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IntroductionofClinicalAnesthesiaDepartmentofAnesthesiology1IntroductionofClinicalAnestConceptUsingDrugsorothermethodsCentralNerveSystemorperipheralnervesystemLosingsense,painlessandcomfortable,temporarily2ConceptUsingDrugsorothermeWhatcanyoudoforyourfuture?expertiseinresuscitationfluidreplacementairwaymanagementoxygentransportoperativestressreductionpostoperativepaincontrolICU3Whatcanyoudoforyourfutur近代麻醉学发展的三个重要阶段麻醉:19世纪40年代算起,近100年的发展历程。临床麻醉学(clinicalanesthesiology):初步形成临 床麻醉学的五大组成。麻醉与危重病医学(anesthesiologyandcriticalcare medicine): 从20世纪50年代末至今,一次作用要的飞跃,特别 是近30余年的发展 法国、日本等——麻醉复苏科(departmentof anesthesiologyandresuscitation); 美国等——麻醉与危重病医学科(departmentof anesthesiologyandcriticalcaremedicine)。4近代麻醉学发展的三个重要阶段麻醉:19世纪40年代算起,近1ArchaicanesthesiaStoneAge:spiculaanalgesiaAcupunctureTraditionalmedicinePressureCryotherapyAndothers5ArchaicanesthesiaStoneAge:sHistoryofanesthesiology1846publicdemonstrationofetheranesthesiabyWilliamT.G.Morton6Historyofanesthesiology1846Morton'setherinhaler(1846)7Morton'setherinhaler(1846)JohnSnow,thefirstanesthesiologist

(1846)

8JohnSnow,thefirstanesthesiMachineofInhalationalanesthesiain18479MachineofInhalationalanesthFacemask

(1847)Facemask

(1847)Historyofinhalation11Historyofinhalation11Anesthesiamachine(1930)12Anesthesiamachine(1930)12临床麻醉学绪论课件临床麻醉学绪论课件15151616Intravenousanesthetics1934:thiopental1959:diazepam1960:hydroxybutyrates,r-OH1970:ketamine1972:etomidate1976:midazolam1983:propofol17Intravenousanesthetics1934:tOthersOpioidsMorphine,fentanyl,sufentanil,alfentanil,remifentanilRelaxantsCurare(1942),succinylcholine,pancuronium,vecuronium,atracurium,rocuronium,mivacurium,atal.18OthersOpioids18Localanesthetics1884:Cocaineasophthalmicanesthesia,nerveblock1885:Epiduralanesthesia1898:Spinalanesthesia1901:Caudalanesthesia1905:Procaine1930:Dibucaine1932:Dicaine1943:Lidocaine1963:bupivacaine1996:ropivacaineMorenew:levobupivacaine19Localanesthetics1884:CocaineHowaboutourdepartmentofanesthesiology?~1956:surgeon1957:anesthesiagroup60-70:epidural,spinal,nerveblock70-80:CPB,intravenousanesthesia,andinhalationalanesthesia80-85:intravenousanesthesia,inhalationalanesthesia,ECG,arterialbloodpressure,CVP80-90:inhalationalanesthesiawithtiminginjectionofvolatileanesthetics90-present:depthofanesthesia,balanceanesthesia20HowaboutourdepartmentofanPopularanesthesiawordsASAphysicalstatusclassificationsystemTOF:trainoffourBIS:bispectralindexCVPneurostimulatorSG:SwanGanzcatheterMAC:minimumalveolarconcentrationTEE:transesophagealechocardiography21PopularanesthesiawordsASAphTheworkingfieldofAnesthesiologistsClinicanesthesiaOperatingroom,PACU,outpatient,CPCR(cardiopulmonarycerebralresuscitation)CCM(criticalcaremedicine)AnalgesiaPainclinic,postoperativeanalgesia,othersOthersResearch,education,training22TheworkingfieldofAnesthesiHowcanyoubecomearealanesthesiologistpurposeBasicknowledgeProfileofwholebodysystemsUsingyourpotentialRenewandupdate,uninterruptedlyCommunication23Howcanyoubecomearealanes2424AnesthesiamethodsgenerallocalinhalationintravenousmucosamusclespinalepiduralNerveblockLocalinfiltrationtopicalbalance25AnesthesiamethodsgenerallocalSubspecialtyofanesthesiologyCardiacsurgeryVascularsurgeryThoracicsurgeryNeurosurgicalanesthesiaOrgantransplantationPediatricsurgeryObstetricanesthesiaAndothers26SubspecialtyofanesthesiologyProcedureofclinicalanesthesiaPre-opeprepareintroductionSpecialmonitoringMaintainPACU27ProcedureofclinicalanesthesPreope.Physicalassessment28Preope.Physicalassessment28PurposeofPreope.PhysicalassessmentToreceivethepatienthistorydataTorelievepatient’sworryingstatusReviewofcurrentdrugtherapyPhysicalexamination,interpretationoflaboratorydataFindoutriskfactorProposeanesthesiamethod29PurposeofPreope.PhysicalasContentofPreope.PhysicalassessmentToreceivethepatienthistorydataPhysicalexamination,interpretationoflaboratorydataASAclassificationProposeanesthesiamethod30ContentofPreope.PhysicalasASAphysicalstatusI.

