2023届宝山区高考英语一模

宝山区2023学年一模II.GrammarandVocabularyWhyMyBestFriendIsaBookWritingaboutbeliefsishard.Itmakesyoureachdeepintoyoursoulandtrulylookatwhatisthere.Itrequirestimeandeffort,andthenhitsyouinthefaceandsomeoneinthebackgroundsays“Oh,whydidn’tyouthinkofthatbefore?〞Beliefschange,theymatureandgrowjust(21)__________achild.Thebestbeliefsaretheonesthat(22)________(cherish)throughoutalifetime.OnebeliefIcherishaboveallothersisthepowerandenjoymentofreading.Readingcanbeforfunandthatlearningis(23)_________(easy)whenyou’rehavingfun.Beingabletorelatetothecharacters,imaginetheconflictsinyourhead,andfeelthecharacters’sadness,aswellastheirjoy,isthemostamazingthingaboutreading.Achancetoliveanotherlifeforashorttime,tobeanotherperson,Readinglendsthesoulandmindaplace(24)_________(escape).Iwouldmuchratherpickupagoodluckthanwatchatelevisionshow.Readingcanteachus.Whetherit’safantasynovelorahistoricalaccount,youlearnwhenyouread.Itprovidesgrammarand(25)_______(write)languageskills.Readingteachesusaboutemotion.Readinggivesyounewwordsandexpandsyourvocabularybyforcingyoutochallengeyourself.Initsownwayitmakesusfeeltheemotionsofthecharacters.(26)_________________________youread,Ibelieveyouwilllearn,mindandsoul.Readingcanbringpeopletogether.Icannotcountthenumberofnewfriendsandpeoplethathaveenteredmylifebecauseofbooks.Mystepmother,grandmother,andIallradthesamebooks.(27)________isbetterthanbeingabletosharethetensemoments,nearmisses,andhappyendingswhile(28)________(drink)asteamingcupofcoffeetogetherwithsomeone.Readingallowsyoutoloweryourwallsandletpeopleintoformgenuinechains.Pluspeople(29)________readimpressivebooksareusuallyprettycoolthemselves!Overtheyearsreadinghasbeenmycompanion.Alwayswithabookinmypurse,Ihaveneverfacedtheworldwithoutabestfriendbymyside.Books(30)________(help)methroughdifficultperiodsandapplaudedmeintimesofcelebration.Booksalwaysmakemesmile.That’sthebiggestreasonIbelieveinreading,becauseitwillmakeyouhappy.SectionBDirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillineachblankwithaproperwordgiveninthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonemorewordthanyouneed.A.extentB.substanceC.normalD.potentialE.refreshingF.instructionsG.functionH.causedI.physicalJ.restoreK.mentallyThediscoverybuildsonearlierfindingsshowedthataclassofgenescalledsplicing(胶接)factorsisprogressivelyswitchedoffasweage.Theresearchteamfoundthatsplicingfactorscanbeswitchedbackonwithchemicals,makingagingcellsnotonlylook____31____younger,butstarttodividelikeyoungcells.Theresearchersappliedcompoundschemicalsbasedona____32____naturallyfoundinredwine,darkchocolate,redgrapesandblueberries,tocellsinculture.Thechemicals____33____splicingfactors,whichareprogressivelyswitchedoffasweagetobeswitchedbackon.Withinhours,thecellslookedyoungerandstartedtorejuvenate,behavinglikeyoungcells.Thediscoveryhasthe___34_____toleadtotherapiesthatcouldhelppeopleagebetter,withoutexperiencingsomeofthedegenerativeeffectsofgettingold.Mostpeoplebytheageof85haveexperiencedsomekindofchronicillness,andaspeoplegetoldertheyaremorepronetostroke,heartdiseaseandcancer.ProfessorHarriesassaying,“Thisisafirststepintryingtomakepeoplelive___35_____lifetime,butwithhealthfortheirentirelife.Ourdatasuggeststhatusingchemicalstoswitchbackonthemajorclassofgenesthatareswitchedoffasweagemightprovideameansto____36____tooldcells.〞DrEvaLatorre,ResearchAssociateattheUniversityofExeter,whocarriedouttheexperiments,wassurprisedbythe____37____andrapidityofthechangesinthecells.