《英语国家概况》Unit2AmericanHistory课件

1、American HistoryThe United States National EmblemUnit 2 American HistoryI. America in the Colonial EraII. The American War of IndependenceIII. The American Civil WarIV. America in the 20th CenturyV. America in the 21st CenturyColonization of North America (1607-1776) Indians1The discovery of America

2、2Early Colonial Era 3Word bankthe Bering Strait 白令海峡Caribbean 加勒比海Genoese（意大利西北部城市）热那亚conquistador 西班牙征服者，征服者Christopher Columbus 克里斯多夫.哥伦布Amerigo Vespucci 亚美利哥.维斯普奇Jamestown 詹姆斯敦Plymouth 普利茅斯Indians: The “first Americans”The Discovery of the New WorldChristopher Columbus reached America On Oct. 12,

3、 1492The new continentIn 1492, Columbus landed at one of the Caribbean islands.Columbus believed that he had reached India and called the native people Indians.Amerigo Vespucci discovered the continent of South America, the continent was named after him.Relations of American Indians with European se

4、ttlersfriendship hostilityAmerican Indians helped the early Europeans to surviveThe first Thanksgiving in North America.American Indians were killed and driven to mountainous and barren areas known as Indian Reservations, as a result of interests in land and cultural conflictsWhy did the early settl

5、ers come to America?OpportunityIt drew English merchants who dreamed of establishing great new estates out of the wildness.It drew carpenters, bakers, tailors and other skilled workmen who could not find job in England.It drew the poor and the homeless from farmlands and villages.It drew many Englis

6、h in search of religious freedom. In 1620, a tiny ship called the “May flower” sailed from England for the New world, with 102 passengers. 50% were Pilgrims. Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.Pilgrim FathersThe PuritansThe Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to pu

7、rify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution. The Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.The Founding of the 13 ColoniesThe first English colony in America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607; known as the mother

8、stateBetween 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. The 13 coloniesDelaware 特拉华Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚New Jersey 新泽西州Georgia 乔治亚Connecticut康涅狄格Massachusetts 麻萨诸塞 Maryland 马里兰 South Carolina 南卡罗来纳 New Hampshire 新罕布什尔 Virginia 弗吉尼亚New York 纽约North Carolina

9、北卡罗来纳Rhode Island 罗德岛The American War of Independence What were the causes of the War of Independence? Britains colonial policyThe economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies.How was the

10、War of Independence started?The “Boston Tea Party”In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed, several dozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party”.The start of the warIn 1775, about 1

11、,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize the military supplies of the American militia. When they arrived at Lexington they were met by the armed militiamen. Suddenly a shot was fired and the War of Independence began. Where theres oppression, theres revolution.Colonists slogan“No taxati

12、on without representation” 无代表权拒绝交税。早在殖民地时期，同样是英王臣民的美洲居民在伦敦的议会里就没有正式代表。既然没有议会代表权殖民地人民就拒绝向英国交税。 PS：Colonists resisted to pay taxes which became an important cause of independence war. 殖民地人民拒绝交印花税、茶叶进口税是独立战争的重要原因。Points of American War of IndependenceBoston Tea Party （1773） 波士顿倾茶事件Shots in Lexington （

13、1775） 列克星顿枪声George Washington 乔治 华盛顿Declaration of Independence（1776）独立宣言A great victory at Saratoga 萨拉托加大捷 Yorktown campaign（1781） 约克镇战役 Treaty of Paris（1783） 巴黎条约 The first Continental Congress1774Date: September 1774Place: PhiladelphiaDelegates: from 12 colonies except GeorgiaResult: passed Decla

14、ration of Rights and GrievancesThe second Continental Congress1775Date: May, 1775Place: PhiladelphiaResult: The Congress founded a Continental Army under the command of George Washington. The Declaration of Independence Shots in Lexington来克星顿枪声（1775年4月）The First Shot of Lexingtonthe war broke outEst

15、ablish the army建军（1775年）When? in mid-1775Where? in Philadelphia （费城） the Continental Congress Who? patriot representatives of the 13 colonies of AmericaWhat? appointed George Washington as commander in chief of the Continental ArmyGeorge Washington乔治华盛顿（George Washington，1732年2月22日 1799年12月14日）美国第一任

16、总统，被尊称为美国国父，1793年连任，在两届任期结束后，他自愿放弃权力不再续任，隐退于弗农山庄园。华盛顿学者们则将他和亚伯拉罕林肯并列为美国历史上最伟大的总统。 Form a state建国 （ 1776年7月4日）The Declaration of Independence (July4,1776)Announcing the birth of the United StatesThe content of the Declaration of IndependenceFive chapters1 Foreword2 Preface3 Accused King George III4 D

17、enounce British5 ConclusionThe Declaration of IndependenceWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed（赋予） by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋

18、予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。The Declaration of Independenceand accordingly all experience has shown, that mankind are more

19、disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is thei

20、r duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. 过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时，那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障。Whats the significance of The Declaration of Independence?You can think

21、 it from the following aspects.Philosophy influencePractical influenceHistoric influenceYorktown CampaignOn October 19,1781, the British General Cornwallis （康沃利斯）together with his several Thousand soldiers, surrendered to George Washington. The war ended in victory for the Americans.The British surr

