysteminBritainorinthewest,consistsofsmallextrapaymentofatenthoraneighthofthepriceofthebill,giventowaiters,taxidrivers,hairdressers.25A5.Three“INGS”Three“INGS”re6.ThreeRoyalTraditions1).Playingthefluteisoneoftheroyaltraditions.2).ThechangingoftheQueen’sguardisanotheroftheroyaltraditions.Therearetwoplacesinwhichtheceremoniestakeplace.OneceremonyisinfrontofBuckinghamPalace.TheotherisatWhitehall.Bothtakeplaceatelevena.m.weekdaysandattenonSunday.26A6.ThreeRoyalTraditions1).PTheQueen’sguards,dressedinredcoatsandblacktrousers,awhitebelt,inwhitegloves,withaglitteringswordatthewaistandatallblackfurhatonthehead.27ATheQueen’sguards,dressedin3)Thethirdisaroyalceremonyinvolvingonlythemonarch.Annually,theBritishQueenmakesaparliamentaryspeech,theceremonyforwhichisrathersolemn.28A3)Thethirdisaroyalceremo会议的独特仪式AParticularCeremonyoftheParliament

英国议会有一个独特的仪式，至今已有300多年的历史。英国国王（女王）每年都要到议会去致词。英王乘坐金饰辉煌的马车，从白金汉宫来到泰晤士河畔的议会大厦——威斯敏斯特宫（WestminsterPalace）。英王在上院（theHouseofLords）的王位就座后，派遣一名手持黑杖的信使去大厦另一端的下院会场，通知下院的议员到上院（theHouseofCommons）听英王讲话。但是当信使走到下院附近时，下院的警卫立即把大门关紧，把信使关在门外。这时信使用黑杖（BlackRod）在下院大门的铜环上连敲三下，要求进入。当下院议长（theSpeaker）表示同意后，警卫才打开大门让信使进入下院。然后信使向下院传达英王旨意，并向议长深深鞠躬。此后，议长起身，带领下院议员鱼贯走入上院。

29A

议会的这一仪式起源于1642年。英王查理一世（CharlesI）（1600—1649）是英国历史有名的暴君（tyrant）。他对抗议会（parliament），压迫清教徒（Puritan）。他在1629年解散议会，此后11年独断专行，史称为“11年暴政”（ElevenYears’Tyranny）。最后他的统治被推翻，他以暴君、叛国者、杀人犯被处决。是英国历史上仅有的被处死的国王。

1642年1月，查理一世闯进下院，要抓捕与国王对抗的5名议员。但议长针锋相对，慷慨陈词，说他只听从议会的指令，断然拒绝交出这5名议员。查理一世只好悻悻地离开下院。此时议员高喊：“特权！”“特权！”以抗议查理一世的粗暴行为。以后，为纪念这次反对封建特权的胜利，下院每次开会都采用这一仪式，一直到现在。不过现在已完全变成一种仪式。30A议会的这一仪式起源于1642年。英王查理一世（CharlesChapterIV–BritishHolidaysandFestivals31AChapterIV–BritishHolidaysInBritain,manyholidaysandfestivalshaveaChristianbackground.ChristmasisaChristianholidaythatcelebratesthebirthofJesusChrist.NooneknowstheexactdateofChrist'sbirth,butmostChristiansobserveChristmasonDecember25.Onthisday,manygotochurch,wheretheytakepartinspecialreligiousservices.DuringtheChristmasseason,theyalsoexchangegiftsanddecoratetheirhomeswithChristmastrees.ThewordChristmascomesfromCristesmaesse,anearlyEnglishphrasethatmeansMassofChrist.

