语言学学名词解释

语言学学名词解释语言学学名词解释语言学学名词解释xxx公司语言学学名词解释文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度1)Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificorsystematicstudyof(human)language.wordlanguageprecededbyzeroarticleinEnglishimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,.English,Chinese,FrenchandJapanese,butlanguagesingeneral.wordstudydoesnotmean“learn”but“investigate”.wordscientificreferstothewayinwhichlanguageisstudied.Itisascienceinthesensethatitscientificallystudiestherules,systemsandprinciplesofhumanlanguages.Itdealswithawiderangeoflinguisticphenomena,analyzesthem,andmakesgeneralstatementsaboutthem.2)Linguisticsisalwaysguidedbythe3canonsofscience:(ece)exhaustiveness:itstrivesforthorough-goingnessintheexaminationofrelevantmaterials;consistency:thereshouldbenocontradictionbetweendifferentpartsofthetotalstatementeconomy:otherthingsbeingequal,ashorterstatementoranalysisistobepreferredtoonethatislongerormorecomplex.(ece)3)Thesubjectmatteroflinguisticsisallnaturallanguage,livingordead.4)Linguisticshas2mainpurposes:itstudiesthenatureoflanguageandtriestoestablishatheoryoflanguage,anddescribeslanguagesinthelightofthetheoryestablished.Itexaminesalltheformsoflanguageingeneralandseeksascientificunderstandingofthewaysinwhichitisorganizedtofulfilltheneedsitservesandthefunctionsitperformsinhumanlifelinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaratleastin3basicways:Linguisticsdescribeslanguagesanddoesnotlaydownrulesofcorrectness.Linguistsareinterestedinwhatissaid.Sotheyareoftensaidtobedescriptive.Linguistsregardthespokenlanguageasprimary.Itisbelievedthatspeechcameintobeingfirstforanyhumanlanguageandthewritingsystemcamealongmuchlater.TraditionalgrammarisbasedonLatinandittriestoimposetheLatincategoriesandstructuresonotherlanguages,whilelinguisticsdescribeseachlanguageonitsownmerits.Forastudentoflanguage,someknowledgeoflinguisticsisofbothinterestandimportance.Forateacherofforeignlanguages,hewilldefinitelyagreatdealfromtheknowledgeoflinguistics.Foraresearcher,thereisevenmorescopefordisplayinghisabilities.WhystudylinguisticsLinguisticstakesananalyticalapproachtothestudyoflanguage,andfocusondevelopingskillsindataanalysis,problemsolving,andlogicalthinkingthatcanbeappliedtomanyfields.Itisaninterdisciplinarysubject.Linguisticsisasciencethatisstillinitsinfancybutundergoingrapiddevelopment,anditis“apilotscience”.Whatandhowlinguistsstudylanguagenatureoflanguage(focusonlanguageitself)natureofacquisition(focusonlearners)natureofteaching(focusonteachers)Theprocessoflinguisticstudycanbesummarizedasfollows:.First,certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;.Next,basedonthesegeneralizations,hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;.Andfinallyalinguistictheoryisconstructedaboutwhatlanguageisandhowitworks.Generallinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawhole.Itdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.Microlinguistics（微观语言学）includes6branches,namely,phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semanticsandpragmatics.Itstudieslanguageitself.Macrolinguistics（宏观语言学）studieslanguageinuse---practicalusage.macrolinguisticsincludes:Sociolinguisticsstudiestherelationsbetweenlanguageandsociety:howsocialfactorsinfluencethestructureanduseoflanguage.Anothernameforsociolinguisticsisthesociologyoflanguage.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageandmind:thementalstructuresandprocesseswhichareinvolvedintheacquisition,comprehensionandproductionoflanguage.Neurolinguisticsorneurologicallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageprocessingandlanguagerepresentationinthebrain.Stylisticsisthestudyofhowliteraryeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfeatures.Itusuallyreferstothestudyofwrittenlanguage,includingliterarytexts,butitalsoinvestigatesspokenlanguagesometimes.Discourseanalysis,ortextlinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthecontextsinwhichlanguageisused.Computationallinguisticsisanapproachtolinguisticswhichemploysmathematicaltechniques,oftenwiththehelpofacomputer.Cognitivelinguisticsisanapproachtotheanalysisofnaturallanguagethatfocusesonlanguageasaninstrumentfororganizing,processing,andconveyinginformation.Apartfromthedifferentbranchesoflinguistics,therearesomedistinctionsoflinguistics,suchas:functionallinguisticsvsformallinguistics;theoreticallinguisticsvsappliedlinguistics.Appliedlinguisticsisprimarilyconcernedwiththeapplicationoflinguistictheories,methodsandfindingstotheelucidationoflanguageproblemswhichhaveariseninotherareasofexperience.Phonetics（语音学）:Phoneticsisthescientificstudyofspeechsounds.Itstudieshowspeechsoundsarearticulated,transmitted,andreceived.Itisapurescienceandexaminesspeechsoundsingeneral.Phonetics:Thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds.Phonology（音系学/音位学）:Thedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.Phonologyisthestudyofhowspeechsoundsfunctioninalanguage.Itstudiesthewaysspeechsoundsareorganized.Itcanbeseenasthefunctionalphoneticsofaparticularlanguage.Morphology（形态学，词法学）:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords.Morphologyisthestudyoftheformationofwords.Itisabranchoflinguisticswhichbreakswordsintomorphemes.Syntax（句法学）:Thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences.Syntaxdealswiththecombinationofwordsintophrases,clausesandsentences.Itisthegrammarofsentenceconstruction.Semantics(语义学）isabranchoflinguisticswhichisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaninginabstraction.Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuse.Itdealswithhowspeakersuselanguageinwayswhichcannotbepredictedfromlinguisticknowledgealone,andhowhearersarriveattheintendedmeaningofspeakers.Inabroadsense,pragmaticsstudiestheprinciplesobservedbyhumanbeingswhentheycommunicatewithoneanother.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thisdefinitioniswidelyacceptedbecauseitincludessomeoftheimportantcharacteristicsofhumanlanguage.Languageassystem---Thekeywordinthedefinitionis"system".Languageissystematic.Otherwisewewouldnotbeabletolearnoruseitconsistently.Eachlanguagesystemcontainstwosubsystems:asystemofsoundandasystemofmeaning.Languageisasystem—elementsinitarenotarrangedandcombinedrandomly,butaccordingtosomerulesandprinciples.Languageasarbitrary---Thereisnonaturalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandwhatitmeansinacertainlanguage.Therelationbetweensoundandmeaningisalmostalwaysarbitraryorconventional.Therelationbetweensoundandmeaningisalmostalwaysarbitrary.Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.RomeoandJulietTherelationbetweensoundandmeaningisalmostalwaysconventional《荀子·正名》：“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。名无固实,约之以命实，约定俗成，谓之实名。名有固善，径易而不拂，谓之善名。”《道德经》第一章道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。Languageasvocal---By"vocal"wemeanthattheprimarymediumofalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemmightbe.Languageassymbol---Languageisjustsymbolforthethingitrefers.Languageisasymbolicsystem.Languageashuman---Languageishuman-specific,itisverydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystems.Nosystemofanimalcommunicationmakesuseofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Languageascommunication---Languageisusedforhumancommunication.Itallowspeopletosaythingstoeachotherandexpresstheircommunicativeneeds.Designfeaturerefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitformanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Arbitrariness:thereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Productivityorcreativity:man’slinguisticabilitywhichenableshimtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesinournativelanguage,includingthesentenceswhichwereneverheardbefore.Dualityordoublearticulation:thisorganizationoflanguageintotwolevels--alevelofsounds,alevelofmeaning.Displacement:Displacementisapropertyoflanguageenablingpeopletotalkaboutthingsremoteeitherinspaceorintime.CulturaltransmissionLanguageisculturallytransmitted.Itcannotbetransmittedthroughhumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirelanguage.Whatlanguagethebabyisgoingtospeakisdeterminedbythecultureheisborninto.Interchangeabilityorreciprocity:mancanbothproduceandreceivemessages,andhisrolesasaspeakerandahearercanbeexchangedatease.Specialization:mandoesnothaveatotalphysicalinvolvementintheactofcommunication.Speechisaspecializedactivity.Weuseitinadetachedmanner.Languagefunctionsasaprincipalmeansofcommunication.Italsofunctionsassocialcontrol.Itisnotonlyapsychologicalphenomenon,butalsoasocialfactTheprimaryfunctionoflanguageistotransmitinformationandtoconveycommands,feelingsandemotions.Languageisatoolofcommunication.

