地球系统与环境复习91721生态

1、Chapter9AtmosphericevolutionandclimateAtthe time of its formation 4.6 billion yearsago, which two gases didthe Earths atmosphereChapter9AtmosphericevolutionandclimateAtthe time of its formation 4.6 billion yearsago, which two gases didthe Earths atmosphereAfter millions of years of volcanic outgassi

2、ng, the atmospheres ition began reflect the ition of volcanic gaseous s. Which two ses scientistsvehelpedtoachievetodaysoxygenUntilthe recent industrial he last three centuries, CO2 was removedfromtheatmosphere.WherewasthisCO2beingDescribethesofphotolysisofwatervapourandcarbon Whatareprokaryotes?Wha

3、tistheirermsofpresent-dayoxygen用，它是最原始的能够进行光合作用的生物，对增加大气中的氧气含量有着重要意义Whatisthesignificanceoftheancientbandedrockandredbedrock使氧气含量在大气中无法持续增加，在条带状铁建造和红层中Once enough oxygen had he atmosphere, it changed the rules anismsinwhichtwo照射，使生物能够从海洋转移向陆地Whatis the mainOnce enough oxygen had he atmosphere, it ch

4、anged the rules anismsinwhichtwo照射，使生物能够从海洋转移向陆地Whatis the maint humans have had on the balanceof atmospheric gases thepast和建筑材料，。Howdoesenergylossoccurinaofthebedands （河床和堤岸的阻力ernal caused by discrete boundary t set secondaryflow circulationsandeddies （旋,whichoccurslocallyatparticularinopen2. Howis

5、sedimenttransportedin由上升力(lift force)和拖曳力(drag force)共同作用使沉积物在水中搬运，物悬停Whatarethemainsesin1） 磨蚀由上升力(lift force)和拖曳力(drag force)共同作用使沉积物在水中搬运，物悬停Whatarethemainsesin1） 磨蚀）发生在河流获取沉积物的过程中，类似于用砂纸摩擦2） 腐蚀的碎块4）水压力作用（hydraulicaction）湍流的剪应力施加在河岸上，使得河岸开裂After water falls on a hillslope, what are the he developm

6、ent of a systemtslope? 的失。在第二个阶段，如果一个溪流持续保持在一个位置，它就有可能继续发展，这种斜坡在倾斜度上的发展过程叫做 However,therewillbeasmallareanthedivideandthetop这种斜坡在倾斜度上的发展过程叫做 However,therewillbeasmallareanthedivideandthetopoftherillswhichthereislittleornoslopewashbecausethedepthofoverlandflowisnotenough or the velocity is not fast e

7、nough to cause (Figure 17.8(a). theinitialstageisapatternofmoreorlessparallelrillsofvariablelengthbe destroyed before the next storm or may stay ition (Figure second stage, if the rills are constant ition then they may develop further. onerillisnitsneighbour.Whenthereisoverlandflow,therilldividesare

8、overtoppedthereisatendencyfortheflowtooccurtowardsthedeepestrill,breakingdowndivide. Therefore master rills form, where rills join up and increase the nextrill,andthistendstofocusslopestowardsthemasterrill.Thisdevelopmentslopesacrosseralgradientiscalledcross-5. Describetheypes oftforminsand-bedriver

9、s.small-scale current ripples: These are small, triangular bedforms with upstream(stoss)slopesacrosseralgradientiscalledcross-5. Describetheypes oftforminsand-bedrivers.small-scale current ripples: These are small, triangular bedforms with upstream(stoss)andsteeperleeslopes,whichareunder4cminheight,

10、undercminchordandhaveaverticalformherangelarge-scale current ripples or dunes: These are large, triangular bedforms occur when the boundary shear stress and ower ted with istransitional forms of bed roughness: Included here are washed-out dunes, sandbarsandplanehase plane beds: A plane bed is a bed