Anormalhealthypatient

II.Apatientwithmildsystemicdisease

III.Apatientwithseveresystemicdisease

IV.Apatientwithseveresystemicdiseasethatisaconstantthreattolife

V.AmoribundpatientwhoisnotexpectedtosurvivewithouttheoperationVI.Adeclaredbrain-deadpatientwhoseorgansarebeingremovedfordonorpurposesTheadditionofan'E'indicatesemergencysurgery.31ASAphysicalstatusI.

AnormaPhysicalexam.Generalstatus:发育、营养、精神状态等血压、脉搏、体温头部:眼、鼻、口腔、下颌,中枢神经系统情况颈部:活动度、长短、甲状腺大小等,颈静脉胸部:望、触、叩、听,心电、血气、1秒率腹部:望、触、叩、听,肝、肾、脾、胃肠功能四肢:活动情况、感觉情况,动脉、静脉情况背部:椎管内麻醉或其他麻醉方法要求的32Physicalexam.Generalstatus:发全身情况和各器官系统的检诊33全身情况和各器官系统的检诊33全身情况growth,nutrition,bodyweight,etalBMI(bodymassindex)=bodyweight(kg)×bodyheight(m)2Male:about22kg/m2;Female:20kg/m2;25-29kg/m2:overweight;≥30kg/m2:obesityBW>100%standardBW:pathosisobesity34全身情况growth,nutrition,bodywei全身情况Hb>80g/LHbexorbitanceHematocrit:30%-35%acuteinflammationBMR(basalmetabolicrate):Reedformula:

BMR%=0.75×(PR+0.74×PP)-72normalvalue:-10%~+10%35全身情况Hb>80g/L35呼吸系统呼吸系统感染:择期手术,急症手术,肺结核,慢性肺脓肿,重症支气管扩张症COPD(chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease):功能因素比解剖因素更重要Asthma:控制感染、停止吸烟、降低气管和支气管的反应性36呼吸系统呼吸系统感染:择期手术,急症手术,肺结核,慢肺功能的评估肺活量:<60%通气储量百分比:<70%FEV1.0/FVC%:<60%or50%FVC<15ml/kgMVV:40Lor50%~60%ofpredictionvalue<50%:低肺功能

<30%:手术禁忌37肺功能的评估肺活量:<60%37床旁测试病人肺功能的方法摒弃试验吹气试验吹火柴试验38床旁测试病人肺功能的方法摒弃试验38气道评估(airwayevaluation)Purpose:difficultintubation,difficultmaskventilationpatienthistoryphysicalexamination39气道评估(airwayevaluation)PurposPhysicalexamination提示气道处理困难的体征:不能张口;颈椎活动受限;颏退缩;舌体大;门齿突起;颈短;病态肥胖。40Physicalexamination提示气道处理困难的体PhysicalexaminationLangeron提出五项面罩通气困难因素:年龄>55岁;

BMI>26kg/m2;多胡须;牙齿缺失;打鼾史。41PhysicalexaminationLangeron提Physicalexamination面、颈或胸部:评价其对气道的影响头颈部:

1)双侧鼻孔及鼻道,鼻中隔;

2)张口,舌体,牙齿及牙龈,扁桃体 及颚部有无异常;

3)测颏甲距离:6.5cm以上;

4)颈椎活动度;

5)有无气管造口或造口瘢痕,治疗气道 的并发症。Mallampati气道分级评定42Physicalexamination面、颈或胸部:评价Mallampati气道分级评定I级:可见咽峡弓、软腭和颚垂。II级:可见咽峡弓、软腭,但颚垂被舌 根部掩盖而不可见。III级:仅可见软腭。VI级:仅可见硬腭。

