2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号68

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.翻译题

Ithinkthat,fromabiologicalstandpoint,humanlifealmostreadslikeapoem.Ithasitsownrhythmandbeat,itsinternalcyclesofgrowthanddecay.Itbeginswithinnocentchildhood,followedbyawkwardadolescencetryingawkwardlytoadaptitselftomaturesociety,withitsyoungpassionsandfollies,itsidealsandambitions;thenitreachesamanhoodofintenseactivities,profitingfromexperienceandlearningmoreaboutsocietyandhumannature;atmiddleage,thereisaslighteasingoftension,amellowingofcharacterliketheripeningoffruitorthemellowingofgoodwine,andthegradualacquiringofamoretolerant,morecynicalandatthesametimeakindlierviewoflife;theninthesunsetofourlife,theendocrineglandsdecreasetheiractivity,andifwehaveatruephilosophyofoldageandhaveorderedourlifepatternaccordingtoit,itisforustheageofpeaceandsecurityandleisureandcontentment;finally,lifeflickersoutandonegoesintoeternalsleepnevertowakeupagain.Oneshouldbeabletosetthebeautyofthisrhythmoflife,toappreciate,aswedoingrandsymphonies,itsmaintheme,itsstrainsofconflictandthefinalresolution.Themovementsofthesecyclesareverymuchthesameinanormallife,buttherelicmustbeprovidedbytheindividualhimself.

【答案】我认为，从生物学的角度来看，人生就像一首诗。它有自己的韵律和节奏，自有内在的生长与衰亡周期。它开始于天真的童年，紧随其后的是稚拙的青春期，带着年轻的激情和愚笨，笨拙而努力地走向成熟；后来人到壮年，经历渐广，阅人渐多，涉世渐深；乃至中年，节奏渐缓，个性沉淀如熟果，如美酒，更具容忍之心，愈发愤世嫉俗，却待人生愈发温和；再后来到暮年时，内分泌系统活动减少，如果我们已经悟得老年真谛，且据此安顿残年，则生活将平和、宁静、安详且美满；最后生命之光摇曳而逝，人开始永恒的长眠，不再醒来。人应能感受这种生命韵律之美，就如欣赏交响乐一样，欣赏其主旋律、激昂的高潮和舒缓的尾声。生命的乐章大同小异，但每个人应谱写出自己独有的乐曲。

2.翻译题

Thedistinctionbetweenthemechanizationofthepastandwhatishappeningnowis,however,notasharpone.Atoneextremewehavetheelectroniccomputerwithitsquiteremarkablecapacityfordiscriminationandcontrol,whileattheotherendofthescaleare“transfermachines”,astheyarenowcalled,whichmaybeassimpleasaconveyorbelttoanother.Anautomaticmechanismisonewhichhasacapacityforself-regulation;thatis,itcanregulateorcontrolthesystemorprocesswithouttheneedforconstanthumanattentionoradjustment.Nowpeopleoftentalkabout“feedback”asbeinganessentialfactorofthenewindustrialtechniques,uponwhichisbasedanautomaticself-regulatingsystemandbyvirtueofwhichanydeviationinthesystemfromdesiredconditionscanbedetected,measured,reportedandcorrected.When“feedback”isappliedtotheprocessbywhichalargedigitalcomputerrunsattheimmensespeedthroughalongseriesofsums,constantlyrejectingtheanswersuntilitfindsonetofitacomplexsetoffactswhichhavebeenputtoit,itisperhapsdifferentindegreefromwhatwehavepreviouslybeenaccustomedtomachines.