32AInBritain,manyholidaysandFatherChristmasIt’sonDecember25th.MerryChristmas!33AFatherChristmasIt’sonDecembthetraditionalChristmastreecomesfromaGermantradition–QueenVictoria’shusband,PrinceAlbertwasthefirstmantointroduceChristmastreestoBritain.34AthetraditionalChristmastreeChristmasisthebiggestholidayinEngland.SchoolsusuallyhaveatwoweekholidayandalltheofficesandshopscloseovertheChristmasperiod.ItisatimeverysimilartoSpringFestivalinChina,whenpeoplespendtimewiththeirfamilies.35AChristmasisthebiggestholidChristmasDay–ChristianswillgotoChurchonthisday.OnChristmasEve—thenightbeforeChristmasDay–childrenalloverBritainputastockingattheendoftheirbedsbeforetheygotosleep.TheirparentsusuallytellthemthatFatherChristmaswillcomeduringthenight.FatherChristmasisverykind—hearted.Helandsontopofeachhouseandclimbsdownthechimneyintothefireplace.36AChristmasDay–Christianswilchimneyfireplace37Achimneyfireplace37ATheChristmasDinner,usuallyatlunchtimeonChristmasDayisthemostimportantmeal.ChristmasDinner:-turkey,sausages,baconRoastpotatoes,boiledpotatoes,carrots,cauliflower,sprouts.Dessert-Christmaspudding(madefromdriedfruitandnuts)withawhitebrandysauce38ATheChristmasDinner,usuallyChristmasDay（节礼日）isanationalholiday,andthenextday(26thDecember),calledBoxingDayisalsoanationalholiday.ItiscalledBoxingDaybecauseitisthedaythattraditionallyemployerswouldgivetheiremployeesaChristmasboxcontaininggiftsormoney–similartotheideaofthehongbaoinChina.39AChristmasDay（节礼日）isanationPantomimes（哑剧）–thesearetraditionalatChristmas.Apantomimeisacomedyplayandisusuallybasedonafamousfairytale(suchasCinderella),butincludesjokesandsongs.Theleadingroleofthemanisalwaysplayedbyawoman,andthereisalwaysa“Dame”(anoldwoman)thatisplayedbyaman.40APantomimes（哑剧）–thesearetraTheQueen’sSpeechisatraditionalChristmasmessagegivenbytheQueenat3pmonChristmasDay.ItisbroadcastonTVandlastsforabout10minutes.TheQueenwillsumupthepreviousyearandexpressherhopesforthecomingnewyear.41ATheQueen’sSpeechisatraditTheChristmasSymbolsStar---Aheavenlysignofprophecyfulfilledlongagesago---theshininghopeofmankindRed-------ThefirstcolorofChristmassymbolizingtheSavior'ssacrificeforall42ATheChristmasSymbolsStar---AFirtreeEvergreen---ThesecondcolorofChristmasshowseverlastinglife.Theneedlespointheavenward.Bell---Ringsouttoguidelostsheepbacktothefold---signifyingallarepreciousintheeyesoftheLord

43AFirtreeEvergreen---Thesecongiftbow（蝴蝶结）----Tiedasweshouldallbetiedtogetherinbondsofgoodwillforever.44A44A2.EasterForChristiansthisisthemostimportantfestival.Easterincludestwonationalholidays–GoodFriday(耶稣受难节)andEasterMonday(复活节后的星期一).EastercelebratesthedeathofJesusChrist(crucifixion),onGoodFriday,andhisresurrectiononEasterSunday(复活节).ThedateofEasterisbasedonthelunarcalendarandsochangeseveryyear.45A2.Easter45A46A46AEastertraditions:-Eastereggs–madefromchocolate.TheeggissupposedtorepresentnewlifeandthestartofSpring.Inthepasteggrollingwasacommontradition–peoplewouldrollrealeggsdownahillandifyoureggdidnotbreakthismeanthatyouwouldhavegoodluckEasterbunny–therabbitwhobringstheEastereggsforchildren47AEastertraditions:-47A48A48A3.AprilFool’sDay(April1st)ishardlyafestival,butonthatdayyoumayfindthatsomeonehasgivenyouafalsemessageorsomeotheringenious(有独创性的)trickshavebeenplayedonyoutomakeyouan“AprilFool”.49A3.AprilFool’sDay(April1st)4.Abirthdayisapurelypersonalfestival.ButthebirthdayoftheBritishMonarchisaNationaldayinBritain,forthereisnofixeddaywhichisaNationalDayinBritain.QueenElizabethIIwasbornonApril21st,1926.BecausetheweatherinAprilisusuallynotgood,nationalcelebrationsareheldonthesecondThursdayofJuneeveryyear.50A4.AbirthdayisapurelyperSocialLife

