车辆声学包开发技术设计与优化综合

1、第1页材料、设计及优化车辆声学包开发技术第2页Part1 声学包开发的意义Part2 声学包开发的内容Part3 声学材料性能测试方法Part4 声学包开发 CAE 方法Part5 应用开发实例汇报内容第3页声学包开发意义Part 1第4页声学包开发意义路面/底盘噪声源动力传动系噪声源Structure-borne NoiseAirborne Noise传动系统经过车身/底盘传输路面/底盘经过车身传输Wind noise第5页声学包开发意义路面/底盘噪声源动力传动系噪声源Structure-borne NoiseAirborne Noise传动系统经过车身/底盘传输路面/底盘经过车身传输Win

2、d noise声学包处理方案第6页声学包开发意义Noise PerformanceCostWeightSpaceA balanced Solution第7页声学包开发内容Part2第8页整车NVH开发流指标设定/分解标杆研究NVHCAE/DVP验证样车调校第9页声学包开发流程指标设定/分解标杆研究NVHCAE/DVP验证样车调校声学包指标设定及分解地板/车门等TL地毯传递损失中控台传递损失发动机舱/乘客舱吸声系数舱盖吸声性能顶衬吸声性能门吸声性能声学包设计及验证整车声学包模型FEM/CADBOM/材料参数声学包模型验证现场TL测试Ideal load测试Real Load测试声学包设计开发满足

3、目标性能声学包开发声学包调校及优化密封性能检测NPA分析声学包优化声学性能成本/重量/尺寸材料类型/厚度声学包对标测试材料性能对标吸声材料性能隔声材料性能子系统性能对标面板子系统座椅等子系统整车性能对标语音清楚度面板贡献量第10页声学包开发流程指标设定/分解标杆研究NVHCAE/DVP验证样车调校声学包对标测试材料性能对标吸声材料性能隔声材料性能子系统性能对标面板子系统座椅等子系统整车性能对标语音清楚度面板贡献量第11页吸声系数测试法向入射吸声系数无规入射吸声系数传递损失测试驻波管法试验室法阻尼材料测试Oberst 方法SAE 方法材料性能测试第12页传递损失测试标准混响室/全消声室测试 混响

4、室/混响室测试现场传递损失测试传递损失仿真（VA One）子系统吸声量测试标准混响室ABS Cabin子系统性能测试第13页声学包开发流程指标设定/分解标杆研究NVHCAE/DVP验证样车调校声学包指标设定及分解地板/车门等TL地毯传递损失中控台传递损失发动机舱/乘客舱吸声系数舱盖吸声性能顶衬吸声性能门吸声性能第14页/1/15声学包指标设定与分解第15页声学包开发流程指标设定/分解标杆研究NVHCAE/DVP验证样车调校声学包设计及验证整车声学包模型FEM/CADBOM/材料参数声学包模型验证现场TL测试Ideal load测试Real Load测试声学包设计开发满足目标性能声学包开发第16

5、页整车声学包设计第17页SEA 模版模型CAD/FE 输入材料数据库各向同性材料：密度，弹性模量，泊松比，阻尼损耗因子各向异性材料：密度，弹性模量，泊松比，阻尼损耗因子多孔吸声材料：吸声系数/表面阻抗，孔隙率，流阻、弯曲率，温度特征长度，粘滞特征长度阻尼材料：密度，阻尼损耗因子，弹性模量，泊松比质量材料：面密度 or IL or TL激励谱库不一样工况下各面板声激励声学包模型开发第18页理想载荷及工作载荷作用下整车测试载荷谱及车内声场响应测试子系统（如火墙、地板等）特征测试传递损失测试整车声学包模型验证第19页整车状态下NPA分析，明确关键传递路径整车NPA诊疗第20页声学包设计与验证第21页

6、地板、火墙等板件传递损失优化密封、填充等传递损失优化部件子系统优化第22页发动机舱、顶衬、后备箱等吸声性能设计部件子系统优化Absorption, Sabine/m2 Frequency (Hz)Headliner Trim AbsorptionNHeadliner_WithFelt_v3NHeadliner_WithFelt_v2NHeadliner_WithFelt_Baseline第23页声学包开发流程指标设定/分解标杆研究NVHCAE/DVP验证样车调校声学包调校及优化密封性能检测NPA分析声学包优化声学性能成本/重量/尺寸材料类型/厚度第24页密封性检测盐雾法超声波法声学包优化NPA

