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1、柯林斯辞典第190天:(2016/8/31):黄培辰第1891页:unsolved, unspeakable, unsolicited 本页的unsolicited比较难以识别,主要还是大家不认识solicited,如认识solicited,也就不难联想辨认了。比较“鸡贼”的是unsolved和unspeakable这两个词,前者可以用于写作,后者则容易误认。unsolved,这个词和我们前天讲过的写作思想是相通的,即尽量少用dont, doesnt, didnt,而是使用un-这样的词汇,学会使用含蓄否定,unsolved就属于这类词汇,比如说“如果这种问题不能及时解决”,用否定结构就需要写

2、成“If we dont solved this problem”,或者“If this problem cannot be solved ”,总需要写not,非常麻烦,如果变成“If this problem remains unsolved”,就简洁多了,因为你不用想not前面该用什么助动词。柯林斯辞典的例句比较好的说明了这一点,Americas unsolved problem of poverty and racism,用unsolved之后,将需要用句子解决的问题变成了名词结构,不然就只能说“The problem of poverty and racism has never so

3、lved in America”。unsolved在作文写作中可以用不少次:尤其是写作体裁涉及到食品安全、假广告、诚信等话题的时候,做连接词使用即可:In lack of honesty and credibility, some food companies want to increase their immediate wealth. However, social responsibility is seldom performed, nor is moral obligation fulfilled. Meanwhile, the relevant rules on food pro

4、duction procedure is disregarded, defied, or even trampled. If all these problems remain unsolved, the reputation of the whole industry will be ruined, and with it, the consumers will definitely resist the food products. (一些食品公司缺乏诚信,想立刻增加财富,但是社会责任没有担负,道德义务没有履行。与此同时,和食品生产程序相关的法规被忽略、,甚至践踏,如果这些问题得不到解决,

5、那么产业声望就会受到破坏,而消费者肯定会抵制产品。),在上述段落中,当我们抓住唯利是图、缺乏诚信、不担负社会责任之后,只要用These problems remain unsolved一穿,就能写完一个阐述段,如果将food company变成advertisement company(advertising agencies),文章就立刻变成了广告不诚信。换主题词即可。第1892页:unsympathetic关于冷漠,我们学过不少词,如alienated, indifferent, oblivious等,不过unsympathetic则有些不同,该词受到sympathetic的影响,和释义中

6、的“冷漠”有一定的差异,它并不强调对于他人的诉求置之不理,而是强调对于处在困境中的人“不友好、不愿意帮助”(not kind or helpful to the people in eight difficulty)第1893页:untiluntil是个难词,我们先从一个简单句讲起:I didnt leave until eight oclock. 在翻译这个句子的时候,我们并不将它翻译成“我九点之前不离开办公室”,而是翻译成“我直到九点才离开办公室”,从语感的角度讲,这个句子是搞明白了,但是在翻译的过程中,原文中的not到哪里去了呢?那么为什么not被省略了呢?until的英文释义为:这个释

7、义强调了两点:1)动作只在某一时间点之前存在,2)当那个时间点到来的时候,该动作自行停止,换句话说,until虽然在中文里翻译为“直到”,是肯定含义,但是在英文概念里却是否定含义,而I didnt leave until eight oclock. 其实是双重否定概念,not是第一个否定,而until是第二个否定,英文的否定结构不少,但是双重否定表示肯定的结构不多,常见的如none other than,而notuntil是比较“凶狠”的结构。我们再看一个例句:The importance of iceberg has been overlooked until recently. 如果顺着英

8、文的意思翻译,则是“冰山的重要性直到最近还背忽视”,这么理解是不是有点别扭呢?作者的意思其实是“在recently之前一直是忽视的”,内涵是“recently不在忽视”,即“冰山的重要性直到现在才得到重视”,overlook是第一个否定,而until是第二个否定,还是双重否定。当单词量逐级递增,还是until就会越来越难,一个until已经招架不住了,三个until再加上哲学内容的Reading Comprehension,能坚持到第一行呢? This link between philosophical interests and scientific practice persisted

9、until thenineteenth centurywhen decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship and changes in the nature of science provoked the final separation of philosophy from both. The demarcation of philosophy from science wasfacilitatedby the development in the early nineteenth century of a new notion, th

10、at philosophys core interest should beepistemology,the general explanation of what it means to know something.Modern philosophers now trace that notion back at least toDescartes and Spinoza,but it was not explicitly articulated until thelate eighteenth century, by Kant,and did not become built into

11、the structure of academic institutions and the standard self-descriptions of philosophy professorsuntil the late nineteenth century.Without the idea of epistemology, the survival of philosophy in an age of modern science ishard to imagine.自己去读一读,我明天公布答案。第1894页-第1895页:unwilling这两页中的两个词是值得学习的,第一个是unve

