2022年考研考博-考博英语-河北农业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号12

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-河北农业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

TheoldestlivingthingsonEartharetrees.SomeofCalifornia’ssequoiashaveforfourthousandyearslookeddownonthechangesinthelandscapeandthecomingsandgoingsofhumans.TheysproutedfromtinyseedsaboutthetimetheEgyptianpyramidswerebeingbuilt.Todaythesegiantpatriarchsseemasremoteandinaccessibleastherocksandmountaincliffsonwhichtheygrow,likecathedralcolumnsholdingupthesky.Itishardtoimaginethemplayinganypartinthelivesofmerehumansorbeinginanywayaffectedbythecreaturesthatpassattheirfeet.

Lessertrees,however,haveplayedanintimateroleinthelivesofpeoplesincetheyfirstappearedonEarth.Treesfedthefiresthatwarmedhumans:theyprovidedshelter,foodandmedicineandevenclothing.Theyalsoshapedpeople’sspiritualhorizons.Treesexpressedthegrandeurandmysteryoflife,astheymovedthroughthecycleofseasons,fromlifetodeathandbacktolifeagain.Treeswerethelargestlivingthingsaroundhumansandtheyknewthatsometreeshadbeenstandingonthesamespotintheirparents’andgrandparents’time,andwouldcontinuetostandlongaftertheyweregone.Nowonderthesetreesbecamesymbolsofstrength,fruitfulness,andeverlastinglife.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageasawayinwhichpeoplehaveusedtrees?

3.Theunderlinedphrase“giantpatriarchs”inparagraph1couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?

4.Theunderlinedword“they”inparagraph2referstowhichofthefollowing?

5.Theauthorimpliesthat,comparedwithsequoias,othertreeshave________.

问题1选项

A.Treesgrowtogreatheights.

B.Treeshavebeenimportanttopeoplethroughouthistory.

C.Treesmakehumansseemsuperior.

D.TreesthatgrowinCaliforniaareveryold.

问题2选项

A.Forfurniture.

B.Forfuel.

C.Forhousing.

D.Fornourishment.

问题3选项

A.tinyseeds

B.importantleaders

C.toweringtrees

D.Egyptianpyramids

问题4选项

A.Trees

B.Grandeurandmystery

C.Seasons

D.People’sspiritualhorizons

问题5选项

A.beeninexistencelonger

B.adaptedmorereadilytotheirenvironments

C.beenaffectedmorebyanimals

D.hadacloserrelationshipwithpeople

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章讲了树木在历史的发展，点出树木对人的作用，所以B选项“纵观历史，树木对人类很重要”正确。A选项“树长得很高”和D选项“生长在加州的树很古老”是文章的部分内容，不足以概括全文。C选项“树让人看起来更优越”文中没有提到。因此B选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据第二段第二句Treesfedthefiresthatwarmedhumans:theyprovidedshelter,foodandmedicineandevenclothing.（树木为人类提供了温暖的炉火：它们提供了住所、食物、药品甚至衣服。），所以这里提到了B选项“作为燃料”，C选项“建房子”和D选项“吸收其营养”，没有提到A选项“做成家具”。因此A选项正确。

3.语义推测题。根据第一段第三、四句TheysproutedfromtinyseedsaboutthetimetheEgyptianpyramidswerebeingbuilt.Todaythesegiantpatriarchsseemasremoteandinaccessibleastherocksandmountaincliffsonwhichtheygrow,likecathedralcolumnsholdingupthesky.（大约在建造埃及金字塔的时候，它们从微小的种子中发芽。今天，这些巨大的创始者就像它们生长的岩石和悬崖一样遥远和难以接近，就像支撑天空的大教堂柱子。），可知这些“巨大的家长”生长在岩石和悬崖上，就像大教堂柱子一样高，所以C选项“高耸的树木”正确，A选项“小小的种子”和D选项“埃及金字塔”错误。B选项“重要的领袖”文中没有提到。因此C选项正确。