III、IV级预示插管困难,但不是绝对的,应结合颏甲距离判断。43Mallampati气道分级评定I级:可见咽峡弓、软腭和颚垂气道检查44气道检查44心血管系统45心血管系统45心功能分级及意义级别屏气试验临床表现临床意义麻醉耐受力I>30s能耐受日常体力活动,活动后无心慌、心功能正常良好气短等不适感II20~30s对日常体力活动有一定的不适感,往往心功能较差如处理正确自行限制或控制活动量,不能作跑步或适宜,耐受仍好用力的工作III10~20s轻度或一般体力活动后有明显不适,心心功能不全麻醉前应作充分准备悸、气短明显,只能胜任极轻微的体力应避免增加心脏负担活动或静息IV10s以内不能耐受任何体力活动,静息时也感气心功能衰竭极差,一般需推迟短,不能平卧,有端坐呼吸、心动过速手术等表现46心功能分级及意义级别屏气试验心功能分级与CI、EF、LVEDP心功能级别EFLVEDP运动时LVEDP休息时CI

I>0.55正常,(≤12mmHg)正常,(≤12mmHg)>2.5L/(min·m2)II0.5~0.4≤12mmHg正常,>12mmHg2.5L/(min·m2)±III0.3>12mmHg>12mmHg2.0L/(min·m2)±IV0.2>12mmHg>12mmHg1.5L/(min·m2)±47心功能分级与CI、EF、LVEDP心功能级别EGoldman等提出的估计非心脏手术的危险性的9个因素和计分方法1.充血性心衰体征,如奔马律、颈静脉压增高(11分);2.6个月内发生过心梗(10分);3.室性早搏>5次/分钟(7分);4.非窦性心律或房性早搏(7分);5.年龄>70岁(5分);6.急性手术(4分);7.主动脉瓣显著狭窄(3分);8.胸腹腔或主动脉手术(3分);9.全身情况差(3分)。48Goldman等提出的估计非心脏手术的危险性的9个因素和计全身情况差(下面任何一种)PaO2<60mmHgPaCO2>49mmHgK+<3mmol/LHCO3-<20mmol/LBUN>7.5mmol/LCreatinine>270mol/LSGOT:abnormality慢性肝炎(chronichepatitis)49全身情况差(下面任何一种)PaO2<60mmHg49Goldman等提出的估计非心脏手术的危险性的9个因素和计分方法累计53分分四级:

I级:0-5分

II级:6-12分

III级:13-25分

IV级:≥26分50Goldman等提出的估计非心脏手术的危险性的9个因素和计心律失常1窦性心律失常:过速、过缓(迷走神经 张力过大,药物,病窦)。室上性心动过速:

多无器质性心脏病; 器质性 心脏病,甲亢,药物中毒。早搏:1)一过性或偶发性房、室早搏;