【答案】然而，过去的机械化和今天所发生的一切之间的区别并不大。一方面，我们的电脑具有惊人的分辨能力和控制能力，另一方面，则是传送机，最简单的是传送带。自动机械就是一个有自控能力的装置，也就是说，它不需要人经常调整和看管，也能够调节或控制系统或过程。现在人们常说‘反馈’是这些新工业技术的根本要素，自动的自我调节机制就是建立在反馈基础上的，通过它可以发现系统与理想状态间的任何偏离，并加以测量，报告并纠正。大型计算机高速进行着各种运算，当‘反馈’被运用于该过程中，计算机就会不断否决错误答案，直到找到与输入的信息相符的正确答案为止，这种机制与我们以前熟悉的机器差别很大。

3.翻译题

迈克尔是那种你真想恨一恨的家伙，他总是乐呵呵的，总是说些积极向上的话。如果有人问他近况如何，他会这样回答：“如果我还能再好，我就成双胞胎了”。他生来就会让人积极进取。

如果哪位雇员有天过得很糟糕，迈克尔会告诉他如何看待问题的积极一面。他的这种方法着实让我好奇，所以有一天我找到迈克尔问：“我真弄不明白。你怎么能总是那样积极乐观？你是如何做到这一点的？”

迈克尔回答说，“每天早上醒来我对自己说，迈克，今天你有两种选择。你可以选择心情愉快，你也可以选择心情恶劣。”我选择心情愉悦。每次心情不愉快的事情发生时，我可以选择成为一个牺牲品，也可以选择从中吸取教训。我选择从中吸取教训。每次有什么人找我来抱怨，我可以选择接受他们的抱怨，也可以选择向他指出生活的积极面。我选择指出生活的积极面。

【答案】Michaelisthekindofguyyoulovetohate.Heisalwaysinagoodmoodandalwayshassomethingpositivetosay.Whensomeonewouldaskhimhowhewasdoing,hewouldreply,‘IfIwereanybetter,I’dbetwins!”Hewasanaturalmotivator.

Ifanemployeewashavingabadday,Michaelwastheretellingtheemployeehowtolookonthepositivesideofthesituation.Seeingthisstylereallymademecurious,soonedayIwentuptoMichaelandaskedhim,‘Idon’tgetit.Youcanbepositiveallthetime.Howdoyoudoit?

Michaelreplied,‘eachmorningIwakeupandsaytomyself,Mike,youhavetwochoicestoday.Youcanchoosetobeinagoodmoodoryoucanchoosetobeinabadmood.Ichoosetobeinagoodmood.Everytimesomethingbadhappens,IcanchoosetobeavictimorIcanchoosetolearnfromit.Ichoosetolearnfromit.Everytimesomeonecomestomecomplaining,Icanchoosetoaccepttheircomplainingorpointoutthepositivesideoflifetothem.Ichoosetopointoutthepositivesideoflife.

4.单选题

Everyprofessionortrade,everyart,andeveryartsciencehasitstechnicalvocabulary.

Differentoccupations,however,differwidelyinthecharacteroftheirspecialvocabularies.Intradesandhandicrafts,andothervocations,likefarmingandfishery,thathaveoccupiedgreatnumbersofmenfromremotetimes,thetechnicalvocabulary,isveryold.Itconsistslargelyofnativewords,orofborrowedwordsthathaveworkedthemselvesintotheveryfiberofourfamiliarinsound,andmoregenerallyunderstoodthanmostothertechnicalities.Thespecialdialectsoflaw,medicine,divinity,andphilosophyhavealso,intheirolderstrata,becomeprettyfamiliartocultivatedpersonsandhavecontributedmuchtothepopularvocabulary.Yeteveryvocationstillpossessesalargebodyoftechnicaltermsthatremainessentiallyforeign,eventoeducatedspeech.Andtheproportionhasbeenmuchincreasedinthelastfiftyyears,particularlyinthevariousdepartmentsofnaturalandpoliticalscienceandinthemechanicarts.Herenewtermsarecoinedwiththegreatestfreedomandabandonedwithindifferencewhentheyhaveservedtheirturn.Mostofthenewcoinagesareconfinedtospecialdiscussions,andseldomgetintogeneralliteratureorconversation.Yetnoprofessionisnowadays,asallprofessiononcewere,acloseguild（行会）.Thelawers,thephysician,themanofscience,thedivine,associatedfreelywithhisfellow-creatures,anddoesnotmeettheminamerelyprofessionalway.Furthermore,whatiscalled’’popularscience"makeseverybodyacquaintedwithmodemviewsandrecentdiscoveries.Anyimportantexperiment,thoughmadeinaremoteorprovinciallaboratory,isatoncereportedinthenewspapers,andeverybodyissoontalkingaboutitasinthecaseoftheRoentgenraysandwirelesstelegraphy.Thusourcommonspeechisalwaystakingupnewtechnicaltermsandmakingthemcommonplace.