4.语义推测题。根据第二段第四句Treesexpressedthegrandeurandmysteryoflife,astheymovedthroughthecycleofseasons,fromlifetodeathandbacktolifeagain.（树木表现了生命的宏伟和神秘，因为它们在季节的循环中移动，从生到死，再回到生命。），可知“它们”指的是A选项“树木”，B选项“宏伟和神秘”和C选项“四季”错误。D选项“人们的精神视野”：根据第二段第三句Theyalsoshapedpeople’sspiritualhorizons.（它们还塑造了人们的精神视野。），这里的“它们”也指树木，故错误。因此A选项正确。

5.推理判断题。根据第一段倒数第一、二句Todaythesegiantpatriarchsseemasremoteandinaccessibleastherocksandmountaincliffsonwhichtheygrow…Itishardtoimaginethemplayinganypartinthelivesofmerehumansorbeinginanywayaffectedbythecreaturesthatpassattheirfeet.（今天，这些巨大的创始者就像它们生长的岩石和悬崖一样遥远和难以接近……很难想象他们会在人类的生活中扮演任何角色，或者受到他们脚下的生物的任何影响。），可知相比于红杉树，其他树木更贴近人类生活，所以D选项“与人有更密切的关系”正确。A选项“存在更久”，B选项“更容易适应环境”和C选项“更容易受到动物的影响”文中没有提到。因此D选项正确。

2.单选题

Birdsthatareliterallyhalf-asleep—withonebrainhemispherealertandtheothersleep—controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawake.Accordingtoanewstudyofseepingducks.

Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalf-brainseepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbytheseepinghemispherekeepsshut.Whilethewakefulhemisphere’seyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwithbothhemispheresrestingatonce.Decadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinthemorevulnerableend-of-the-rowsleepers.Sureenough,theendbirdstendedtowatchcarefullyonthesideawayfromtheircompanions.Ducksintheinnerspotsshowednopreferenceforgazedirection.

Also,birdsdozingattheendofthelineresortedtosingle-hemispheresleepratherthantotalrelaxation.Moreoftenthaninnerducksdid.Rotating16birdsthroughthepositionsinafourduckrow,theresearchersfoundouterbirdshalf-asleepduringsome32percentofdozingtimeversusabout12percentforbirdsininternalspots.

“Webelievethisisthefirstevidenceforananimalbehaviorallycontrollingsleepandwakefulnesssimultaneouslyindifferentregionsofthebrain.”theresearcherssay.

Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalongstandingsuppositionthatsinglehemispheresleepevolvedascreaturesscannedforenemies.Thepreferenceforopeninganeyeonthelookoutsidecouldbewidespread,hepredicts.He’sseenitinapairofbirdsdoingside-by-sideinthe200andinasinglepetbirdsleepingbyamirror.Themirrorsideeyeclosedasifthereflectionwereacompanionandtheothereyestayedopen.

Usefulashalf-seepingmightbe,it’sonlybeenfoundinbirdsandsuchwatermammalsasdolphins.Whalesandseals.Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsaseepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.Studiesofbirdsmayofferuniqueinsightsintosleep.JeromeM.SiegeloftheUCLAsayshewondersifbirds’half-brainsleep“isjustthetipoftheiceberg”.Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmayturnupwhenwetakeacloserlookatotherspecies.

1.Anewstudyonbirds’sleephasrevealedthat（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,birdsoftenhalfsleepbecause（

）.

3.Theexampleofabirdsleepinginfrontofamirrorindicatesthat（

）.

4.Whilesleeping,somewatermammalstendtokeephalfwakeinorderto（

）.

5.By“justthetipoftheiceberg”(Line2.Para.8).Siegelsuggeststhat（

）.