ChapterITheFamily

Britishsocietyisbasedonfamilylifeandthefamilyisaself-containedeconomicandsocialunitwithmother,fatherandchildrenlivingtogetheraloneintheirownhouse.SomarriagesignifiesthebeginningofanewandindependentfamilyandmeansagreatdealinBritishlife.51ASocialLifeChapt1.MarriageIntermsofmarriagenochildcanmarrybelowtheageofsixteen,whetherwithorwithouttheparents’consent.Between16to18theparents’contentisnecessary.Butovertheageof18theparents’consentisunnecessary.52A1.MarriageIntermsofmarriaNowadaysitisquitenormalforagirlof16togooutwithaboyfriend.Iftheyaretogetherforalongtimeandknoweachotherwell,theywillinviteeachothertotheirhousetomeettheirparentsonthebasisof“goingsteady”.Thefirststeptowardstheweddingisanengagementringwhichisplacedonthethirdfingerofthegirl’slefthand.53ANowadaysitisquitenormalfoForthewedding,manyBritishcouplesgotochurchtohavetheceremony,nomatterwhethertheyarereligiousornot.Forthechurchceremonythegirlisusuallydressedinalongwhitedressandattendedbyhercloserelativesandfriends.Thebrideandbridegroommakeconsiderablepromisesofloyaltytoeachother,butfirstofallthevicar(教区牧师)willaskthemwhethereachiswillingtomarrytheother.54AForthewedding,manyBritishThebrideisgivenawaybyacloserelativetoherhusband,usuallybyherfather,whichindicatethatthebondofmarriageisstrongerthananypreviousfamilybonds,strongerthanthebondbetweenthebrideandhermother.Aftertheweddingthereisalwaysareceptionofalightmealtowhichalltherelativesandfriendsareinvited.55AThebrideisgivenawaybyac2.MealsBritishmealsareanimportantelementinfamilylife,becauseBritishmealshaveagreateffectonfamilylifewhenthefamilymemberssittogetherroundthetableatdefinitetime.Visitsatmealtimeareimpolite.Theydonotexpectyoutobeinvitedtosharethemeal.56A2.MealsBritishmealsareanBreakfastBreakfastisoftenaratherhurriedandinformalmeal,whichistakensittingatthetable.Afullbreakfastcommonlybeginswithacereal(谷类),likecorn-flakes（玉米片）,towhichmilkandsugarareadded.Thenfriedegg,bacon(熏猪肉)orsausages(香肠)mayfollowwithfriedbreadorfriedpotatoes.Butteredslicesoftoast(烤面包)concludethemeal,andteaorcoffeeisdrunkwithit.57ABreakfastBreakfastisoftenaLunchThemiddaylunchtimeisfromabout12:30to2:00p.m.OnSundays,thefamilyusuallysittogethertolunch.Thefirstcourseisasmallquantityofsoup.Themaincourseconsistsofmeat,potatoesandothervegetables.Afterthemaincoursethereisalwaysalightcoursecalledthedessertor“sweet”.58ALunchThemiddaylunchtimeisAfternoonteaThenextmealis“tea”intheafternoon,called“afternoontea”.Ataboutfiveo’clockthemotherandchildrenmayhavecupsoftea,withslicesofbreadandbutter,andcake.Iftheywaitalittlelaterforthefathertocomebackfromwork,theymayhave“ahightea(台茶/茶餐)”,whichisaheavier,cookedmeal,oftenincludingaplateofchipswithfriedeggorfriedfish.Theeveningmealvariesfromfamilytofamily.59AAfternoonteaThenextmealisChapterIICharacterandManners