1.Specialwordsusedintechnicaldiscussion（

）.

2.Itistruethat（

）

3.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenamarkedincreaseinthenumberoftechnicaltermsintheterminologyof（

）.

4.Thewriterofthearticlewasundoubtedly（

）.

5.Theauthor'smainpurposeinthepassageisto（

）.

问题1选项

A.neverlastlong

B.shouldbeconfinedtoscientificfields

C.maybecomepartofcommonspeech

D.areconsideredartificiallanguagespeech

问题2选项

A.everyoneisinterestedinscientificfinding

B.theaveragemanoftenusesinhisownvocabularywhatwasoncetechnicallanguagenotmeantforhim

C.aneducatedpersonwouldbeexpectedtoknowmosttechnicalterms

D.variousprofessionsandoccupationsofteninterchangetheirdialectsandjargons

问题3选项

A.fishery

B.farming

C.government

D.sports

问题4选项

A.alinguist

B.anattorney

C.anscientist

D.anessayist

问题5选项

A.describeaphenomenon

B.proposeasolution

C.beentertaining

D.argueabelief

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据文章最后一句：Thusourcommonspeechisalwaystakingupnewtechnicaltermsandmakingthemcommonplace.因此，我们的日常用语总是采用新的技术术语，使它们变得司空见惯。在一种新的技术词汇产生之后，经过同化，变成了日常语言的一部分。所以C选项正确。

2.文章说明了一种现象，即在新的科技成果出现后，便成为人们津津乐道的话题，变成人们日常生活的一部分。个人也将科技成果变成日常生活用于的一部分，所以B选项‘普通人经常在自己的词汇中使用曾经对他毫无意义的技术语言‘正确。

3.particularlyinthevariousdepartmentsofnaturalandpoliticalscienceandinthemechanicarts.可知，在自然科学、政治学科以及机械艺术方面的词汇大量增加，C选项符合题意。

4.全文讨论了专业词汇、科技词汇与人们日常生活的关系，可知作者从语言学的角度分析了科技产生的词汇。作者应属于语言学家，A选项符合题意。

5.文章至始至终在讨论科技产生伴随着科技词汇的产生，进而科技词汇也影响着人们的日常生活，逐渐成为一体，作者描述了这样一种特有的现象，所以A选项符合题意。

5.翻译题

计算机病毒系一小撮存心不良的黑客所为，这些人纯属为了搞恶作剧而编造有毒软件。病毒是短行的软件代码，具有以下三个特征：第一，病毒把自己隐藏在合法的文件或程序之中；第二，病毒像细菌那样进行复制以在计算机之间传播；第三，病毒对计算机的所作所为可令你气得发疯。

【答案】Computervirusesarecreatedbyasmallgroupofevilhackerswhowriteharmfulsoftwarejustforthesakeoffun.Thevirusesareshort-linesoftwarecodes,witchhavethefollowingthreefeatures,first,theyhidethemselvesamonglegaldocumentsorprograms;second,theycancopythemselveslikebacteriatobetransferredamongcomputers;third,theireffectonyourcomputerswilldriveyoucrazyandmakeyoumad.