问题1选项

A.half-brainsleepisfoundinawidevarietyofbirds

B.halfbrainsleepischaracterizedbyslowbrainwaves

C.birdscancontroltheirhalfbrainsleepconsciously

D.birdsseldomsleepwiththewholeoftheirbrainatrest

问题2选项

A.theyhavetowatchoutforpossibleattacks

B.theirbrainhemispherestaketurnstorest

C.thetwohalvesoftheirbrainaredifferentlystructured

D.theyhavetoconstantlykeepaneyeontheircompanions

问题3选项

A.thephenomenonofbirdsdozinginpairsiswidespread

B.birdsprefertosleepinpairsforthesakeofsecurity

C.evenanimaginedcompaniongivesthebirdasenseofsecurity

D.asinglepetbirdenjoysseeingitsownreflectioninthemirror

问题4选项

A.alertthemselvestotheapproachingenemy

B.emergefromwaternowandthentobreathe

C.besensitivetotheever-changingenvironment

D.avoidbeingsweptawaybyrapidcurrents

问题5选项

A.half-brainsleephassomethingtodowithicyweather

B.themysteryofhalf-brainsleepisclosetobeingsolved

C.mostbirdslivingincoldregionstendtobehalfsleepers

D.half-brainsleepisaphenomenonthatcouldexistamongotherspecies.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目要求我们选出最新的研究成果。定位到文章第一段Birdsthatareliterallyhalfasleep…controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawakeaccordingtoanewstudyofsleepingducks．（根据对一群睡眠中的鸭子的最新研究，处于半梦半醒之间的鸟能控制任何一侧的大脑，使其保持清醒状态）由此可知，C项“鸟类可以有意识地控制半脑睡眠”是最新的研究结论。而A“多种鸟类都有半脑睡眠”，B“半脑睡眠的特点是脑电波缓慢”，D“鸟类很少在睡觉时整个大脑都处于休息状态”三项中提到的内容在第二段Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalfbrainsleepinawiderangeofbirds…（早期的研究记录了很多鸟类的半脑睡眠……），都不是最新的研究结果，而是早期的研究所以都应一一排除。

2.细节事实与推断题。定位到文章第三段开头Decadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinthemorevulnerableend-of-the-rowsleepers.（数十年来对鸟群的研究使研究人员预测，在更易受伤害的睡眠者中，会有额外的警觉性）以及第六段第一句Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalongstandingsuppositionthatsinglehemispheresleepevolvedascreaturesscannedforenemies（这些结果为长期以来的假设提供了最好的证据，即单半球睡眠是随着生物扫描敌人而演变而来的）。所以根据文段信息，选A“他们必须提防可能的袭击”。B项“他们的大脑半球轮流休息”，C项“他们大脑的两部分结构不同”，D项“他们必须时刻注意他们的同伴”，均不符合原文事实。

3.判断推理题。题目问鸟儿在镜子前面睡觉的例子表明了什么。根据文章第六段Themirror-sideeyeclosedasthereflectionwereacompanionandtheothereyestayedopen(一只鸟儿靠着镜子睡觉。那只鸟对着镜子的那只眼睛是闭着的，仿佛镜中的影像是它的同伴，而它的另外一只眼则是睁开的)，因此，C项“即使是一个想象中的伴侣也能给鸟一种安全感”与文中所提及的内容一致。A项“鸟儿成双成对打瞌睡的现象很普遍”和B项“为了安全起见，鸟儿喜欢成对睡觉”中的inpairs是对原文中的误读，鸟儿喜欢结群，但文章并未提及是成双成对睡觉。文中提到的一对鸟以及镜子前的一只鸟睡觉的情形，旨在说明鸟儿“一半清醒一半睡眠”的现象，不是一般情形；D项“一只宠物鸟喜欢在镜子里看到自己的倒影”中的enjoy属于无中生有的说法。

4.细节事实题。问题：在睡觉时，一些水哺乳动物趋向于半睡不醒，以便……定位到文章第七段第二句Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsaseepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.（也许让大脑的一侧保持清醒，可以让熟睡的动物偶尔浮出水面，以免淹死），可知答案为B项“不时地从水里出来呼吸”。A项“警惕逼近的敌人”，C“对不断变化的环境保持敏感”，D项“避免被急流冲走”，均属于无中生有。

5.判断推理题。题干中thetipoftheiceberg的意思是冰山一角；从最后一句Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmayturnupwhenwetakeacloserlookatotherspecies.（他推测，当我们仔细研究其他物种时，可能会出现更多的例子），所以D项“半脑睡眠是一种可能存在于其他物种中的现象”符合题意。A项“半脑睡眠与寒冷的天气有关”，B项“半脑睡眠之谜即将解开”，C项“大多数生活在寒冷地区的鸟都是半睡半醒的”，均是对句意的曲解。

3.翻译题

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.(1)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,human,nature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.(2)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.(3)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.(4)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andthey’reessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerningvalues.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?(5)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.