性格与礼貌

TheBritishpeoplehavetheirownmentalitiesandattitudes.Theyhavetheirownwayofthinkingandacting.60AChapterIICharacterandManne1.ExclusivenessThebest-knownqualityoftheBritishpeopleand,inparticular,oftheEnglishpeopleistheirexclusiveness.Itisverydifficulttoknowsuchamanwhodoesnottalkmuch,neversaysanythingabouthimself,doesnotshowmuchemotionandhardlyevergetsexcited.Perhapstherearetworeasons:oneisthespecialgeographicallocationofBritain;theotheristhedistinctdevelopmentofitshistory.61A1.ExclusivenessThebest-know2.ConservativenessTheEnglishpeoplearesoconservativethattheyhavetowaitalongtimebeforetheyarepreparedtotrysomethingnew.Englishmenthinktheirwayofdoingthingsisalwaysthebest,andalwaysthemostnormal.62A2.ConservativenessTheEnglisOneisthattheBritishpeoplehavebeenslowinadoptingrationalreform.Inthe1960sthe24clockwasatlastadoptedforrailwaytimetables.Thepublicattitudetothemonarchy(君主制)illustratesconservativeness.AnotherexampleisthattheBritishpeoplefavortheoldways.WhencentralheatingwasdevelopedintheU.S.A.theEnglishpeoplethoughtthiswasahorriblething.63AOneisthattheBritishpeople3.PolitenessInBritain,allpolitenessisbasedonthebasicruleofshowingconsiderationforothers.TheBritishpeopledonotreadilyaskyoutodoanythinginconvenientforthem.InthedailylifeoftheBritish“Excuseme”isheardasanapologyfortroublingsomebody.Sorryexpressregretforanunconsciousdisturbance;alsoreplaces“no”,whenyoucannotaccepttoarequest.64A3.PolitenessInBritain,all“pardon”or“sorry”ratherthan“what”isthenormalpolitewayofaskingsb.torepeatwhathehassaid.Abare“yes”or“no”isconsideredveryrudewhenyoureplytoanoffer.Theyarequiteparticularabouttablemanners.E.g.Attable,itisadvisabletositupstraight.TheBritishpeopleusuallydonotcryandshoutinpublic.65A“pardon”or“sorry”rathert4.LoveofPrivacyTherighttoprivacyandpersonalfreedomisunquestionedbytheBritish.ThereisacommonsayingamongtheBritishpeople,“Myhomeismycastle.Thewindcancomein,buttheKingsandQueensandhumanbeingscannevercomeinwithoutmypermission.”66A4.LoveofPrivacyTherightto5.StiffUpperLipTheBritishpeopleshowingtheirmentalityiscalled“phlegm(冷淡、不动感情)”.Itmeanscalmandundemonstrative(含蓄的)behavior.TheBritishdonotshowtheirfeelingsverymuch.67A5.StiffUpperLipTheBritish6.SenseofHumorTheEnglishsenseofhumourisself-deprecating,thatistheactoflaughingatoneself.AnEnglishmanlaughsathisownfaults,hisownshortcomings,hisownfailuresandhisownembarrassment.68A6.SenseofHumorTheEnglishsChapterIIICustomsandHabitsTheBritishpeoplehavetheirownparticularcustoms,particularlythecustomsassociatedwiththeroyalfamily.Herearesomeimportantones:1.JohnBull

ImageofJohnBull:heisshortandfat,withatallhatonhisheadandapairofbootsonhisfeet.ItisthenicknamesforBritain.69AChapterIIICustomsandHabits70A20A英国人的绰号“约翰牛”TheNicknameoftheBritishPeople：JohnBull

英国人在国际上有个很通行的绰号——约翰牛。这个绰号是英国人自己叫起来的。它源自1727年苏格兰作家约翰·阿巴思诺特（JohnArbuthnot）写的一本书，名为《约翰牛的历史》（TheHistoryofJohnBull）。阿巴思诺特生于1667年，毕业于圣安德兽医学院，担任过英国宫廷医生，还善于写政治性的讽刺作品。1712年后，共写了5本关于约翰牛和其邻居的讽刺性寓言小册子。1727年汇辑成书，题名为《约翰牛的历史》。作者在书中讽刺英国在西班牙王位继承战争中所扮演的角色。他把英国人格化，把英国写成一个叫约翰牛的人物。这个人物是一个头戴礼帽、足蹬长统靴、手持雨伞的矮胖愚笨的绅士，用来比喻参与西班牙王位继承战争的英国当局。约翰牛喜欢虚张声势，也很执拗，但心地善良。从此以后，人们就把英国人称为约翰牛。这个绰号多半是形容英国人傲慢、固执。