6.翻译题

与群众不同，知识分子喜欢推理，对事实感兴趣。他们思想上批判的习性，使他们成为那种很能蛊惑大多数人的宣传的抵制者。知识分子是那种重证据，厌恶不合乎逻辑和谬论的人。他们把过于简单化看作是思想上犯错误的根源，他们不喜欢口号、绝对肯定和总的概括，而这些恰恰是宣传家惯用的手法。在这个人口加速过度增长，组织加速过度膨胀，以及出现了更为有效的广泛宣传工具的时代里，我们如何能保存个性的完整，又如何能再坚持个人的价值呢？这是一个至今可提出并可能得到较好的回答的问题。再过一代，寻找答案可能为时已晚，而在那个未来的令人窒息的集体风气中，可能压根就想不起提出这样的问题了。

【答案】Unlikethemass,theintellectualsliketoreasonandareinterestedinfacts.Withcriticalthinkinghabits,theyhavebecomeleaderswhoresistpropagandaswhichconfusemostpeople.Theclerisylaystressonevidence,andarenottooreadytobelieveillogicalityandfallacy.Theyconsideroversimplificationastherootofthoughttomakeamistake.Meanwhiletheacademiciansdislikeslogan,absoluteaffirmationandgrossgeneralization,whichareapropagandist’susualmeasures.Therefore,howcanwekeepupintegrityofpersonality,andhowtocontinueupholdingthevalueofindividualinfaceofoverpopulationandoverexpansionoforganizationsaswellasmanymoreeffectiveandcomprehensivepropagandatools?Uptonow,itisaquestionthatcanbeproposedandgivenagoodanswertobutitwillbetoolatetofindoutananswertosuchquestionforthenextgenerationinthefuturewherethestiflingcollectiveatmosphereprevails,descendantsmaynotthinkofsuchquestionatall.

7.单选题

Animportantnewindustry,oilrefining,grewaftertheCivilWar.Crudeoil,orpetroleum——adark,thickooze(渗出物)fromtheearthhadbeenknownforhundredsofyears.Butlittleusehadeverbeenmadeofit.Inthe1850'sSamuelM.Kier,amanufactureinwesternPennsylvania,begancollectingtheoilfromlocalseepageandrefiningitintokerosene.Refining,likesmelting,isaprocessofremovingimpuritiesfromarawmaterial.

Kerosenewasusedtolightlamps.Itwasacheapsubstituteforwhaleoil,whichwasbecominghardertoget.Soontherewasalargedemandforkerosene.Peoplebegantosearchfornewsuppliesofpetroleum.

ThefirstoilwellwasdrilledbyE.L.Drake,aretiredrailroadconductor.In1859hebegandrillinginTitusville,Pennsylvania,Thewholeventureseemedsoimpracticalandfoolishthatonlookerscalledit’’Drake’sFolly”.Butwhenhehaddrilleddownabout70feet(21meters)Drakestruckoil.Hiswellbegantoyield20barrelsofcrudeoiladay.

NewsofDrake'ssuccessbroughtoilprospectorstothescene.Bytheearly1860'sthesewildcattersweredrillingfor"blackgold”alloverwesternPennsylvania.TheboomrivaledtheCaliforniagoldrushof1848initsexcitementandWildWestatmosphere.Anditbroughtfarmorewealthtotheprospectorsthananygoldrush.

Crudeoilcouldberefinedintomanyproducts.Forsomeyearskerosenecontinuedtobetheprincipalone.Itwassoldingrocerystoresanddoor-to-door.Inthe1880'sand189(Tsrefinerslearnedhowtomakeotherproductssuchaswaxesandlubricatingoils.Petroleumwasnotthenusedtomakegasolineorheatingoil.

1.Accordingtothepassage,manypeopleinitiallythoughtthatE.L.Drakehadmadeamistake（

）

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatis"blackgold"?

3.WhydoestheauthormentiontheCaliforniagoldrush?

4.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingaspossibleproductsofcrudeoilEXCEPT（

）.

5.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.movingtoPennsylvania

B.retiringfromhisjob

C.searchingforoil

D.goingonawhalingexpedition

问题2选项

A.goldore

B.stolenmoney

C.whaleoil

D.crudeoil

问题3选项

A.ToindicatetheextentofUnitedStatesmineralwealth.