【答案】1．难题在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

2．行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

3．自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

4．自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主的人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

5．（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。

4.单选题

Seldom______anymistakesduringmypastfiveyearsofservicehere.

问题1选项

A.didImake

B.shouldImake

C.Iwouldmake

D.wouldImake

【答案】A

【解析】考查部分倒装。句意：在服务这里的过去五年里，我很少出错。句首为半否定的词语用部分倒装，根据动词短语makemistakes确定用助动词，根据pastfiveyears确定用过去时态，所以A选项didImake符合题意。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

I’msureyourresearchhas______thisdisease.

问题1选项

A.contributedtounderstandingof

B.contributedtounderstandof

C.beencontributedtounderstandof

D.beencontributedtounderstandingof

【答案】A

【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：我相信你的研究有助于了解这种疾病。I’msure(that)+宾语从句，根据contribute的动作发生在过去、对现在有影响，确定用现在完成时；根据contribute的动作是主动发生，确定用主动语态；根据of所属结构确定用名词性的understanding，A选项contributedtounderstandingof符合题意。B选项understand是动词词性，C选项和D选项中hasbeendone是被动语态。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

I______atthematurityofsuchayoungchild.

问题1选项

A.surprised

B.marveled

C.shocked

D.moved

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项surprised“使感到意外”；B选项marveled“大为赞叹”；C选项shocked“惊愕；休克”；D选项moved“使感动”。句意：我对这样一个孩子的成熟感到______。根据语境，这里是指没想到这么小的小孩子竟然这么成熟，带着褒奖的意味，所以marveled“大为赞叹”符合题意。因此B选项正确。

7.翻译题

除了干旱时期，人们从不把水看成宝贵的自然资源。诚然，水不是世界上的稀有之物。如果天不下雨，农民会抱怨，但在有可靠供水系统的城区，很少有人感到缺水。我们想当然地以为水与空气一样不值钱，到处都有。然而，部分因为人口增加，部分因为可怕的浪费，在当今世界许多地方，供水已成为一大挑战。这是一个不可忽视的严重问题。如果不降低需求，减少浪费，人类在不久的将来就会面临灾难。

【答案】Inadditiontothedryperiod,peoplehaveneverregardedwaterasavaluablenaturalresource.Itistruethatwaterisnotararethingintheworld.Ifitdoesnotrain,thefarmerswillcomplain,butinthecitywithreliablewatersupplysystem,fewpeoplefeelwatershortage.Wetakeitforgrantedthatwaterisnomorevaluablethanair.However,inpartbecauseoftheincreaseinpopulation,partlybecauseoftheterriblewaste,watersupplyhasbecomeabigchallengeinmanypartsoftheworld.Thisisaseriousproblemthatcan’tbeignored.Ifwedonotreducebloodcells,reducewaste,mankindwillfacedisasterinthenearfuture.

8.单选题

Clarkfeltthathis______inoneofthemostdramaticmedicalexperimentsofalltimewasworththesufferingheunderwent.

问题1选项

A.appreciation

B.participation

C.presentation

D.apprehension

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项appreciation“欣赏；理解；感激”；B选项participation“参与”；C选项presentation“颁发；展示会”；D选项apprehension“忧虑；逮捕”。句意：克拉克认为，他对有史以来最引人注目的医学实验之一的______，配得上他所遭受的痛苦。根据语境，B选项participation“参与”搭配experiments“实验”比较合理，意思指参与实验，符合题意。因此B选项正确。

9.单选题

Duringrecoveryperiodsthesesystemsbuildtogreaterlevelsto______forthestressthatyouhaveapplied.

