考研英语语法it专题

1、文档编码 : CY7Q8U7Y7A10 HS9Q5K8X6P3 ZL1S9X1A5A5LECTURE 14it 专题 it 及非指代性 it 的用法；重点把握作先行词的 it,引导强调句中 it 的用法； 本堂目标：熟识指代性 基础预习 一,指代性 itit； it 作人称代词时可指代事物,动物,婴儿,未知的人或一件事； 指代性 it 指的是作人称代词的 【例】（ 02- 翻译） Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly

2、 the only way to solve our problems. 【点睛】句中 it 指代 a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected 这一情形； 【译文】（假如）这些问题得不到解决,争辩行为的技术手段就会连续受到排斥,解决问题 的唯独方法也可能随之受到排斥； 【例】 00-Passage 5 If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared: and it especially must be highly regarde

3、d by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. 【点睛】句中的两个 it 均指代 the tradition of ambition. 【译文】 假如这个传统有旺盛的生命力, 那么它得到广泛的拥护, 特别是得到哪些受人仰慕 之士的高度重视,这当然要包括那些接受过良好训练的人； 二,非指代性 itit 而言的；非指代性 it 没有详细意义上的主语,表示气候,天气, 非指代性 it 是相对于作人称代词的 温度,时间,地点,距离等；非指代性 构成特定的句型； 【例】 02-Text 2 it 常作

4、seem,appear,look ,happen,occur,follow 等动词的主语, Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2022, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decade

5、s if not centuries. 【点睛】句子的主干为 researchers have begun to extend that forecast. ；句首的介 词结构 Despite 作状语,其中包含 when 引导的定语从句修饰 the 1960s and 1970s ；该定 语从句中的 it 没有实际意义,为非指代性用法, that 引导表语从句； 【译文】尽管 20 世纪 60 岁月和 70 岁月最初有过一段乐观时期, 当时认为到 2022 年的时候, 晶体管电路和微处理器或许能复制出人脑的活动, 即便不是几百年,也至少是几十年； 重点讲解 一,先行 it 1 it 作形式主语

6、 但最近科研工作者开头将这一估计后推了 it 作形式主语,放在句首,将真正的主语（动词不定式,动名词,从句）放在后面,特别当充当主语 的动词不定式短语很长时,用 it 作形式主语,可以防止使整个句子头重脚轻,此时 it 不能用 this 或 that 来代替； 1） it 形式主语指代不定式 it 作形式主语指代不定式时,常见的谓语有： It pays to be honest.诚恳是不会吃亏的；同时, take, pay, make, cost, require, feel, annoy, need 等,例如： it 仍在下面句型结构中指代不定式作形式主语； be+形容词 +不定式 It s

7、 necessary/important/essential/impossible to do sth. be+名词 +不定式 It s aduty/privilege/pity to do sth. be+介词短语 +不定式 及 It s beyondme to say why. 物动词 +宾语 +不定式 It takes two to make a quarrel. 第 1 页,共 5 页【例】 08-Text 1 It s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car

8、 payment, and pay the debt. 【点睛】 It 作形式主语, to 后边的五个并列关系的不定式短语是真正的主语； 【译文】最难的事情就是一边工作一边仍要照管孩子,付房租,养车和偿仍贷款； 2） it 形式主语指代动名词 【例】 【点睛】 【译文】 3） it 形式主语指代从句 【例】 It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important, the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner, that bec

9、ause most work is pretty intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredom, hopes on the other parts of their lives. frustrations and humiliations by concentrating their 【点睛】本句的主干结构为 It is said that 句型,此处 it 为形式主语,真正的主语为 后面两个并列的 that 从句；其次个 that 从句中的 it 为代词,代指 most work ； 【译文】 有时候人