22、endered at Yorktown on October 19, 1781 Treaty of Paris（1783年）The treaty was signed in Paris in 1783.British recognized American independence. The peace treaty acknowledged the independence, freedom, and sovereignty (主权) of the 13 states.Whats the influence of the War of Independence?It had great in

23、ternational influence. The colonies in Spanish America rose up one after another to overthrow Spanish colonial rules.The French RevolutionAfter the War of Independence, capitalism got a chance for freer development.Territorial expansionIn 1788, 13 colonies become the United States of AmericaBy 1796,

24、 a few more states have been created.America buys Louisiana from France in 1803The Louisiana Purchase （1803）By 1837, new states have been created around the Mississippi.By 1850, Oregon and California become states.1843: One thousand people travel to Oregon1848: USA wins Texas in the Mexican War1849:

25、 California gold rush1862: A new law gives free land to settlersHomestead Act （1862） First page of the Homestead Act of 1862 . The law was passed (1862) by the the U.S.Congress, under which settlers might each acquire up to 64 hectares of public land for a nominal fee ( 10), on condition of five yea

26、rs residence on, and cultivation of, the plot of the land. By 1912, all states except Alaska and Hawaii have been created.The Civil War (18611865)slavery n. 奴役abolition n. 废除；废止secede v. 脱离；退出Gettysburg 葛底斯堡 Abraham Lincoln 亚伯拉罕 . 林肯 Emancipation Proclamation 解放宣言Word bankDo you know the origin of A

27、merican slavery system?Discuss with your partner美国奴隶制度的起源：1）1619年，一个荷兰人把20个黑人运入美国拍卖，这20个黑人成了第一批的黑人奴隶。2）在美国开国初期，美国南方各州，已经有200万的黑奴（1860年为350万）。他们成为种植经济的重要劳动力。黑奴是种植园主私人财产的一部分，可以继承、买卖。可以做种植园主女儿的嫁妆。North capitalist economy 1.There is a growing demand for labor to work in factories.2.Northerners supported

28、 the abolition of slavery, because they wanted to get slaves from the South.3.They asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads.South Agricultural economy (plantations)1.The abundant land was suitable for farming and the planters had to manage their plantations using black Afri

29、can slaves.2.Black slaves could be bought, sold and were often treated cruelly.3.The Southerners advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries.The causes of The Civil War1) The different economic systems in the north and the south2) The slavery problem in the

30、south （即奴隶制度与自由劳动制度）3) The political conflicts between north and southThe direct cause of the warLincoln was elected as the president of America.The Civil War (1861-1865) Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.Some southern states formed the Confederate States of

31、America in 1861.“Republican”林肯当选总统之前的简历：1816年 他的家人被赶出居住的地方，他必须抚养他们1831年 经商失败1832年 竞选州议员但落选1832年 丢了工作想就读法学院，但进不去1833年 借钱经商，但年底破产，接着他花了17年把债还清1834年 再次竞选州议员赢了1836年 完全精神奔溃、卧病在床6个月1838年 争取成为州议员的发言人没有成功1840年 争取成为选举人失败1843年 参加国会大选落选1846年 再次参加国会大选这次当选1848年 寻求国会议员连任失败1849年 想在自己的州内担任土地局长的工作被拒绝1854年 竞选美国参议员落选1

32、856年 争取副总统的提名得票不到100张1858年 再度竞选美国参议员再度落败1860年 当选美国总统The process of The Civil WarIn 1861, the Civil War was began.In 1863, Lincoln issued The Emancipation Proclamation , which granted freedom to all slaves.In July 1863, the turning point of the war came at Gettysburg.In April 1865，the Civil War was e

33、nded.Emancipation Proclamation-issued by Pres. Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves of the Confederacy.-This transformed the war from a war to save the Union, to a war to abolish slavery That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all person

34、s held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recogn

35、ize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. “1863年元月1日起，凡在当地人民尚在反抗合众国的任何一州之内，或一州的指明地区之内，为人占有而做奴隶的人们都应在那时及以后永远获得自由；公众国政府行政部门，包括海陆军当局，将承认并保障这些人的自由，当他们或他们之中的任何人为自己的自由而作任何努力时，不作任何

36、压制他们的行为。Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) The turning point Gettysburg Address“Government of the People, by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth”民有、民治、民享的政府将不致从地球上消失The war resolved two fundamental issues.1) Slavery was abolished .2) America became a single, indivisible (不可分割

37、的) nation.Reconstruction era (1865 1877)The 13th Amendment, ratified in December 1865, ended slavery in the United States.South responded by creating white terrorist society KKK (Ku Klux Klan)The Gilded Age 1865 to 1890KKKThe Ku Klux Klan was originally founded by veterans of the Confederate Army in

38、 the southern states after the Civil War to oppose social change and black emancipation by violence and terrorism. Members disguise themselves in white robes and hoods, and often use a burning cross, as a symbol of their organization. Its main purpose was to resist Reconstruction , and it focused on

39、 putting down the freed slaves (奉行白人至上主义，美国种族主义的代表性组织)WWI and the US The United States in the 1920sThe Great Depression and the New DealWWII and the USAmerican History (1900-1945) New Deal President Franklin D. Roosevelt: a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the Unit

40、ed States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reformRoosevelt in 1933 32nd President of the United States The New Deal was a series of domestic

41、programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933-37) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 Rs: Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is Relief for the une