问题1选项

A.commence

B.compromise

C.compensate

D.compliment

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项commence“开始；着手”；B选项compromise“妥协；折中”；C选项compensate“补偿；抵消”；D选项compliment“恭维；问候”。句意：在恢复期，这些系统建立到更高的水平来______你施加的压力。根据语境，C选项compensate“抵消”搭配stress“压力”比较合理，意思指系统因为水平提升，从而可以抵消压力。因此C选项正确。

10.单选题

Thosenaughtyboyswerecaught____flowersinthegardenagain.

问题1选项

A.tosteal

B.stealing

C.havingstolen

D.tohavestolen

【答案】B

【解析】考查现在分词的用法。现在分词放在另一动作之后，表示主语在进行谓语动向所表示的动作的同时正在进行另一个动作，此时现在分词对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。句意：那些淘气的男孩又在花园里偷花被抓了，因此根据句意B项为正确答案。catch的常见用法catchsbdoingsth“发现某人正在做某事”，转换为被动用法则是sbbecaughtdoingsth，因此A和D项均错误；C项使用的是现在分词的完成式，与句意不符，故排除。

11.单选题

Nobodyisabletoexplainthe______ofthiscommonly-usedexpression.

问题1选项

A.beginning

B.starting-point

C.foundation

D.origin

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项beginning“（事情或过程的）的开始”；B选项starting-point“（讨论或过程的）起点；（旅行的)出发点”；C选项foundation“基础”；D选项origin“起源”。句意：没有人能解释这个常用表达的________。根据语境，这里指没有人能解释这个常用表达是哪里来的，所以origin“起源”符合题意。因此D选项正确。

12.翻译题

要想在这个高速发展的社会立足，你必须学会如何处理压力问题。首先，你要重新定位你的生活需求，你真的需要那些如时装或者新车的奢侈品吗？如果你学会了对现有的生活满足，你也许就不会想要再找份工作或者不会在办公室度过周末。其次，定期锻炼身体有益于减压。不管你多忙，都要找时间锻炼，最好是和家人和孩子一起。第三，你应该学会放松。如果你停下去闻闻路边的玫瑰花香，世界不会因此而停止转动。

【答案】Youhavetolearnhowtodealwithstressforpossessingafootholdinasocietywithrapiddevelopment.Firstly,youshouldreadjustdemandforlife.Doyoureallyneedluxurygoodssuchasfashionabledressandnewcar?Ifyoulearntobesatisfiedwithcurrentlife,maybeyoudonotwanttogetanotherjoborspendyourweekendsintheoffice.Next,regularexerciseisbeneficialtorelaxingthepressure.Nomatterhowbusyyouare,youshouldtaketimetoexercise,preferablywithyourfamilyandchildren.Thirdly,youshouldlearntorelax.Ifyoustopyoursteptoenjoythesmellofrosesbythesideoftheroad,theworldwon’tstopturning.

13.单选题

Manythings______impossibleinthepastarecommontoday.

问题1选项

A.considered

B.toconsider

C.considering

D.beingconsidered

【答案】A

【解析】考查后置定语。句意：许多过去认为不可能的事情在今天很常见。句子的主干是manythingsarecommon（许多事情很普遍），横线部分内容和impossible组合起来修饰manythings，根据语境得知这里是指被认为不可能的许多事，属于被动语态，所以A选项considered符合题意，故正确。B选项toconsider为不定式表示目的等，故错误。C选项considering表示主动语态，故错误。D选项beingconsidered表示现在进行时的被动语态，故错误。因此A选项正确。

14.单选题

Hethoughtthathemightbeabletoavoidpayingsomeofhistaxesbytakingadvantagesofthe______inthelaw.

问题1选项

A.circle

B.misunderstanding

C.exception

D.loopholes

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项circle“周期”；B选项misunderstanding“误解”；C选项exception“例外；异议”；D选项loopholes“漏洞”。句意：他认为他也许可以利用法律上的______来逃避缴纳一些税款。根据语境，这里是指钻法律的空子避税，D选项loopholes“漏洞”符合题意。因此D选项正确。

15.翻译题

航天是当今世界最具挑战性和广泛带动性的高科技领域之一，航天活动深刻改变了人类对宇宙的认知，为人类社会进步提供了重要动力。当前，越来越多的国家，包括广大发展中国家将发展航天作为重要战略选择，世界航天活动呈现蓬勃发展的景象。

【答案】Spaceactivitiesmakeuponeofthemostchallenginghigh-techfieldswhichexertenormousimpactonotherfields.Spaceactivitieshavegreatlyimprovedman’sknowledgeofspace,andprovideanimportantdrivingforceforsocialprogress.Atpresent,moreandmorecountries,includingthevastnumberofdevelopingones,regardspacedevelopmentasanimportantstrategicchoice.Thus,spaceactivitiesaroundtheworldareflourishing.