“WhenIsawsomeofthecellsintheculturedish___38_____Icouldn’tbelieveit.Theseoldcellswerelookinglikeyoungcells.Itwaslikemagic,〞shesaid.“Irepeatedtheexperimentsseveraltimesandineachcasethecellsrejuvenated.Iamveryexcitedbytheimplicationsandpotentialforthisresearch.〞Asweage,ourtissuesaccumulatesenescentcellswhicharealivebutdonotgrowor____39____astheyshould.Theseoldcellslosetheabilitytocorrectlyregulatetheoutputoftheirgenes.Thisisonereasonwhytissuesandorgansbecomesusceptibletodiseaseasweage.Whenactivated,genesmakeamessagethatgivesthe____40____forthecelltobehaveinacertainway.Mostgenescanmakemorethanonemessage,whichdetermineshowthecellacts.Splicingfactorsarecrucialinensuringthatgenescanperformtheirfullrangeoffunctions.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.CameronBuckner,assistantprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofHouston,arguesinanarticlepublishedinPhilosophyandPhenomenologicalResearchthatawiderangeofanimalspeciesexhibitso-called“executivecontrol〞whenitcomestomakingdecisions,_____41___consideringtheirgoalsandwaystosatisfythosegoalsbeforeacting.Heacknowledgesthatlanguageis____42___forsomeexperiencedformsofhigher-orderthinking,orthinkingaboutthinking.Butsupportedbyareviewofpreviouslypublishedresearch,Buckner_____43____thatawidevarietyofanimals---elephants,chimpanzees(黑猩猩),ravens(大乌鸦)andlions,amongothers______44____reasonabledecision-making.“Thesedatasuggestthatnotonlydosomeanimalshaveasubjectivetakeonthesuitabilityofthe___45_____theyareevaluatingfortheirgoal,theypossessasubjective,internalsignalregardingtheirconfidenceinthistakecanbeusedtoselectamongdifferentoptions,〞hewrote.Thequestionhasbeen____46____sincethedaysoftheancientphilosophers,aspeopleconsideredwhatmeanstobehumanis.Onewaytoaddressthat,Bucknersaid,isto____47____exactlywhatsetshumansapartfromotheranimals.Languageremainsakeydifferencebetweenanimalsandhumans,andBucknernotesthatserious____48____inthe1970sand80stoteachanimal’shumanlanguage—teachingchimpanzeestousesignlanguage,___49___foundthatalthoughtheywereabletoexpresssimpleideas,theydidnotengagein____50___thoughtandlanguagestructures.Ancientphilosophersrelieduponunreliable___51___tostudytheissue,buttoday’sresearcherconductcomplicatedcontrolledexperiments.Buckner,workingwithThomasBugnyarandStephanA.Reber,mentalbiologistattheUniversityofVienna,lastyear____52____theresultsofaresultthatdeterminedravensshareatleastsomeofthehumanabilitytothinkabstractlyaboutotherminds,___53____theirbehaviorbyattachingtheirownobservationstoothers.Inhislatestpaper,Buckneroffersseveralexamplestosupporthis____54____.Hisgoal,Bucknersaid,wastoorganizeexperimentalresearch,“toseethatwe’regatheredenoughevidencetosaythatanimalsreallyare___55_____inauniqueway.〞41.A.secretlyB.unintentionallyC.scarcelyD.consciously42.A.requiredB.qualifiedC.acquiredD.prepared43.A.concernsB.complainsC.concludeD.convinces44.A.turndownB.engageinC.refertoD.argueabout45.A.optionB.schemeC.regulationD.random46.A.dismissedB.ignoredC.debatedD.answered47.A.evaluateB.determineC.overlookD.initiate48.A.resultsB.successesC.achievementsD.attempts49.A.forexampleB.thisistosayC.onthecontraryD.asaresult50.A.obviousB.feasibleC.privateD.complex51.A.mysteryB.traditionC.evidenceD.fiction52.A.substitutedB.publishedC.reflectedD.maintained53.A.adaptingB.symbolizingC.investigatingD.revenging54.A.agreementB.implementC.requirementD.argument55.A.passionateB.reasonableC.confusedD.ridiculousSectionA(A)Weseethemeverywhere.“Therearesomethingsthatmoneycan’tbuy…foreverythingelse,there’sMasterCard.