B.Toarguethatgoldwasmorevaluablethanoil

C.Todescribethemoodwhenoilwasfirstdiscovered

D.Toexplaintheneedforanincreasedsupplyofgold

问题4选项

A.gasoline

B.kerosene

C.wax

D.plastic

问题5选项

A.OilRefining:AHistoricalPerspective.

B.KeroseneLamps:AlightintheTunnel.

C.TheCaliforniaGoldRush:GetRichQuickly.

D.PrivateProperty:TrespasserswillBeProsecuted.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据文章第三段In1859hebegandrillinginTitusville,Pennsylvania,Thewholeventureseemedsoimpracticalandfoolishthatonlookerscalledit”Drake’sFolly'1859年，他开始在宾西法尼亚州的提特斯维尔钻探石油，整个计划看起来既不切实际又愚蠢，旁观者称之为“德雷克的愚蠢”。说明了人们对找油田的时表示怀疑和嘲讽。C选项符合题意。

2.文章第三段第二行很明显指出黑金指的就是石油，D选项正确。

3.根据文章倒数第二段最后一行TheboomrivaledtheCaliforniagoldrushof1848initsexcitementandWildWestatmosphere.Anditbroughtfarmorewealthtotheprospectorsthananygoldrush.这场繁荣在其兴奋和狂野的西部氛围上堪比1848年的加利福尼亚淘金热。它给勘探者带来的财富远远超过淘金热。确定C选项‘描述石油首次被发现时的心情’正确。

4.A,B,C选项文章都有描述，D选项‘塑料’在文中没有涉及，所以答案为D。

5.全文主要论述了石油冶炼的相关事情，包括在加利福尼亚西部钻油等历史。所以A选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Coralreefsareoneofthemostfragile,biologicallycomplex,anddiversemarineecosystemonEarth.Thisecosystemisoneofthefascinatingparadoxesofthebiosphere:howdoclearandthusnutrient-poorwaterssupportsuchprolificandproductivecommunities?Partoftheanswerlieswithinthetissuesofthecoralsthemselves.Symbioticcellsofalgaeknownaszoozanthellaecarryoutphotosynthesisusingthemetabolicwastesofthecoraltherebyproducingfoodforthemselves,fortheircorals,hosts,andevenforothermembersofthereefcommunity.Thissymbioticprocessallowsorganismsinthereefcommunitytousesparsenutrientresourceefficiently.

Unfortunatelyforcoralreefs,however,avarietyofhumanactivitiesarecausingworldwidedegradationofshallowmarinehabitatsbyaddingnutrientstothewater.Agriculture,slashandbumlandclearing,sewagedisposalandmanufacturingthatcreateswasteby-productsallincreasenutrientloadsinthesewaters.Typicalsymptomsofreefdeclinearedestabilizedherbivorepopulationsandanincreasingabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimals.Declinesinreefcommunitiesareconsistentwithobservationsthatnutrientinputisincreasingindirectproportiontogrowinghumanpopulations,therebythreateningreefcommunitiessensitivetosubtlechangesinnutrientinputtotheirwaters.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcoralreefcommunities?

3.Theauthorrefersto“filter-feedinganimals”(line17)inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisafactorthatisthreateningthesurvivalofcoralreefcommunities?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthordescribescoralreefcommunitiesasparadoxicalmostlikelyforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

问题1选项

A.describingtheeffectsofhumanactivitiesonalgaeincoralreefs

B.explaininghowhumanactivitiesareposingathreattocoralreefcommunities

C.discussingtheprocessbywhichcoralreefsdeteriorateinnutrient-poorwaters

D.explaininghowcoralreefsproducefoodforthemselves

问题2选项

A.Coralreefcommunitiesmayactuallybemorelikelytothriveinwatersthatarerelativelylowinnutrients.

B.Thenutrientsonwhichcoralcommunitiesthriveareonlyfoundinshallowwaters.

C.Humanpopulationgrowthhasledtochangingoceantemperatures,whichthreatenscoralreefcommunities.

D.Thegrowthofcoralreefcommunitiestendstodestabilizeunderwaterherbivorepopulations.