12、il a product, unveil a secret, unveil a strategy,unveil来自veil,后者是“面纱”的意思,unveil的字面意思为“揭开面纱”,引申为“公布战略、揭开秘密”,是喻体手法。第二个词是unwilling,这个词看着不起眼,没有unwarranted, unwieldy那么难,但是却是写作中常用的词汇,be unwilling to可以替代dont want to这样的臃肿结构,将一些需要用句子表达的意思,变成短语,将需要两个句子表达的意思,用一个句子解决。Unwilling to fulfill the responsibility and

13、obligation, some sons and daughters ill-treat their aged parents, refusing to provide them with food, clothes or shelter. 大家看如果前面用unwilling to do,将ill-treat变成主谓宾,然后将refusing to 变成现在分词伴随状语,是不是需要用三个句子表达的内容,就变成了一个句子了呢?也谈不上什么长难句,只要让你的结构错落有致就可以了。如果记不住那么多内容,就记住这个结构unwilling to主谓宾,doing,然后把我们曾经学过的一些短语和表达融进

14、去就可以了。Unwilling to fulfill the responsibility and obligation, some food companies are in lack of occupational self-discipline, disregarding the rules on food production procedure. 大家看,同样是缺乏自律性,无视法规,同样的意思,用unwilling to主谓宾,doing串接起来,是不是间接多了?可是同样的意思,我们用These problems remain unsolved的时候也可以写成段落:In lack o

15、f honesty and credibility, some food companies want to increase their immediate wealth. However, social responsibility is seldom performed, nor is moral obligation fulfilled. Meanwhile, the relevant rules on food production procedure is disregarded, defied, or even trampled. If all these problems re

16、main unsolved, the reputation of the whole industry will be ruined, and with it, the consumers will definitely resist the food products. 因此,并不在于意思是什么,而在于用什么手法串接,初学乍练,依靠背范文增强印象,但是随着背诵深入,很多信息开始在头脑中汇集,就要学会用结构串接,毕竟像结构比回想每一个词要印象深刻。当学会了两个结构之后,就可以决定用哪个更符合自己的需求,不然就会陷入一个误区,即“背范文,和别人雷同怎么办?”,“不背范文,自己不会写怎么办,乱写错

17、误怎么办?”第1896页-第1897页:学会在图表中使用up一般我们在表达增加减少的时候,往往是从动词想起的,如increase, soar, surge, skyrocket等,但是会忽略如up这样比较小巧的词汇,柯林斯辞典中对于up与数据的搭配提供了两个句子:1)Western Germanys rate has also risen sharply, up from 3 percent in 1989 to 4.5 percent. 2)Over the decade, women in this category went up by 120%.这两个句子又以第一句写得最为“鸡贼”,一

18、般我们写增加减少一般是increase fromto,而句子1)的结构却是:has risen sharply, up from to,而且很好替换,变成下降则是:has falling, down from . to考研英语二的同学可以统计一下,这个办法可以用多少次?我明天公布答案。第1898页-第1899页:upheaval,uproar这两页中的upheaval和uproar都有“混乱”的意思,但是内涵不太一样:upheaval的涵盖范围广:An upheaval is a big change which causes a lot of trouble, confusion, and

19、worry,这个词里面涵盖了麻烦、混论、担忧三层含义,比“巨变”丰富,而中文的翻译则比较概括。同时由于我们不清楚该词能够和什么形容词搭配使用,就导致该词变成使用词汇,我们可以说cause domestic upheaval, provoke economic upheaval, go through emotional upheaval, 或者go through violent social and political upheaval. 而uproar则借助着roar(咆哮),引申为“喧嚣和骚动”,但是它和upheaval不是一个意思,是“通过大声的咆哮表达对于事物的愤怒”(shoutin

20、ganger and upset feeling),在使用上和upheaval比较相似,也可以用cause, provoke等词,但是一般和emotional搭配,所以我们可以说cause emotional uproar,也可以说cause emotional upheaval,但是不说cause social and political uproar. 这两个词中的upheaval可以用于文化交流话题的写作,做为其背景,增强写作是的用词力度。The world is full of social and political upheaval. Some regions are in sta

21、te of wars or conflicts. Under these circumstances, it is more imperative to emphasize the pivotal role of cultural exchanges, which can play the function of eliminating religious divide and ideological conflicts and bringing peace and harmony to the world. (世界充满社会政治巨变,一些地区处在战争冲突状态,这种情况下,强调文化交流的核心作用

22、更加破不容缓,这可以起到消除宗教分歧和意识形冲突的作用,还可以为世界带来和平与和谐) 第1900页:upside down可以用多少次当我们阿静upside down变成Ones life is turned upside down之后,就能将其用于和健康、沉溺网络类型的写作,甚至可以涵盖部分和生活有关的建议信。身心健康话题:Living under social pressure, modern people have to work hard in order to make the both ends meet. Under tight schedule, their normal life is more or less turned upside down. When this problem remains unsolved, some sub-healthy symptoms always emerge, which pose threat to their physical status or psychological health. 学业压力大:Living under academic pressure, many students have to take u

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