〞Wehearthemeverywhere.“Makeliferewarding…AmericanExpress.〞Whetherwatchingtelevision,drivingdownthehighway,orevenappearingonourFacebookpage,theappealofmoneyisinescapable.Growingup,myparentsalwaysemphasizedtheimportanceoffamilyandfaithovermaterialpossessions.Yet,moneyandallthenew,interestingthingsitcouldbuydidnotescapeme.AsIenteredmyfreshmanyear,mydebitcardandIengagedinquitethedates.Betweengame-daydresses,steakdinnersandwonderfuldowntownAthens,Iquicklydrained17yearsworthofsavings.Bythetimesummerrolledaround,Ididn’tconsiderhowmuchcashIhadspent,orhowmuchstuffIhadacquired…IwasfocusedonhowmuchmoremoneyIwouldneedfornextfall.WhenIwasn’tworking,Iwascheckingmybankaccount,trytofigureoutifmynextpaycheckwouldcoverthosepillowsthatwouldlooksocuteinmynewapartment.Mybankaccountbalancewasbecomingamajorsourceofstressinmylife,creatingtensionwithmyfinanciallysmartparentsandcausingmeconstantconcern.Finally,afteraveryheatedargumentwithmyDad,Iacceptedthetruth:Isimplycouldnotaffordmoneyanymore.IrealizedthatIwasmuchhappier(andIsensedmybloodpressurewasmuchlower)whenmoneywasjustsomethinginthebank.Whiletheclothesareprettyandthosepillowsarecomfy,theylosttheirappealrightaroundthesecondanewitemcaughtmyeye.Towardstheendofthesummer,Iletgoofmyfinancialissues–afterall,Ican’tbuymoretimewithmyfriendsandfamilybeforegoingbacktoAthens.Istillcheckmybankaccount.Istillgoshoppingoccasionally.Butnow,thosearen’tpriorities.MymoneysufferingstaughtmethatIshouldn’tseekoutwealthasameansofsatisfactionandhappiness.Instead,myhappinessshouldcomefromthemomentsandpeoplethatcannotbebought,exchanged,orreturned.Inowre-wordthosecreditcardsloganstoreflectthevalueIplaceonfindingwealthinthelovesharedbetweenmyfamilyandfriends:“Therearesomethingsthatmoneycan’tbuy…Seekthem.〞Unlikecash,thisformofwealthgrowsthemoreIgive.Accordingtothepassage,theauthorfeelshappynowmainlybecause______.theappealofmoneyisinescapablehevaluesthelovebetweenhisfamilyandfriendshiswealthgrowsbyworkinghardeverydayhehaspaidoffhisdebtincashTheauthormentionstheheatedargumentwithDadinparagraph3inorderto______.showhowtosettleproblemswithothersprovehowselfishhisDadisexplainmaterialpossessionsgethimintotroubledisplaygenerationgapbetweenDadandSonTheword“comfy〞(paragraph4)probablymeans______.A.realisticB.individualC.graciousD.comfortableWhichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?SeekingadifferentkindofwealthLettinggoofdifferentsufferingsWealthasameansofsatisfactionD.Happinessgrowsoutofhardships(B)Americansaremorestressedthanever,accordingtoanAmericanPsychologicalAssociationsurvey,andnearlyone-thirdsaystressimpactstheirphysicalormentalhealth.Ifyouhaveanyofthesesymptoms,yourstressmightbemakingyousick.Here’showtobattleagainstthem.Ifyou’veneversufferedfromheadachesbutsuddenlyyourheadisconstantlystriking,youmightbetoostressed.Stressreleaseschemicalsthatcancausechangestonervesandbloodvessels〔血管〕inthebrain,whichbringsonaheadache.Stresscancausethemormakethemworse.It’salsocommonforyourmusclestotenseupwhenyou’restressed,whichcanalsocauseaheadache.WHATTODO:Ifyoudon’twanttotakemedicine,tryspreadinglavender〔薰衣草〕oilonyourtemples〔太阳穴〕whenaheadachestarts.Ortryoneofthesehomeremediesforheadaches.Stresscanmakeyoumentallysick,too.Toomuchofthestresshormonecortisol〔皮质醇〕canmakeithardertoconcentrate,causingmemoryproblemsaswellasanxietyordepression,saysDr.Levine.WHATTODO:Relaxuntilyouregainyourconcentration.Practiceclosingyoureyesandbreathinginandoutslowly,concentratingonlyonyourbreath.Losingafewstrandsofhairisnormal(oldhairfollicles〔囊〕arereplacedbynewonesovertime),butstresscandisturbthatcycle.Significantstresspushesalargenumberofhairfolliclesintowhat’scalledarestingstageandthenafewmonthslaterthosehairsfallout,accordingtoMayoC.Stresscanalsocausethebody’sresistantsystemtoattackyourhairfollicles,resultinginhairloss.WHATTODO:Bepatient.Onceyourstresslevelreturnstonormal,yourhairshouldstartgrowingback.60.Ifyou’restressed,youmighthaveoneofthefollowingsymptomsEXCEPTthat______.A.youkeepgettingheadachesB.youalwayshaveacoldC.yourhairisfallingoutD.yourbrainfeelsconfusedWhichofthefollowingissuggestedifyourbraingoesoutoffocus?Breathingslowlywithyoureyesclosed.Waitinguntilyourbrainreturnstonormal.Spreadinglavenderoilonyourtemples.Relaxingandattackingyourbrainsoftly.Whatwillhappenoncewegetoverourstressaccordingtothepassage?Ourhairstartsfallingoutandthengrowsback.Ourbody’sresistantsystemattacksyourhairfolliclesOurhairstartsgrowingagain.Aseriousheadachestarts.(C)Formanyinthegeneralpublicandtheengineeringcommunityalike,thepotentialimplicationsofadditivemanufacturing(AM)haveexcitedtheimagination.Popularlyknownas3-Dprinting,theemergingclassoftechnologieshasbeenregardedasbotharevolutioninproductionandanopportunityfordramaticenvironmentaladvance.Yetwhilethetechnologicalcapabilitiesofadditivemanufacturingprocessesarestudiedextensively,adeepunderstandingoftheirenvironmentalimplicationsisstilllacking.AnewspecialissueofYale’sJournalofIndustrialEcologypresentsthecutting-edgeresearchonthisemergingfield,providingimportantinsightsintoitsenvironmental,energy,andhealthimpacts.Thoughsometimesdescribedinthepublicfieldassimilartoaninkjetprinterformakingobjects,additivemanufacturingisprimarilyusedasaproductionprocessinindustryandcontainsadiversesetoftechnologies.Whattheyshareistheabilitytoproduceproductsandpartsbasedondigitalinformationbyaddinglayersofmaterialsoneaftertheotherratherthan,asintraditionalmanufacturing,removingmaterials–thusthelabel“additive.〞“Theresearchinthisissueshowsthatitistooearlytolabel3-Dprintingasthepathtosustainablemanufacturing,〞saidReidLifset,editor-in-chiefoftheJournalofIndustrialEcologyandco-authoroftheleadeditorial.“Weneedtoknowmuchmoreaboutthematerialfootprints,energyconsumptioninproduction,processemissions,andespeciallythelinkingdevicesandadjustmentsbetweenthevariousstagesintheproductionprocess.〞Additivemanufacturingissometimesseenasinherentlyenvironmentallypreferabletotraditionalmanufacturingbecauseofitspotentialforlocalproduction–byconsumers,merchantsandhobbyists–andbecauseitisthoughttoallowzero-wastemanufacturing.Researchinthisissue,however,indicatesthattheenvironmentalperformanceisverysensitivetothepatternofusageandcompositionofthemachineryandthematerialsused.“Thisspecialissuedemonstratesthecapabilityofindustrialecologytorevealimportantandoftenoverlookedaspectsofnewtechnologies,〞saidIndyBurke,DeanoftheYaleSchoolofForestry&EnvironmentalStudies.“Ifwearetorealizetheenvironmentalpotentialof3-Dprinting,weneedtoknowwherethechallengesandtheadvantageslie.