16.单选题

Somepessimisticexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.Theyseeadayinthenot-too-distantfuturewhenallautoswillbeabandonedandallowedtorust.Otherauthorities,however,thinktheautoisheretostay.Theyholdthatthecarwillremainaleadingmeansofurbantravelintheforeseeablefuture.

Themotorcarwillundoubtedlychangesignificantlyoverthenext30years.Itshouldbecomesmaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.Thecarofthefutureshouldbefarmorepollution-freethanpresenttypes.

Regardlessofitspowersource,theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantrafficcongestion(拥挤).Oneproposedsolutiontothisproblemistheautomatedhighwaysystem.

Whentheautoentersthehighwaysystem,aretractable(可伸缩的)armwilldropfromtheautoandmakecontactwitharail,whichissimilartothosepoweringsubwaytrainselectrically.

Onceattachedtotherail,thecarwillbecomeelectricallypoweredfromthesystem,andcontrolofthevehiclewillpasstoacentralcomputer.Thecomputerwillthenmonitorallofthecar’smovements.

Thedriverwilluseatelephonetodialinstructionsabouthisdestinationintothesystem.Thecomputerwillcalculatethebestroute,andreservespaceforthecarallthewaytothecorrectexitfromthehighway.Thedriverwillthenbefreetorelaxandwaitforthebuzzer(蜂鸣器)thatwillwarnhimofhiscomingexit.Itisestimatedthatanautomatedhighwaywillbeabletohandle10,000vehiclesperhour,comparedwiththe1,500to2,000vehiclesthatcanbecarriedbyapresent-dayhighway.

1.Onesignificantimprovementinthefuturecarwillprobablybe____________.

2.Whatistheauthor’smainconcern?

3.Whatprovidesautoswithelectricpowerinanautomatedhighwaysystem?

4.Inanautomatedhighwaysystem,allthedriverneedstodois____________.

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthefutureofautos?

问题1选项

A.itspowersourceC.itsmonitoringsystem

B.C.itsmonitoringsystemB.

C.itsmonitoringsystemB.itsdrivingsystem

D.itsseatingcapacity

问题2选项

A.Howtorenderautomobilespollution-free.

B.Howtomakesmallerandsaferautomobiles.

C.Howtosolvetheproblemoftrafficjams.

D.Howtodevelopanautomatedsubwaysystem.

问题3选项

A.rail.

B.Anengine.

C.Aretractablearm.

D.Acomputercontroller.

问题4选项

A.keepintherightlane

B.waittoarriveathisdestination

C.keepinconstanttouchwiththecomputercenter

D.informthesystemofhisdestinationbyphone

问题5选项

A.Enthusiastic.

B.Pessimistic.

C.Optimistic.

D.Cautious.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第二段第二句Itshouldbecomesmaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.（它应该变得更小、更安全、更经济，而且不应该由汽油发动机驱动。），可知A选项“能量来源”正确。B选项“驱动系统”，C选项“监控系统”和D选项“载客人数”文章没有提到，故错误。因此A选项正确。

2.作者意图题。根据第三段第一句theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantrafficcongestion.（未来的汽车的主要问题仍在城市交通拥挤），可知作者最关心交通拥挤的问题，结合下文对如何解决这个问题展开设想，所以C选项“如何解决交通堵塞的问题”正确，A选项“如何使汽车无污染”和B选项“如何制造更小更安全的汽车”：这是未来汽车发展方向的其中一部分，不是作者最关心的，故错误。D选项“如何开发自动化地铁系统”：文章没有提到开发地铁系统，故错误。因此C选项正确。