2)频发,二联律、三联律或成对,多 源性,RonT,易诱发室速和室颤。阵发性室速:病理性;药物治疗不佳,需有电 复律和电除颤的准备。51心律失常1窦性心律失常:过速、过缓(迷走神经 张力心律失常2房颤:可致严重的血流动力学紊乱、心绞痛、昏厥、体循 环栓塞和心悸不适;未复律者,麻醉前心率:80次/分左右,至少<100 次/分。束支传导阻滞:右束支;左束支(左前、左后分支);双 分支或三分支阻滞;发展成房室传导阻滞。房室传导阻滞:I度;II度(莫氏I型、II型);III 度。莫氏II型和莫氏I型心率<50次/分钟:准备起搏 器;III度:手术时安装起搏器或做好起搏准备。52心律失常2房颤:可致严重的血流动力学紊乱、心绞痛、昏厥、体循高血压继发性高血压:特别警惕是否为未经诊 断的嗜鉻细胞瘤高血压病:重要脏器是否受累及程度收缩压升高比舒张压升高危害更大多年高血压,不要求很快降至正常,应 缓慢平稳降压53高血压继发性高血压:特别警惕是否为未经诊 断的嗜鉻细胞瘤5其他心肌梗死:治疗方面进步,观念更新。麻醉处理:注意心功能的维护、支持,尽可 能保持氧供-氧需的平衡。不稳定性心绞痛:近期发作,心电图明显缺 血表现,围术期心梗发生率26%。心脏扩大或心胸比>0.7:病人高危肥厚性心肌病:麻醉危险性比较大2个月内或正处于充血性心力衰竭:不宜择期 手术;急症例外,如妊高征服用麻黄属(ephedra):术前24h停药54其他心肌梗死:治疗方面进步,观念更新。54肝脏一般情况:肝功能异常,不致麻醉禁忌重度肝功能不全:危险性极大,如晚期 肝硬化—有严重营养不良、消瘦、 贫血、低蛋白血症、大量腹水、凝 血机制障碍、全身出血或肝昏迷前 期脑病等肝病急性期:除急症外,手术禁忌;凝 血机制障碍等严重并发症。55肝脏一般情况:肝功能异常,不致麻醉禁忌55肝脏实验室检查:麻醉角度,比较关注蛋白质合成、胆红素代谢、凝血机制和药物的生物转化。麻醉药、镇痛药、镇静药、安眠药和一些非去极化肌松药等,多数在肝中降解。血浆白蛋白水平低下时药物和白蛋白结合减少而活性部分增多,药效增加。56肝脏实验室检查:56肾脏提醒大家,要注意许多药物或/和其代谢产物均主要经肾脏排泄。57肾脏提醒大家,要注意许多药物或/和其代谢产物均主要经肾脏排泄内分泌系统甲状腺:甲亢、腺瘤、结甲糖尿病:注意术中低血糖肾上腺疾病:肾上腺皮质醇增多症、嗜鉻细胞瘤、肾上腺皮质功能不全。58内分泌系统甲状腺:甲亢、腺瘤、结甲58血液病常用抗凝药物阿司匹林(aspirin):术前1-2周停药华法林(wafarin):术前3-5日停药银杏属(ginkgo):术前36h停药人参(ginseng):术前至少7日停药59血液病常用抗凝药物59麻醉和手术的危险因素病情手术麻醉医疗条件60麻醉和手术的危险因素病情60手术停止的心脏方面的问题近期内出现30天内有心肌梗死的室性心律失常的:二联律、三联律RonT2个月内有充血性心力衰竭的61手术停止的心脏方面的问题近期内出现30天内有心肌梗死的61了解麻醉前的用药情况抗高血压药肾上腺受体阻滞药降糖药扩冠药抗凝药单胺氧化酶抑制药:术前停2周以上三环类抗抑郁药:术前停2周以上62了解麻醉前的用药情况抗高血压药62IntroductionofClinicalAnesthesiaDepartmentofAnesthesiology63IntroductionofClinicalAnestConceptUsingDrugsorothermethodsCentralNerveSystemorperipheralnervesystemLosingsense,painlessandcomfortable,temporarily64ConceptUsingDrugsorothermeWhatcanyoudoforyourfuture?expertiseinresuscitationfluidreplacementairwaymanagementoxygentransportoperativestressreductionpostoperativepaincontrolICU65Whatcanyoudoforyourfutur近代麻醉学发展的三个重要阶段麻醉:19世纪40年代算起,近100年的发展历程。临床麻醉学(clinicalanesthesiology):初步形成临 床麻醉学的五大组成。麻醉与危重病医学(anesthesiologyandcriticalcare medicine): 从20世纪50年代末至今,一次作用要的飞跃,特别 是近30余年的发展 法国、日本等——麻醉复苏科(departmentof anesthesiologyandresuscitation); 美国等——麻醉与危重病医学科(departmentof anesthesiologyandcriticalcaremedicine)。66近代麻醉学发展的三个重要阶段麻醉:19世纪40年代算起,近1ArchaicanesthesiaStoneAge:spiculaanalgesiaAcupunctureTraditionalmedicinePressureCryotherapyAndothers67ArchaicanesthesiaStoneAge:sHistoryofanesthesiology1846publicdemonstrationofetheranesthesiabyWilliamT.G.Morton68Historyofanesthesiology1846Morton'setherinhaler(1846)69Morton'setherinhaler(1846)JohnSnow,thefirstanesthesiologist

(1846)

70JohnSnow,thefirstanesthesiMachineofInhalationalanesthesiain184771MachineofInhalationalanesthFacemask