〞Thespecialissuecontains:lifecycleassessments(LCA)ofAMprocessesandproductsinvestigationsoftheprocessenergyconsumptionofAMtechnologiesstudiesofoperatorexposuretoprinteremissionsanddangerousmaterialsexaminationofthesustainabilitybenefitsderivedfromthecomplexfigureofpartsenabledbythetechnologyanalysisofsupply-chainissuesarisingfromtheuseofthetechnologyTheword“additive〞inthepassagerefersto______.A.thesubstanceaddedinsmallamountsforaspecialpurposeB.theadditionaltechnologicalcapabilitiesofmanufacturingprocessesC.thedigitalwaytoproduceproductsbyaddingseriallayersofmaterialsthetraditionalwaytoproduceproductsbyremovingmaterialsThecontentslistedinthespecialissuementionedattheendofthispassagefocuson______.thestudiesofadditivemanufacturingandsustainabilityadiversesetoftechnologiesofadditivemanufacturingthecomparisonbetweenadditiveandtraditionalmanufacturingtheexperimentsconductedbyJournalofIndustrialEcologyWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheresearchers’viewpointfromthepassage?3-Dprintingisviewedasarevolutioninproduction.3-Dprintingisregardedasakindofsustainablemanufacturing.AMmakesaharmfulimpactonenvironment,energy,andhealth.ThechallengesandadvantagesofAMneedfurtherstudies.Thepassagemainlydiscusses______.investigationsofthe3-DprintingprocessB.theenvironmentalimplicationsof3-DprintingC.studiesof3-DprintingemissionsandmaterialsD.assessmentsofadditivemanufacturingprocessesSectionCThefindingsshowthattheyalsoapplycriticismtonontraditionalwomenThefindingsshowthattheyalsoapplycriticismtonontraditionalwomen’shusbands.Heisalsoregardedashavinglesspowerintherelationship.Theseincludehavingahigherstatus,yieldingmorepower,beingmoreself-focused,ambitiousandself-confident.Themarriedsurnametraditionismorethanjustatradition.Uptonow,researchershavenotyetexaminedhowawoman’smarriedsurnamechoiceinfluenceshowotherslookatherhusband.Women’srightistscholarsunderstandwhythesurnametraditionremainswidelysupported.Whatdoesitmeanforthehusbandwhenhiswifekeepsherownsurname?Thetraditionofwomenadoptingtheirhusbands’surnameaftermarriageisarguablyoneofthemostwidespreadgender-rolestandardsinWesternculturesdespitemarkedchangesintherolethatwomenplayinsocietyandinthelaborforce.Accordingtopreviousstudies,womenwhoviolatethemarriedsurnametraditionarevieweddifferentlyfromothers.Theyaredescribedintermsofinstrumentalcharacteristicsthatinagenderedsocietyaretypicallyassignedtomen.__67__Thesecharacteristicscontrastwiththeexpressivecharacteristicsthataretypicallyassignedtowomen,suchasbeingmorecaring,kindandhavinglessinfluenceandpower.__68__Forthispurpose,RobnettandhercolleaguescarriedoutthreestudiesintheUSandUK.Thefirsttwostudiesshowedthathusbandswhosewiveskeeptheirownsurnamesareoftendescribedthroughtermsthatareopposedtothegender-typicalpersonalitycharacteristicsandpowerframeworkusedformen.Theyaredescribedinmoreexpressivethaninstrumentalterms,andareseentoholdlesspowerinamarriage.Theirfindingsindicatethatpeopleconcludefrommarriedsurnamechoicestomakemoregeneralinferencesaboutacouple’sgender-typedpersonalitycharacteristics.ResultsfromthethirdstudyconductedbyRobnett’steamsuggestthatpeopleholddifferentopinionsinhowtheythinkaboutsuchcases.Peoplewhofirmlyholdontotraditionalgenderrolesreactparticularlystronglytoamanwhosewifekeepshersurnamebecausetheyseehimasanincapableperson.“Weknowfrompreviousresearchthatpeoplehighinunfriendlysexism〔蔑视女性〕respondnegativelytowomenwhoviolatetraditionalgenderroles,〞saysRobnett.“__69__〞“Thisstudyjoinsseveralothersinimplyingalinkbetweentraditionsinmenandwomen’sromanticrelationshipsandpowerstructuresfavoringmen,〞saysRobnett.“__70__Itreflectsslightgender-rolestandardsandideasthatoftenremainunquestioneddespiteprivilegingmen.〞IV.SummaryWritingSecurepaymentwithoutleavingatraceComputerscientistAndyRupp,memberofthe“SignalingCodeandSecurity〞workinggroup,isalwayssurprisedaboutlackingproblemawareness:onlyfewusersareawareofthefactthatbyusingpaymentsystemstheydiscloseindetailhowandwhattheyconsumeorwhichroutestheyhavetaken.Top