3.语义推测题。根据第五段第一句Onceattachedtotherail,thecarwillbecomeelectricallypoweredfromthesystem,andcontrolofthevehiclewillpasstoacentralcomputer.（一旦连接到轨道上，汽车将由该系统提供电力，汽车的控制将通过中央计算机进行。），汽车接到铁轨上以后就有了电力，所以A选项“铁轨”正确，计算机控制器控制汽车，故D选项“计算机控制器”错误。B选项“可伸缩的机械臂”：根据第四段第一句aretractablearmwilldropfromtheautoandmakecontactwitharail（一个可伸缩的机械臂从自动化系统向下和铁轨连接），可知机械臂不提供电力，故错误。C选项“引擎”：引擎不提供能量，故错误。因此A选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据第六段第一句Thedriverwillthenbefreetorelaxandwaitforthebuzzerthatwillwarnhimofhiscomingexit.（然后司机就可以自由地放松，等待蜂鸣器提醒他到下一个出口。），可知司机需要听从系统的提示，按照提示操作，所以D选项“用电话通知系统他的目的地”正确，B选项“等待到达他的目的地”错误。A选项“保持在右车道行驶”和C选项“与计算机中心保持联系”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此D选项正确。

5.观点态度题。根据第一段第一句Somepessimisticexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.（一些悲观的专家认为汽车注定会被淘汰。），结合作者下文提出未来汽车的发展方向，可知作者不赞同悲观的观点，根据第六段最后一句Itisestimatedthatanautomatedhighwaywillbeabletohandle10,000vehiclesperhour,comparedwiththe1,500to2,000vehiclesthatcanbecarriedbyapresent-dayhighway.（据估计，自动化公路每小时将能够处理1万辆汽车，而现在的公路只能运送1500到2000辆汽车。），在文章最后作者大胆预料未来汽车的情况，可知作者看好未来汽车的发展，所以C选项“乐观”正确，B选项“悲观”和D选项“谨慎”错误。A选项“热情”不明显。因此C选项正确。

17.单选题

Thisisthehouse______lastyearwhenIwasinthiscity.

问题1选项

A.aboutthatIwrotetoyou

B.thatIwrotetoyou

C.aboutwhichIwrotetoyou

D.whichIwrotetoyou

【答案】C

【解析】考查后置定语从句。句子主干是thisisthehouse，横线和lastyear部分是修饰house的定语从句，根据短语writeaboutsth.得出about放在先行词前，定语从句中，介词后面用which不用that，所以C选项aboutwhichIwrotetoyou符合题意。句意：这就是我去年在这个城市时写信告诉你的那所房子。因此C选项正确。

18.单选题

Whatmightdrivingonanautomatedhighwaybelike?Theanswerdependsonwhatkindofsystemisultimatelyadopted.Twodistincttypesareonthedrawingboard.Thefirstisaspecial-purposelanesystem,inwhichcertainlanesarereservedforautomatedvehicles.Thesecondisamixedtrafficsystem:fullyautomatedvehicleswouldsharetheroadwithpartiallyautomatedormanualdrivencars.Aspecial-purposelanesystemwouldrequiremoreextensivephysicalmodificationstoexistinghighways,butitpromisesthegreatestgainsinfreewaycapacity.

Undereitherscheme,thedriverwouldspecifythedesireddestination,furnishingthisinformationtoacomputerinthecaratthebeginningofthetriporperhapsjustbeforereachingtheautomatedhighway.Ifamixedtrafficsystemwaywasinplace,automateddrivingcouldbeginwheneverthedriverwasonsuitablyequippedroads.Ifspecialpurposelaneswereavailable,thecarcouldenterthemandjoinexistingtrafficintwodifferentways.Onemethodwoulduseaspecialonramp.