(1847)Facemask

(1847)Historyofinhalation73Historyofinhalation11Anesthesiamachine(1930)74Anesthesiamachine(1930)12临床麻醉学绪论课件临床麻醉学绪论课件77157816Intravenousanesthetics1934:thiopental1959:diazepam1960:hydroxybutyrates,r-OH1970:ketamine1972:etomidate1976:midazolam1983:propofol79Intravenousanesthetics1934:tOthersOpioidsMorphine,fentanyl,sufentanil,alfentanil,remifentanilRelaxantsCurare(1942),succinylcholine,pancuronium,vecuronium,atracurium,rocuronium,mivacurium,atal.80OthersOpioids18Localanesthetics1884:Cocaineasophthalmicanesthesia,nerveblock1885:Epiduralanesthesia1898:Spinalanesthesia1901:Caudalanesthesia1905:Procaine1930:Dibucaine1932:Dicaine1943:Lidocaine1963:bupivacaine1996:ropivacaineMorenew:levobupivacaine81Localanesthetics1884:CocaineHowaboutourdepartmentofanesthesiology?~1956:surgeon1957:anesthesiagroup60-70:epidural,spinal,nerveblock70-80:CPB,intravenousanesthesia,andinhalationalanesthesia80-85:intravenousanesthesia,inhalationalanesthesia,ECG,arterialbloodpressure,CVP80-90:inhalationalanesthesiawithtiminginjectionofvolatileanesthetics90-present:depthofanesthesia,balanceanesthesia82HowaboutourdepartmentofanPopularanesthesiawordsASAphysicalstatusclassificationsystemTOF:trainoffourBIS:bispectralindexCVPneurostimulatorSG:SwanGanzcatheterMAC:minimumalveolarconcentrationTEE:transesophagealechocardiography83PopularanesthesiawordsASAphTheworkingfieldofAnesthesiologistsClinicanesthesiaOperatingroom,PACU,outpatient,CPCR(cardiopulmonarycerebralresuscitation)CCM(criticalcaremedicine)AnalgesiaPainclinic,postoperativeanalgesia,othersOthersResearch,education,training84TheworkingfieldofAnesthesiHowcanyoubecomearealanesthesiologistpurposeBasicknowledgeProfileofwholebodysystemsUsingyourpotentialRenewandupdate,uninterruptedlyCommunication85Howcanyoubecomearealanes8624AnesthesiamethodsgenerallocalinhalationintravenousmucosamusclespinalepiduralNerveblockLocalinfiltrationtopicalbalance87AnesthesiamethodsgenerallocalSubspecialtyofanesthesiologyCardiacsurgeryVascularsurgeryThoracicsurgeryNeurosurgicalanesthesiaOrgantransplantationPediatricsurgeryObstetricanesthesiaAndothers88SubspecialtyofanesthesiologyProcedureofclinicalanesthesiaPre-opeprepareintroductionSpecialmonitoringMaintainPACU89ProcedureofclinicalanesthesPreope.Physicalassessment90Preope.Physicalassessment28PurposeofPreope.PhysicalassessmentToreceivethepatienthistorydataTorelievepatient’sworryingstatusReviewofcurrentdrugtherapyPhysicalexamination,interpretationoflaboratorydataFindoutriskfactorProposeanesthesiamethod91PurposeofPreope.PhysicalasContentofPreope.PhysicalassessmentToreceivethepatienthistorydataPhysicalexamination,interpretationoflaboratorydataASAclassificationProposeanesthesiamethod92ContentofPreope.PhysicalasASAphysicalstatusI.

Anormalhealthypatient

II.Apatientwithmildsystemicdisease

III.Apatientwithseveresystemicdisease

IV.Apatientwithseveresystemicdiseasethatisaconstantthreattolife

V.AmoribundpatientwhoisnotexpectedtosurvivewithouttheoperationVI.Adeclaredbrain-deadpatientwhoseorgansarebeingremovedfordonorpurposesTheadditionofan'E'indicatesemergencysurgery.93ASAphysicalstatusI.

AnormaPhysicalexam.Generalstatus:发育、营养、精神状态等血压、脉搏、体温头部:眼、鼻、口腔、下颌,中枢神经系统情况颈部:活动度、长短、甲状腺大小等,颈静脉胸部:望、触、叩、听,心电、血气、1秒率腹部:望、触、叩、听,肝、肾、脾、胃肠功能四肢:活动情况、感觉情况,动脉、静脉情况背部:椎管内麻醉或其他麻醉方法要求的94Physicalexam.Generalstatus:发全身情况和各器官系统的检诊95全身情况和各器官系统的检诊33全身情况growth,nutrition,bodyweight,etalBMI(bodymassindex)=bodyweight(kg)×bodyheight(m)2Male:about22kg/m2;Female:20kg/m2;25-29kg/m2:overweight;≥30kg/m2:obesityBW>100%standardBW:pathosisobesity96全身情况growth,nutrition,bodywei全身情况Hb>80g/LHbexorbitanceHematocrit:30%-35%acuteinflammationBMR(basalmetabolicrate):Reedformula:

BMR%=0.75×(PR+0.74×PP)-72normalvalue:-10%~+10%97全身情况Hb>80g/L35呼吸系统呼吸系统感染:择期手术,急症手术,肺结核,慢性肺脓肿,重症支气管扩张症COPD(chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease):功能因素比解剖因素更重要Asthma:控制感染、停止吸烟、降低气管和支气管的反应性98呼吸系统呼吸系统感染:择期手术,急症手术,肺结核,慢肺功能的评估肺活量:<60%通气储量百分比:<70%FEV1.0/FVC%:<60%or50%FVC<15ml/kgMVV:40Lor50%~60%ofpredictionvalue<50%:低肺功能

<30%:手术禁忌99肺功能的评估肺活量:<60%37床旁测试病人肺功能的方法摒弃试验吹气试验吹火柴试验100床旁测试病人肺功能的方法摒弃试验38气道评估(airwayevaluation)Purpose:difficultintubation,difficultmaskventilationpatienthistoryphysicalexamination101气道评估(airwayevaluation)PurposPhysicalexamination提示气道处理困难的体征:不能张口;颈椎活动受限;颏退缩;舌体大;门齿突起;颈短;病态肥胖。102Physicalexamination提示气道处理困难的体PhysicalexaminationLangeron提出五项面罩通气困难因素:年龄>55岁;

BMI>26kg/m2;多胡须;牙齿缺失;打鼾史。103PhysicalexaminationLangeron提Physicalexamination面、颈或胸部:评价其对气道的影响头颈部:

1)双侧鼻孔及鼻道,鼻中隔;

2)张口,舌体,牙齿及牙龈,扁桃体 及颚部有无异常;

3)测颏甲距离:6.5cm以上;

4)颈椎活动度;

5)有无气管造口或造口瘢痕,治疗气道 的并发症。Mallampati气道分级评定104Physicalexamination面、颈或胸部:评价Mallampati气道分级评定I级:可见咽峡弓、软腭和颚垂。II级:可见咽峡弓、软腭,但颚垂被舌 根部掩盖而不可见。III级:仅可见软腭。VI级:仅可见硬腭。

III、IV级预示插管困难,但不是绝对的,应结合颏甲距离判断。105Mallampati气道分级评定I级:可见咽峡弓、软腭和颚垂气道检查106气道检查44心血管系统107心血管系统45心功能分级及意义级别屏气试验临床表现临床意义麻醉耐受力I>30s能耐受日常体力活动,活动后无心慌、心功能正常良好气短等不适感II20~30s对日常体力活动有一定的不适感,往往心功能较差如处理正确自行限制或控制活动量,不能作跑步或适宜,耐受仍好用力的工作III10~20s轻度或一般体力活动后有明显不适,心心功能不全麻醉前应作充分准备悸、气短明显,只能胜任极轻微的体力应避免增加心脏负担活动或静息IV10s以内不能耐受任何体力活动,静息时也感气心功能衰竭极差,一般需推迟短,不能平卧,有端坐呼吸、心动过速手术等表现108心功能分级及意义级别屏气试验心功能分级与CI、EF、LVEDP心功能级别EFLVEDP运动时LVEDP休息时CI

I>0.55正常,(≤12mmHg)正常,(≤12mmHg)>2.5L/(min·m2)II0.5~0.4≤12mmHg正常,>12mmHg2.5L/(min·m2)±III0.3>12mmHg>12mmHg2.0L/(min·m2)±IV0.2>12mmHg>12mmHg1.5L/(min·m2)±109心功能分级与CI、EF、LVEDP心功能级别EGoldman等提出的估计非心脏手术的危险性的9个因素和计分方法1.充血性心衰体征,如奔马律、颈静脉压增高(11分);2.6个月内发生过心梗(10分);3.室性早搏>5次/分钟(7分);4.非窦性心律或房性早搏(7分);5.年龄>70岁(5分);6.急性手术(4分);7.主动脉瓣显著狭窄(3分);8.胸

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