11、evations or snumsizeofthebedsediment,wherethereisarelativelytoflowbythebedandahighsedimenttransportwater6. Howdoriver(河流阶地form?17.9.5我觉得书上没说清楚，主要通过构造运动或气候变化形成。当河流泛滥时，沉积物呈席状散布在泛滥平原河河床底部，产生阶地Describe how the components of the meandering river landform-assemblageformandgivethecharacteristicsoforphologi

12、calpart.1） 边滩 bar）边滩是发育在曲流河凸岸的沉积，边滩的沉积物分选好，积物在凹岸堆积2） 牛轭湖（cutoff）在平原地区流淌的河流，河曲发育，1） 边滩 bar）边滩是发育在曲流河凸岸的沉积，边滩的沉积物分选好，积物在凹岸堆积2） 牛轭湖（cutoff）在平原地区流淌的河流，河曲发育，为牛轭湖3）天然堤（natural levees）河道边的楔状沉积物。在比较顺直或微弯的河段，减弱，大量悬移物质在岸边附近沉积下来，形成天然堤4） 决口扇（crevasse splays）当自然堤或人工河堤溃决后，河流携带的大量泥砂的扇状地形，称决口扇5）泛滥盆地（flooding basin）

13、泛滥平原中最低的区域，排水不通畅。层状沉积Whydobarsdevelopinbraidedrivers(辫状河Describetheircharacteristics. wodifferentways:throughtheaggradationofbarsandthroughthedissectionoftransverseWhat are the morphological and sedimentological n Mississippishoal-waterdeltasandthemodernbirdsfootDescribe the morphological and sedime

14、ntological characteristics of alluvial fans differentclimaticregimes. （参考地貌学干旱区发育的洪积扇的面积比半干旱和湿润地区发育的洪积扇的面积大得多lLandform-Describeeralcharacteristicsl 温度经常在零度左右浮动，但是一些区域夏季温度可达 20 摄氏度，differentclimaticregimes. （参考地貌学干旱区发育的洪积扇的面积比半干旱和湿润地区发育的洪积扇的面积大得多lLandform-Describeeralcharacteristicsl 温度经常在零度左右浮动，但是一些

15、区域夏季温度可达 20 摄氏度，Describethelandform-sedimentassemblagetedwithfrostwedging.冰楔作用的产物通常是角砾状的、粗糙的碎石和一些泥沙、黏土The products of frost wedging are ular, coarse, gravelsized althoughthereareparticlesdowntosiltandclaygradesediment.However,Pottst ses n frost shattering produced the silt and clay-tarefoundingelifl

16、uction（冰冻泥流） its.InotherwordstherechemicalweatheringsesgoingonaswelltoproducetheseExplainhowfrostsortinginsoiltakesplace.（frostpull过程，frost（frostpull过程，frost移动。frostpullfrostFrostheavinghesizesortingoftheheterogeneoussedimentsbecauselargerclastsmigratetowardsthesurfaceatarateofupto5cmper4. Whatareth

17、echaracteristicsofice-wedgecastsandhowdothesecasts（冰楔） 在过去冻土带中，冰楔融化后被周围的沉积物充填，充填物可能为沙土、砾石冰碛物In areas of past permafrost, ice wedges have melted and 在过去冻土带中，冰楔融化后被周围的沉积物充填，充填物可能为沙土、砾石冰碛物In areas of past permafrost, ice wedges have melted and are no longer filled with The wedge, which is now empty, is

18、 filled with sediment and dirt from the ofthousandsofyearshenopen-andclosed-o有湖泊沉积参与形成。在斜坡上形成的冰核丘通常比较小、形状不规则、顶部破裂这类冰核丘（开放系统）平坦的区域Describe the morphological and sedimentological characteristics of protalus HowcanyoudistinguishthemfromDescribe the morphological and sedimentological characteristics of protalus Howcanyoudistinguishthemfromlmoraines?冰前石脊是脊状的粗粒沉积物，通常发育在岩屑坡。碎屑通过滑降、弹跳、滚动，运到雪坡）的边缘堆积。切作用Explain how tors (突岩) can form and why there has been major controversy as to climaticsignificanceofsuchWhyistheactivelayerheformationoflslope9. How have detailed field and laboratory measurements been