问题3选项

A.provideanexampleofacharacteristicsignofreefdeterioration

B.explainhowreefcommunitiesacquiresustenanceforsurvival

C.identifyafactorthathelpsherbivorepopulationsthrive

D.indicateacauseofdecreasingnutrientinputinwatersthatreefsinhabit

问题4选项

A.Thewaterstheyinhabitcontainfewnutrientresources.

B.Adeclineinnutrientinputisdisruptingtheirsymbioticrelationshipwithzooxanthellae.

C.Thedegradedwatersoftheirmarinehabitatshavereducedtheirabilitytocarryoutphotosynthesis.

D.Wasteby-productsresultinanincreaseinnutrientinputtoreefcommunities.

问题5选项

A.Theyarethrivingeventhoughhumanactivitieshavedepletedthenutrientsintheirenvironment.

B.Theyareabletosurviveinspiteofanover-abundanceofalgaeinhabitingtheirwaters.

C.Theyareabletosurviveinanenvironmentwithlimitedfoodresources.

D.Theyaredecliningevenwhenthewatersurroundingthemremainsclear.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文第一段讲了珊瑚礁是如何在清澈且无养料的海水中繁衍的。第二段开头开始转折，作者指出人类活动是怎样对珊瑚礁的栖息地造成破坏的，所以B选项‘解释人类活动如何对珊瑚礁群落构成威胁’为正确答案。

2.细节判断题。根据文章第一段“howdoclear,andthusnutrient-poorwaterssupportsuchprolificandproductivecommunities?”用一个反问句表明珊瑚礁适合在低养料的清澈海水中生长。确定A选项符合题意。珊瑚礁很难在浅水滩边繁殖，所以B选项错误，排除。人类活动导致海水中的养料增加，而并非增加了海水的温度，从而破坏了珊瑚礁的栖息地，C选项错误，排除。食草动物数量的不稳定并不是珊瑚礁生长造成的，而是珊瑚礁遭到破坏的一种表现，D选项错误，排除。

3.细节判断题。根据文章第二段“Typicalsymptomsofreefdeclinearedestabilizedherbivorepopulationsandanincreasingabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimals.珊瑚礁衰退的典型症状是食草动物种群的不稳定，以及藻类和滤食性动物数量的增加。”确定作者提到filter-feedinganimals是为了说明珊瑚礁减少的特征。A选项正确。

4.细节判断题。根据文章最后一段“Agriculture,slash-and-bumlandclearing,sewagedisposalandmanufacturingthatcreateswasteby-productsallincreasenutrientloadsinthesewaters.农业、刀耕火种、污水处理以及制造业向海水中排放了大量的垃圾，从而增加了海水的营含量。”和“Declinesinreefcommunitiesareconsistentwithobservationsthatnutrientinputisincreasingindirectproportiontogrowinghumanpopulations,therebythreateningreefcommunitiessensitivetosubtlechangesinnutrientinputtotheirwaters.珊瑚礁对养料排入海水中发生的微妙变化很敏感，随着人口的增加，排放到海水的养料也随之増加，珊瑚礁的数量也就减少了。”可知人类排放的垃圾增加了海水的营养含量，从而威胁着珊瑚礁的生长。D选项符合题意。

5.推理判断题。作者在第一段提到珊瑚礁之所以能在清澈并且少养料的海水中生长，是因为有一种叫虫黄藻的水藻与它共生。虫黄藻能够与珊瑚礁的粪便进行光合作用，从而又为珊瑚礁提供食物。因此，尽管在食物资源极度缺乏的环境下，珊瑚礁也能够生长。所以C选项‘它们能够在食物资源有限的环境中生存’符合题意。

9.单选题

Theterm"remotesensing"referstothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretationofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960stheinterpretationoffilmimageswastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheearth'sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.Theseimagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrum:therefractionofradiowaves,andthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth'ssurface.Digitalmultispectralimaginghasnowbecomethebasictoolingeologicremotesensingfromsatellites.