10、们会认为, 由于休闲越来越重要, 所以工作中有伤自尊的事情和全部不公 平的事情可以临时放到一边去, 不用太计较； 由于大部分的工作都是让人难以忍耐的, 所以 做这些工作的人完全可以将他们的期望寄托在生活中的其他方面, 单调无聊,挫折败兴以及所受的屈辱； 2 it 作形式宾语 以此补偿工作中所承担的 it 作形式宾语放在谓语动词与宾语补足语之间,指代不定式,动名词,从句等；后接 it 作形式宾语的谓语动词有： feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等； 【例

11、1】 Nevertheless, rising prices, combined with stagnant income gains among low and moderate income families, have made it difficult if not impossible for a student from a family of such an income level, a student who has the most to gain from a college education, to attend college without significant

12、ly adding to the financial burden of his or her family. 【点睛】句子主干是 rising prices have made it difficult to attend college ；其中 it 作形式宾语,真正的宾语是 to attend college. ； 【译文】不过,物价上涨,加上低收入和中等收入家庭的收入始终没有提高（这一情形）使 得来自这种收入水平家庭的同学以及能从高校训练中取得最大收成的同学读高校即使不是 不行能,也是很难不给家庭造成庞大的经济负担的； 【例 2】 02-Text 4 He says medical l

13、icensing boards must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension. 【点睛】在 make it clear 结构中, it 是宾语从句中的形式宾语, that painful . suspension 作真正的宾语； 【译文】他说, 行医执照管委会 “必需明确说明 病人痛楚地死亡可能是失职行为所致,应 该吊销医生的行医执照” ； 【例 3】 Falling pric

14、es encourage consumers to postpone spending in the expectation of cheaper goods 第 2 页,共 5 页tomorrow; they also make it impossible to deliver negative real interest rates if these are needed to drag an economy out of recession. 【点睛】在 make it impossible 结构中, it 是形式宾语,真正的宾语是不定式 to deliver ； 【译文】 价格下降会促

15、使消费者推迟消费以期明天价格会更低； 走出衰退期,价格下降又使得实施负实际利率不太可能； 二,引导强调句的 it假如需要负实际利率使经济 当我们要强调句子的某一部分（通常是主语,宾语或状语）时,常用“ it + be + 被强调部 分 +that/who 从句”的结构；被强调部分指人时须用 who,其他情形用 that； 被强调部分 例示 强调主语 In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. 然而,恰恰是那些受过良好训练 的人却不行思议

16、地声称对理想不再抱有期望； 强调宾语 It was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas. 圣诞节 John 送 给 Mary 的是一个手提包； 强调时间状语 Marx and Engels came to know each other in Paris in1844. It was then that their great friendship began. 马克 思和恩格斯于 1844 年在巴黎熟识, 就在那时开头了他 们之间的宏大的友情； 强 调 地点 状 And it is in the public schools that we

17、find the full 语 expression of societys understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation. 而且是在公立学校中,我们发觉社会的熟识在这里得到了充分的 表达学校将学问,期望,担忧传给了下一代； 强 调 缘由 状 It is because the book is so useful for my work that I bought 语 强调it. 由于这本书对我的工作很有用我才买它； 补语 It is green that they

18、 have painted the wall. 他们把墙喷成 了绿色； 【例 1】 06-Text 2 It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town rsevenue because they spend the night some of them four or five nights pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. 【点睛】该句是 It 引导的强调句型,被强调的对象是主句的主语 the playgoers ； 【译文】 RSC 声称是这些

19、来看戏的人给斯特拉特福德镇带来了绝大部分的收入,由于他们 要在此过夜（有些人会在此逗留四五个晚上） ,会给当地的旅社和酒店带来大笔的收入； 需 【例 2】 It is during this phase that the tourism planner must assist with the construction of goals and objectives, assist inventory development, facilitate public dialogue, and at times mitigate conflict between stakeholder group

20、s. 【点睛】本句强调了时间状语 during this phase ； 【译文】 正是在这一阶段, 旅行规划部门必需帮忙制订旅行目标和宗旨, 帮忙进行旅行项目 开发,推动公共对话,并且有时仍要缓和各利益团体之间的冲突； 【例 3】 It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. in this sphere that the wisdom 【点睛】 and 连接两个并列的强调