“Communication”canbeusedtocovermuchofthefunctionoflanguage.Herearesomeofthemajorcategories:Thefunctionsoflanguage:Phaticfunction/communion（寒暄功能）:Languageisusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.Greetings,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherservethisfunction.Directive(指令)function:Languageservesadirectivefunctionwhenitisusedtogetthehearerdosomething.Mostimperativesentenceshavethisfunction."Getout!""Closethewindow,please.","Walkslowly"areafewexamples.Informative(信息)function:Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtotellwhatthespeakerbelieves,togiveinformationaboutfactsortoreasonthingsout.Informativefunctionismetthroughdeclarativesentences.Suchinformativestatementsareeithertrueorfalse.Interrogative(疑问)function:Languageseversaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtogetinformationfromothers.Allquestionsthatexpectanswershavethisfunction,suchas:"Whenwillthemeetingbegin"Expressive(表达)function:Languageservesanexpressivefunctionwhenitisusedtorevealthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.Ejaculationslike:"Goodheavens!"*toreleaseinnerfeelingsEvocative(情感)function:Theevocativefunctionistheuseoflanguagetoarousecertainfeelingsinthehearer.Itsaimistoamuse,startle,anger,soothe,worryorplease.Performative(施为)function:Languageisusedtodothingsortoperformacts.Mannerofarticulationrefertothemannerinwhichobstructioniscreated,andtheplaceofarticulationreferstotheplacewhereobstructioniscreated.ClassificationofEnglishconsonants:stops(爆破音)，fricatives(擦音),affricates(塞擦音)Liquids（流音），nasals(鼻音)，glides（滑音），bilabial(双唇音)，labiodental(唇齿音)Dental（齿音），alveolar(齿龈音)，palatal(上颚音)，velar（软腭音），glottal(喉音)Monophthongscanbeclassifiedaccordingto：TheHighestPartoftheTongue（舌高）TheOpeningoftheMouth（口腔张开度）TheShapeoftheLips（唇形）TheLengthoftheVowel（元音音长）Mostmodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Itattemptstodescribewhatpeopleactuallysay.Astraditionalgrammarstriedtolaydownrules,theyareoftencalledprescriptive.Descriptivegrammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,whileprescriptivegrammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguageWhenwestudylanguageatoneparticulartime,itiscalledsynchroniclinguistics.synchroniclinguisticsfocusesonthestateoflanguageatanypointinhistorywhilediachronicorhistoricallinguisticsfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethan2statesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.Tostudylanguagediachronicallyreliesonthesynchronicstudyoflanguage.Synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguisticsarecorrelatedinthevalidstudyoflanguage.Linguistsregardthespokenlanguageasprimary.Itisbelievedthatspeechcameintobeingfirstforanyhumanlanguageandthewritingsystemcamealongmuchlater.Languageisprimarilyvocal.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstoparticularrealizationsoflangue.Langueisthesocial,conventionalsideoflanguage.Paroleisindividualizedspeech.Langueistheabstractknowledgenecessaryforspeaking,listening,writingandreading.Paroleistheconcretemanifestationoflanguageeitherthroughspeechorwriting.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematic.Paroleismorevariableandmaychangeaccordingtocontextualfactors.Langueisthecode.ParoleisthemessageCompetencereferstotheknowledgethatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageasasystemofabstractformalrelations.Performancereferstotheiractuallinguisticbehavior,thatis,theactualuseofthisknowledge.Phonetics(语音学)What’sPhoneticsThescientificstudyofthespeechsoundsthatoccurinallhumanlanguagesiscalledphonetics.Thetaskofphoneticsistoidentifywhatarespeechsoundsinalanguage,andthentostudytheircharacteristics.Thethreemainbranchesofphoneticsi)articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）(ii)auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）(iii)acousticphonetics（声学语音学）Thephonicmediumoflanguageconsistsofindividualspeechsoundsthataremeaningfulinhumancommunication.Phonologyisthedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.Phonologyisthestudyofhowspeechsoundsfunctioninalanguage.Itstudiesthewaysspeechsoundsareorganized.Itcanbeseenasthefunctionalphoneticsofaparticularlanguage.Bothphonologyandphoneticsarestudiesofspeechsounds.Butwhilebotharerelatedtothestudyofsounds,theydifferinapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisconcernedwithallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phone音素:thespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Notallphonesdistinguishmeaning.Phoneme(音位):thephonologicalunitoflanguagePhoneme(音位)isanabstractunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Phoneme(音位)isnotasoundthatispronounced,butacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.Itisabasicunitinphonology.Whenafeaturedistinguishesonephonemefromanotheritisadistinctivefeature(aphonemicfeature).Inadditiontovoicing(浊音化),placeofarticulation(发音部位)andmannerofarticulation(发音方式)arealsotheprincipaldistinctivefeaturesofconsonants.Minimalpairsare2wordswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestring..site&sidePitchistheperceivedfrequencyofasoundwave.Conceptualmeaningmeansthatthemeaningofwordsmaybediscussedintermsofwhattheydenoteorreferto.Connotativemeaningisthecommunicativevaluethatawordoracombinationofwordshasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandaboveitspurelyconceptualcontent.Socialmeaningisthemeaningwhichanexpressionconveysaboutthecontextsorsocialcircumstancesofitsuse.ItchieflyincludesstylisticmeaningofanutteranceReflectivemeaningisthemeaningwhicharisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeanings,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Theassociationsawordgetsbecauseofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitslinguisticcontextarecalledcollocativemea