经贸专业英语2000有答案

1、对外经济贸2000 入学考国际经济贸易学院专业英语试（100分1.TheBattletoBeYourOnlineBillershopecyberbillingcangivethematoeholdontheEvery year, American business sends out对外经济贸2000 入学考国际经济贸易学院专业英语试（100分1.TheBattletoBeYourOnlineBillershopecyberbillingcangivethematoeholdontheEvery year, American business sends out 29 billion bill

2、s. And by any measure, the isnt much fun. For companies, printing, processing ting a typical consumer bill runs 90.And for recipients, theres not only a demand for payment, there s a wad of solicitations nearlyeveryonethrowsBut for s trying to make it on the Internet, bills are cool. ers see bills a

3、s eyeball-grabbers in an environment where its tough d consumer attention-and a key protecting their existing business managing cash for big companies. Increasingly, s battling high-tech competitors for control of Internet billing, or electronic-bill presentment, as it is To be sure, this is a fight

4、 over a business that is in its infancy. Few bills are now sent via Net, and online payment systems often involve a r check. But the technology exists to bills from business to customers and route payments back on the Net. By more, sending and handling bills over the Net should be about 40% saystheG

5、artnerGroup,aresearchfirminStamford,of next r r than The question is who turn their Web sites e the bill collector on the Net. boxes for electronic bills, they ers reckon that if they e key entry points on Net-portals, even. That would enable them to sell other l services online. The fear is existin

6、gportals,suchasYahoo!orevenAmericanOnline,ecentersofbillpaymentin turn, siphon off existing business.s have been slow to get into this, says Kenneth Kerr, a yst in Durham, N.C. But they realize there is a threat here and they need to Bs have their advantages. They can offer customers simultaneous ac

7、cess to their bills their money. s have long relationships with the billers, such has utilities and retailers, centuriesofexperienceinprotecting peoplesBig salso are worried that technology companies offering bill presentment could into one of their fastest-growing business-managing cash for big com

8、panies. After all, distributing and collecting bills is a close cousin to cash management.At this point, predicting how the industry will shake out is premature. s and companies already have formed several alliances aimed a delivering bills on the net. combinations are likely. Whats clear, though, i

9、s the b get their Internet billing act together.1. s know they are running out of time 290 Gartner Group 说，来自于现有的门如雅虎/甚在的2.PrinciplesofThe following quotation describes the scope of regulation and how it affects individuals and businesses participating in a market.All market and ions are in practice

10、 regulated Gartner Group 说，来自于现有的门如雅虎/甚在的2.PrinciplesofThe following quotation describes the scope of regulation and how it affects individuals and businesses participating in a market.All market and ions are in practice regulated by some kind ernment laws regulations, and without regulations of any

11、 kind, most markets and types of ions cease to exist. Without laws, the terms of many types of agreement and ion individuals would be unenforceable and would cease. The choice facing individuals and society notbetweenregulation;itishowmuchregulationand whatkindsofregulationareThis description portra

12、ys regulation as passing the systems ernment law with er to control all markets and ions. Economists and ns typically take a much narrower view of regulation, concentrating action or the regulatory process itself. An economist, focusing on s of regulatory might describe regulation ernment policy tha

13、t exerts control over a firm to elicit a behavior as a producer of goods or employer of labor. An economist or regulatoryprocess,however,mightexpressaviewsimilartothen focusing Through regulation, society attempts to substitute the -making process of regulatory for the action of the market mechanism

14、.It is clear that the process regulation is to substitute administrative judgment for market-place judgment. In effect, economicenvironmentoflegalrulesandregulationsisusedasasurrogateforthefreemarket,economicsaremadebyapoliticalThe above description portrays regulation as a political process, substi

15、tuting administrative judgment for marketplace judgment. The description identifies the important interaction between regulation and the market and raises an important issue: when, if at all, should judgmentbereplacedwithadministrativeVarious answers to this question have been ed. Of primary importa

16、nce is the beingconsidered.DifferentmarketsrequiredifferentamountsandtypesofFromTheRegulationofThe above description portrays regulation as a political process, substituting administrative judgment for marketplace judgment. The description identifies the important interaction between regulation and

17、the market and raises an important issue: when, if at all, should judgmentbereplacedwithadministrativeVarious answers to this question have been ed. Of primary importance is the beingconsidered.DifferentmarketsrequiredifferentamountsandtypesofFromTheRegulationof，是指完全依和法律的力量去控制所有的市场和交易。经或或和。3.Interve

18、ntionArrangementsintheEuropeanMonetaryBilateral exchange rates within the European Monetary System have never been literally fixed; rather, they have fluctuated within specified limits called margins. Since August 1993 the margins for most bilateral exchange rates have been 15 percent, although they

19、 were narrower before then. Each participating currency is also assigned a central exchange rate against the European Currency Union (ECU), a basket containing specified amounts of European currencies. When acurrencys market exchange rate against the ECUdiverges sufficiently from central rate, the c

20、entral that issues the currency is expected to intervene sibly otheractionstocorrecttheIn return for contributing 20 percent of their gold and dollar holdings to a Monetary Institute, central bin the EMS receive equivalent holding of ECUs. ECUs can be used, along with other types of international re

21、serves, to purchase domestic currency membercentralsquireitin interventionoperationsbutdonotwishtohold Intervention burdens may be shared symmetrically within the EMS, but they need not be. the French franc tes to its lower limit against the DM, for example, the French bmustrectify the situation by

22、selling DM reserves; atthe same time, theGerman centralmust lend the necessary DM to the of France. EMS rules thus call for a intervention procedure when an exchange rate reaches the limit of its range, one in which the weak-currency country loses reserves and the other gains them.Much intervention

23、takes place within the EMS exchange rate margins, must lend the necessary DM to the of France. EMS rules thus call for a intervention procedure when an exchange rate reaches the limit of its range, one in which the weak-currency country loses reserves and the other gains them.Much intervention takes

24、 place within the EMS exchange rate margins, however, and intervention does not oblige other central s to take action. If the of France buys assets and adds them to its reserves, for example, the longasthefrancstayswithinitsis not required to intervene In addition, the symmetry of intervention at th

25、e margins is no guarantee that the adjustments in national s are symmetric. There is little at present to prevent central from trying to shift the burden of monetary adjustment onto its EMS partners sterilizingitsforeignFromcEconomics-TheoryandPolicy,4th动。自从 1993 年 8 月，大多数国家的汇率波动幅度是15%。在此之前波动幅度更小加入的

26、货币都比照欧洲货币单位（ECU）确定一的储备，EMS ECU 储备。ECU 可以同其他类型的国际储备一起使用，从通过干预获得本国货币但不想EMS 。EMS 其 4.FreedomofThe main principle of the law relating to l ions is based on the freedom the contracting parties to agree as they wish. This principle comprises the freedom to ants to enter into a contract at all, the freedom

27、 to choose ones contracting party to agree on the contents of the contract and its general and specific terms. However, any freedom of contract is necessarily controlled by some fundamentals principles of the applicable national law which determine how contractual rights come into being and the effe

28、ct on undertaking offraud, misleading statements,duress,coercion, mistake or otherinvalidating It should also be observed that it may be sible to obtain enforcement of some contracts that the modalities of enforcement may differ in different jurisdictions. Generally one expectenforcementofcontractsw

29、hich areillegalinthe jurisdiction concernedoray such an object that redress to enforcement authorities is unavailable. This is true for most contracts as one cannot very well ans of the state to extend a helpful hand to thosesuch an object that redress to enforcement authorities is unavailable. This

30、 is true for most contracts as one cannot very well ans of the state to extend a helpful hand to those have engaged in prohibited or undesirable activities. The same reluctance may well apply to contracts which are not illegal but merely of such a nature that the contracting parties should have to a

31、rrange their a irs without the assistance of the authorities, e.g. wagering contract ames for money.In modern commerce, it would normally be impracticable to let the contracting individually negotiate each and every contract term. Instead, they would in most ready-made texts appearing in different s

32、tandard forms or clauses. It is also computerized texts available for different types of contracts. If so, it is only theore to base contract interpretation on the actual will and intention of the contracting parti Such standardized text have to be interpreted objectively and reference to contr repr

33、esents no more than a lip-service to the traditional paradigm of deriving contract solely from the will of the parties. The standard to be used is to assess al intent contents of g parties n n aunderstood it, if they even thought about it at all. Such standardized texts ori sources. In some cases th

34、ey are unilaterally prepared by one of the contrac cases, they are elaborated under the auspices of various traderepresenting one of the parties in a particular type of standardized text, which is then usually called an agreed such as the International Chamber of Commerce, principles which could be

35、incorporated into such standardized texts and principles could attain the status of international usage of trade and, if so, they could be deemed ern the contracting relationship even in the absence of From International lions, by 同。5.TheLegalNatureofAThe issue of a share for money, or moneys worth

36、or in satisfaction of a debt is ion by which the whole or part of the stated nominal or authorised share capital of registeredcompany is5.TheLegalNatureofAThe issue of a share for money, or moneys worth or in satisfaction of a debt is ion by which the whole or part of the stated nominal or authorise

37、d share capital of registeredcompany iscollectively realized. In some jurisdictions aminimum or par value for each share is fixed by dividing the amount of the share capital into equal parts. This technique is often reflected in dictionary and legislative definitions of theterm share.Thedefinitionof ashare as