21、句,被强调部分均为地点状语 in this sphere ； 【译文】只有在这一范畴内,长期的体会才能真正发挥作用； 只有在这一范畴内, 源于体会 第 3 页,共 5 页的聪慧才能够得以实践,并且不受压抑； 【补充拓展】 it 强调句留意 留意事项 例示 分类 1） be 的特别用法 It is/was that/wh结 o构中的 be动词只有时 About how many elements is it that 态的变化,没有数的变化,即不管被强调的部 make up most of the substances we分是单数仍是复数,一律用 is/was； meet in everyda

22、y life. 是关于有多 少元素组成我们日常生活中所需 的物质资料吗 . 2 ）主格与宾格的注 被强调的部分是从原正常句子中为强调而提 It was him, Doctor James, that we 意点 取出来的那一部分,因而要保持原先的形状, invited to give us a lecture. 被邀请 是代词的主格仍用主格, 是代词的宾格仍用宾 给我们作报告的是他詹姆斯 格； 博士； 课堂练习 难句分析 1. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and hum

23、ans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 05-Text 1 2. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of i

24、ts original motive. 09- 翻译 3. It s not obvioushow the capacity to visualizeobjectsand to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 07-Text 2 4. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country s economy is directly

25、bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 00- 翻译 5. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especial

26、ly when the disease is regarded as serious. 6. There are slight regional variations among the French, German and Italian speaking areas, but it is generally safe to assume that any car bearing a CH sticker will be driven with a high degree of discipline. 7. It has long been known that a taxi firm ca

27、lled AAAA customers thumb through their phone directories. 04Text 2 cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when 8. It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. 03Text 4 9. The best way to get a rapid and responsive answer is to ask it like a perso

28、n with smarts, confidence, and clues who just happens to need help on one particular problem. 10. And it is by the making of tools physical tools as crude as a stone chopper, mental tools as subtle as a mathematical equation that man characteristically prepares for future contingencies. 11. It is th

29、is sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significantcontribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. 12. It was not until the 13th and 14th centuries that surnames became fixed, although for many years after that, the degree of stability

30、in family names varied considerably in different parts of the country. 课堂讲评 1. 【分析】整个句子是一个主系表结构,其中主语是由两个以 whether 引导的并列主语从句构成的,第 第 4 页,共 5 页二个从句的主语 it 指代前面的 a sense of fairness,从句包含 that 引导的定语从句；谓语动词是 is, as yet 为插入语, an unanswered question 作表语； 【译文】然而,这种公正的意识是卷尾猴和人类各自独立进化而来的,仍是来源于 3500 万年前各物种的 共同祖先

31、,仍旧不得而知； 2. 【分析】 由 but 连接的并列复合句； 前一分句中形式主语 it 引导的被动句属于习惯用法, that 从句为真 正的主语；其次个分句为简洁句； 【译文】虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用,但 这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分； 3.【 分析】It 是形式主语, 真正的主语是 how 引导的从句； 并列的不定式结构 to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns 作定语修饰 the capacity； that 引导的定语从句修饰 questions；

32、 【译文】仍没搞清晰的是,这种想象事物和弄清数值模式的才能如何使一个人能回答出把最好的诗人和 哲学家都难倒的问题； 4. 【分析】 it 是形式主语,两个 that 各引导一个主语从句并列作句子真正的主语； 【译文】而且 再者 ,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率亲热相关；而效率的提高 又要依靠各种科学家和技术人员的努力； 5. 【分析】复合句；主句中包含 It is who 强调句型,强调主语； challenge 和 raise 为两个并列谓语； when 引导时间状语从句； 【译文】只有在极其少见的情形下,并且是特别精明的病人才会对这样的专业预备提出质疑,或预先提 出关于价格的问题,特别是当病被认为很庄重时（就更不太可能有这种情形） ； 6. 【分析】并列复合句；第一个分句是简洁句；其次个分句中的 构 to assume ,其中 that 从句为 assume 的宾语； it