71A英国人的绰号“约翰牛”21A2.TalkingAbouttheWeatherWhydoEnglishmenlovetotalkabouttheweather?Thereareperhapstworeasons.Oneistheuncertaintyoftheweather.Anotherreasonisthattalkingabouttheweather,unlikediscussingpolitics,seemsawayofbeingfriendly,withoutgettingheated.Theweatherisasubjectwhichisquitesafetotalkabout.72A2.TalkingAbouttheWeatherWh3.LadiesFirst“LadiesFirst”isalsoaBritishcustom,thoughitislessobservedtodaythanitusedtobe.Butthereisstillthefeelingthattheyneedprotection.Itisstillconsideredpolitetoletawomangofirst,toprotectherfromtraffic,tohelphergoonandgetoffthebusandtodomanyotherthingsforher.73A3.LadiesFirst“LadiesFirst”4.Three“Don’s”TheBritishhavethehabitofqueuing.Ifsomebodyjumpsthequeue(插队),theBritishpeoplelookdownuponhimorher.InEngland,youshouldneveraskawomanherage.Don’ttrytobargaininBritainwhenyoudotheshopping.74A4.Three“Don’s”TheBritishh5.Three“INGS”Three“INGS”refertobetting,drinkingandtipping,theendforeachofwhichisING.TheBritishpeoplearegreatloversofbetting.TheybetmainlyonhorseracingandBingo(一种用纸牌搭成方块的赌博).DrinkingisahabitoftheBritishpeople.Mostmenhavethehabitofdrinkingbeer,wineandsoon.Thereisanothertypeofdrinking,thedrinkingoftea.TippingisacustomwhichtheBritishhave.ThetippingsysteminBritainorinthewest,consistsofsmallextrapaymentofatenthoraneighthofthepriceofthebill,giventowaiters,taxidrivers,hairdressers.75A5.Three“INGS”Three“INGS”re6.ThreeRoyalTraditions1).Playingthefluteisoneoftheroyaltraditions.2).ThechangingoftheQueen’sguardisanotheroftheroyaltraditions.Therearetwoplacesinwhichtheceremoniestakeplace.OneceremonyisinfrontofBuckinghamPalace.TheotherisatWhitehall.Bothtakeplaceatelevena.m.weekdaysandattenonSunday.76A6.ThreeRoyalTraditions1).PTheQueen’sguards,dressedinredcoatsandblacktrousers,awhitebelt,inwhitegloves,withaglitteringswordatthewaistandatallblackfurhatonthehead.77ATheQueen’sguards,dressedin3)Thethirdisaroyalceremonyinvolvingonlythemonarch.Annually,theBritishQueenmakesaparliamentaryspeech,theceremonyforwhichisrathersolemn.78A3)Thethirdisaroyalceremo会议的独特仪式AParticularCeremonyoftheParliament

英国议会有一个独特的仪式，至今已有300多年的历史。英国国王（女王）每年都要到议会去致词。英王乘坐金饰辉煌的马车，从白金汉宫来到泰晤士河畔的议会大厦——威斯敏斯特宫（WestminsterPalace）。英王在上院（theHouseofLords）的王位就座后，派遣一名手持黑杖的信使去大厦另一端的下院会场，通知下院的议员到上院（theHouseofCommons）听英王讲话。但是当信使走到下院附近时，下院的警卫立即把大门关紧，把信使关在门外。这时信使用黑杖（BlackRod）在下院大门的铜环上连敲三下，要求进入。当下院议长（theSpeaker）表示同意后，警卫才打开大门让信使进入下院。然后信使向下院传达英王旨意，并向议长深深鞠躬。此后，议长起身，带领下院议员鱼贯走入上院。

79A

议会的这一仪式起源于1642年。英王查理一世（CharlesI）（1600—1649）是英国历史有名的暴君（tyrant）。他对抗议会（parliament），压迫清教徒（Puritan）。他在1629年解散议会，此后11年独断专行，史称为“11年暴政”（ElevenYears’Tyranny）。最后他的统治被推翻，他以暴君、叛国者、杀人犯被处决。是英国历史上仅有的被处死的国王。

1642年1月，查理一世闯进下院，要抓捕与国王对抗的5名议员。但议长针锋相对，慷慨陈词，说他只听从议会的指令，断然拒绝交出这5名议员。查理一世只好悻悻地离开下院。此时议员高喊：“特权！”“特权！”以抗议查理一世的粗暴行为。以后，为纪念这次反对封建特权的胜利，下院每次开会都采用这一仪式，一直到现在。不过现在已完全变成一种仪式。80A议会的这一仪式起源于1642年。英王查理一世（CharlesChapterIV–BritishHolidaysandFestivals81AChapterIV–BritishHolidaysInBritain,manyholidaysandfestivalshaveaChristianbackground.ChristmasisaChristianholidaythatcelebratesthebirthofJesusChrist.NooneknowstheexactdateofChrist'sbirth,butmostChristiansobserveChristmasonDecember25.Onthisday,manygotochurch,wheretheytakepartinspecialreligiousservices.DuringtheChristmasseason,theyalsoexchangegiftsanddecoratetheirhomeswithChristmastrees.ThewordChristmascomesfromCristesmaesse,anearlyEnglishphrasethatmeansMassofChrist.

82AInBritain,manyholidaysandFatherChristmasIt’sonDecember25th.MerryChristmas!83AFatherChristmasIt’sonDecembthetraditionalChristmastreecomesfromaGermantradition–QueenVictoria’shusband,PrinceAlbertwasthefirstmantointroduceChristmastreestoBritain.84Athetr