Theadvantageofdigitaloverphotographicimagingisevident:theresultingnumericaldataarepreciselyknown,anddigitaldataarenotsubjecttothevagariesofdifficult-to-controlchemicalprocessingwithdigitalprocessing,itispossibletocombinealargenumberofspectralimages.Theacquisitionofthefirstmultispectraldigitaldatasetfrom,themultispectralscanner(MSS)aboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.LandsatMSSdataarenowbeingappliedtoavarietyofgeologicproblemsthataredifficulttosolvebyconventionalmethodsalone.Theseincludespecificproblemsinmineralandenergyresourceexplorationandthechartingofglaciersandshallowseas.

Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.Regionalmapspresentcompositionalstructuralandchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicrevolution.Suchreconstructionshaveimportantpracticalapplicationsbecausetheconditionsunderwhichrockunitsandotherstructuralfeaturesareformedinfluencetheoccurrenceoforeandpetroleumdepositsandaffectthethicknessandintegrityofthegeologicmediainwhichthedepositsarefound.

Geologicmapsincorporatealarge,variedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurements,butthemapsmustbeinterpretativebecausefieldmeasurementsarealwayslimitedbyrockexposure,accessibilityandlaborresources.Withremote-sensingtechniques,itispossibletoobtainmuchgeologicinformationmoreefficientlythanitcanbeobtainedontheground.Thesetechniquesalsofacilitateoverallinterpretation.Sincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallareas,thecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathadintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognized,butinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.However,somecriticalinformationcannotbeobtainedthroughremotesensing,andseveralcharacteristicsoftheLandsatMSSimposelimitationsontheacquisitionofdiagnosticdata.Someoftheselimitationscanbeovercomebydesigningsatellitesystemsespeciallyforgeologicpurposes;buttobemosteffective,remotesensingdatamuststillbecombinedwithdatafromfieldsurveys,laboratorytests,andthetechniquesoftheearliertwentiethcentury.

1.Whichofthefollowingcanbemeasuredbytheoptomechanicalscannerbutnotbyvisiblelightphotograph?

2.Landsimagesdifferfromconventionalgeologicmapsinthattheformer（

）.

3.Thepassageprovidesinformationaboutallofthefollowingtopicsexcept（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormentionabout“theconventionalmethods”？

5.Accordingtotheauthor（

）.

问题1选项

A.Theamountofvisiblelightreflectedfromoceans

B.DailytemperaturechangesofareasontheEarth’ssurface.

C.Thedegreeofradioactivityemittedbyexposedrocksontheearth'ssurface.

D.Atmosphericconditionsoverlargelandmasses.

问题2选项

A.revealtheexactsizeofpetroleumdepositsandoredeposits

B.indicatethecontinuityoffeaturesthatmightnototherwisebeinterpretedascontinuous

C.predictthemovementsofglaciers

D.providehighlyaccuratedataabouttheoccurrenceofmineraldeposits

问题3选项

A.theprinciplemethodofgeologicremotesensingpriortothemid-1960s

B.somephenomenameasuredbydigitalmultispectralimagesinremotesensing

C.someofthepracticalusesofregionalgeologicmaps.

D.problemsthataredifficulttosolvesolelythroughconventionalmethodsofgeologicmapping

问题4选项

A.Theyconsistprimarilyoffieldsurveysandlaboratorymeasurements.

B.Theyarenotusefulinprovidinginformationnecessaryforreconstructinggeologicevolution.

C.Theyhaverarelybeenusedbygeologistssince1972.

D.Theyareusedprimarilytogathercompositionalinformationaboutgeologicfeatures.