Asthedriverapproachedthepointofentryforthehighway,devicesinstalledontheroadsidewouldelectronicallycheckthevehicletodetermineitsdestinationandtoascertainthatithadtheproperautomationequipmentingoodworkingorder.Assumingitpassedsuchtests,thedriverwouldthenbeguidedthroughagateandtowardanautomatedlane.Inthiscase,thetransitionfrommanualtoautomatedcontrolwouldtakeplaceontheentranceramp.Analternativetechniquecouldemployconventionallanes,whichwouldbesharedbyautomatedandregularvehicles.Thedriverwouldsteerontothehighwayandmoveinnormalfashiontoa“transition”lane.Thevehiclewouldthenshiftundercomputercontrolontoalanereservedforautomatedtraffic.(Thelimitationoftheselanestoautomatedtrafficwould,presumably,bewellrespected,becausealltrespasserscouldbeswiftlyidentifiedbyauthorities.)

Eitherapproachtojoiningalaneofautomatedtrafficwouldharmonizethemovementofnewlyenteringvehicleswiththosealreadytraveling.Automaticcontrolhereshouldallowforsmoothmergingwithouttheusualuncertaintiesandpotentialforaccidents.Andonceavehiclehadsettledintoautomatedtravel,thedriverwouldbefreetoreleasethewheel,openthemorningpaperorjustrelax.

1.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthattwosystemsofautomatedhighways（

）.

2.Aspecial-purposelanesystemisprobablyadvantageousinthat（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdrivingonanautomatedhighway?

4.Weknowfromthepassagethatacarcanenteraspecialpurposelane（

）.

5.Whendrivinginanautomatedlane.Thedriver（

）.

问题1选项

A.arebeingplanned

B.arebeingmodified

C.arenowinwideuse

D.areunderconstruction

问题2选项

A.itwouldrequireonlyminorchangestoexistinghighways

B.itwouldachievethegreatesthighwaytrafficefficiency

C.ithasalaneforbothautomatedandpartiallyautomatedvehicles

D.itoffersmorelanesforautomatedvehicles

问题3选项

A.Vehiclestravelingonitareassigneddifferentlanesaccordingtotheirdestinations.

B.Acarcanjoinexistingtrafficanytimeinamixedlanesystem.

C.Thedrivershouldinformhiscarcomputerofhisdestinationbeforedrivingontoit.

D.Thedrivershouldsharetheautomatedlanewiththoseofregularvehicles.

问题4选项

A.bysmoothlymergingwithcarsontheconventionallane

B.bywayofarampwithelectroniccontroldevices

C.throughaspeciallyguardedgate

D.afteralltrespassersareidentifiedandremoved

问题5选项

A.shouldharmonizewithnewlyenteringcars

B.doesn’thavetorelyonhiscomputersystem

C.shouldwatchoutforpotentialaccidents

D.doesn’thavetoholdontothesteeringwheel

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段第三句Twodistincttypesareonthedrawingboard（绘图板上有两种不同的类型）可知，这两个系统正在设计中，因此选择A项“正在计划中”。B项“正在修改”，C项“现在被广泛使用”，D项“正在施工中”，均错误。

2.细节事实题。题目问special-purposelanesystem的优势。定位到第一段最后一句Aspecial-purposelanesystemwouldrequiremoreextensivephysicalmodificationstoexistinghighways,butitpromisesthegreatestgainsinfreewaycapacity.（专用车道系统将需要对现有高速公路进行更广泛的物理改造，但它有望最大程度地提高高速公路通行能力），因此B项“它将实现最大的公路交通效率”符合题意。A项“它只需要对现有的公路做一些小的改动”，根据第一段最后一句可知应该是进行广泛的改造，故错误。C项“它有一条自动和半自动车道”和D项“它为自动化车辆提供了更多的车道”，在文中并未体现。

3.细节事实题。根据第二段第一句：Undereitherscheme,thedriverwouldspecifythedesireddestination,furnishingthisinformationtoacomputerinthecaratthebeginningofthetriporperhapsjustbeforereachingtheautomatedhighway.（不论采用哪种设计，司机都需要在其开始行驶时或在到达自动化高速公路前确定要去的目的地，把这个信息输入车上的计算机），因此C“司机在开车上路之前，应该把目的地通知他的汽车电脑”是正确答案。A项“在它上面行驶的车辆根据目的地被分配了不同的车道”，未在文中提及；B项“在混合