问题5选项

A.geologicmappingisbasicallyanartandnotascience

B.geologicmappinghasnotchangedsignificantlysincetheearly1960s

C.geologicmappingwillhavelimitedpracticalapplicationsuntilremote-sensingsystemsareperfected

D.adevelopmentalmilestoneingeologicmappingwasreachedin1972

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.根据第一段：Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.Theseimagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrum,therefractionofradiowaves,andthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface.随着光机械扫描仪的发展，科学家开始利用那些超出可见光摄影术感知范围的数据构造数字化多谱线图像。这些图像的建造是通过用机械手段对一些现象的图像进行整理，如可见光谱外光波的反射，无线电波的折射以及地球表面一些地区日常温度的变化。确定B选项’地球表面许多地区温度的日间变化‘正确。

2.根据第四段Sincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallarea,thecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathaveintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognized,butinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.由于详尽的地质绘图一般在小的范围内进行，所以那些具有断断续续和多变量的区域特征的连续性就经常不能被认可，但是Landsat卫星的全方位的观察角度，能将这一连续性呈现出来。确定B选项’指明特征的连续性并不能解释为连续性‘正确。

3.根据第一段：Priortothemid-1960'stheinterpretationoffilmimageswastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheEarth’sgeologicfeatures.在20世会己中叶之前，对胶片的解释是对地球地质特征进行遥感的主要方法。所以A选项‘地质遥感的主要方法在20世纪60年代之前就出现‘符合原文。再根据第一段Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.随着光机械扫描仪的发展，科学家#始构造数字化多谱线图像，利用那些超出可见光影敏感范围的数据。确定B选项’出现了在遥感中利用数字化多谱线图像进行测量的现象’符合原文。根据第三段：Regionalmapspresentcompositional,structural,andchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.：区域地图向重构地质进化过程，提供了成分、结构及时间顺序等信息。确定C选项‘一些地区地质图有实用性’符合原文。所以排除法D选项‘通过传统的地质绘图方法很难解决问题’文中未提及，符合题意。

4.根据第三段：Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.遥感更基本的应用是增强传统的大范围的地质绘图的方法。Regionalmapspresentcompositional,structural,andchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.区域地图向重构地质进化过程，提供了成分、结构及时间顺序等信息。再根据第四段：Geologicmapsincorporatealarge,variedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurements…地质图采集了数量繁多、形形色色的一整套具体的实地测量和实验室测量数据。推断出A选项‘它们主要包括实地考察、实验室测量’正确。B选项‘在重构地质进化过程中，他们没有能提供必要的信息’与原文不符。C选项‘自1972年之后，他们很少被地质学家用到。‘1972年是这一技术发展的里程碑之年，与原文不符。D选项’它们主要被用来收集有关地质特征的构成信息‘与原文不符。

5.根据第二段Theacquisitionofthefirstmultispectraldigitaldatasetfromthemultispectralscanner（MSS）aboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.1972年，安装在Landsat卫星上的多谱线扫描仪传送出来的首批多谱线的数字数据，吸引了整个地学界的注意。确定D选项’1972年成为地质制图发展的里程碑‘正确。

10.单选题

Backintheearly1990s,Iknewlittleaboutcomputersbeyondwhatittooktogetthroughaworkingday.Buthere’swhatIdidknow:somethinghugewashappening.ItwasstirringeconomiesandimaginationsandpossibilitieslikenothingIhadeverknown.IknewtheworldwaschanginginwaysthatmeantIshouldn’tcountonoldassumptions.AndIknewIhaddreamsIstillhadn’tfulfilled.ButIdidn’tknowhowtorealizethemuntilImetwithmyoldfriend,RollyRouse,whenwehappenedtomoveintothesameneighborhood.

Rollyoftencalledmewithastreamofideas.Hisrateofideaproductionpersecondseemedalmostincredible.Soonwewereonthephonewitheachothereveryday.TalkingabouttheInternet.Talkingaboutstartinganewonlinecompany—maybetogether.

Hewasthendevelopingaplanandhewantedmetobeapartofit:wewouldgivepeoplewonderful,wholeelectronichousesonaCD-ROMandletthemmodifythosehomestotheirownneeds.Tryoutdifferentwindowsanddoors,differentpaintcolorsandfurnishings.Whentheyweresatisfied,wewouldenablethemtogoonlinetomaketheprojecthappen,togettheproductsandthe