7、 分析优化目标：声学性能优化约束：成本/重量/尺寸优化变量：材料类型/厚度整车声学包调校第25页总结整车NVH开发流程中声学包开发工作包含：对标测试：吸声、隔声、阻尼，质量、密度，空间分布、贡献量，声源级等等，关键制订合理测试方案指标分解：CAE分析：SEA模型、材料物性参数测试、声源特征参数、NPA、制订优化方案实车调教：实车NVH测试、检漏测试、部件子系统优化等第26页声学包材料特征及测试方法Part 3第27页声学材料分类第28页吸声材料物理特性隔声材料物理特性阻尼材料物理特性T&S 解决方案本节内容第29页吸声材料物理特征第30页多孔吸声材料吸声材料：含有大量内外联通微小孔隙和孔洞吸声

8、机理黏滞性和内摩擦效应热传导效应吸声性能评价指标法向入射吸声系数混响室内测试吸声系数第31页混响室法： ISO 354/GB T20247/ASTM C423声学 混响室吸声测量，测量结果为无规入射吸声系数驻波管法：ISO 10532/ASTM E-1050/ASTM C384，测量结果为法相入射吸声系数吸声系数测试方法和标准第32页ISO 354 / ASTM C423 要求样本太大，由SAE 声学材料委员会主持研究标准小样本混响室测试相当于ISO 354 / ASTM C423混响室体积1/10 （甚至更小），每个混响箱须利用标准混响室进行标定利用脉冲响应法及施罗德原理 混响箱第33页声学

9、材料性能本构方程Johnson-Champoux-Allard 开发5参数方程airflow resistivity , open porosity , tortuosity viscous characteristic length , thermal characteristic length 预测方法第34页Flow resistivity：流阻，气流流过结构阻力，定义为其中 p 为气流流过材料压力损失Vairflow 为气体流量，d为材料厚度测试标准：EN 29053 std (ISO European std)几何物理参数第35页Open Porosity：开孔孔隙率，材料内部流体体

10、积与材料总体积比值定义：闭孔孔隙率为零几何物理参数第36页开孔孔隙率测试（No Std）利用理想气体恒温压缩（玻意耳定律）几何物理参数测试第37页Tortuosity：弯曲率，无量纲量，描述流体流过材料路径弯曲程度定义： 其中，v 为流体流速，V 为均一体积测试方法（No Std）：电学方法几何物理参数第38页Viscous characteristic lengths：粘滞特征长度描述材料及内部流体相互作用粘性力，定义：Thermal characteristic lengths：温度特征长度描述材料及内部流体之间温度交换，定义：其中，v 为流体流速，V 为内部流体体积， S 为内部孔隙与材

11、料间接触面积几何物理参数第39页Inverse method：遗传算法，最小价值函数解几何物理参数测试第40页analytical inversion method几何参数测试第41页几何物理参数测试第42页材料拓扑分类Rigid Frame：结构远远强于内部气体，如聚合物纤维、穿孔板等Limp：材料密度与内部气体密度相当，结构非自支撑，多是纤维类Elastic frame：结构与内部流体相互作用，如岩棉多孔吸声材料分类聚合物纤维：Rigid Frame软玻璃纤维：Limp岩棉： Elastic frame第43页Poros-Elastic：需要知道力学参数杨氏模量（体积模量）泊松比内损耗因子

12、力学性能参数第44页准静态测试方法(No Std)机械阻抗和侧向变形力学性能测试第45页准静态方法有限元静力学仿真：任意确定一个弹性模量和损耗因子，选择不一样泊松比计算，能够取得 T 随泊松比改变函数利用试验测试取得 T 和仿真结果能够得到材料泊松比力学性能测试第46页准静态方法有限元静力学仿真：确定泊松比，改变不一样弹性模量能够取得压缩刚度 K 随杨氏模量改变函数利用试验测试 K 和仿真结果能够得到材料杨氏模量力学性能测试第47页隔声材料物理特征第48页声障：隔断噪声从一个空间向其临近空间传输反射能力强，吸声性能差材料密实，透射声能小STL：传递损失隔声材料（声障）第49页隔声原理：质量定律

13、 其中f为频率，w为面密度双墙结构：同质量双层墙比单层墙隔声量大5-10dB柔性材料：预防材料与结构共振非开孔材料大质量隔声材料（声障）第50页经典声障材料Thermoplastic barriers with fillers(high mass per surface area)Barriers with fiber or foam decouplers Fiber/mastic/fiber constructions Lightweight impervious membranes 障板产品：地板系统、火墙绝缘板、密封材料隔声材料（声障）第51页各种 STL 测试方法SAE J1400 空

14、气声隔声性能试验室测试方法ASTM E90 / ISO 140空气声隔声性能标准试验室测试方法ISO 15186-1声强测试法第52页SAE J1400STL测试要求：混响室-半消声室参考样本（均匀柔性面板）随机噪声测量声源及半消声室内SPL测试样本随机噪声测量声源及半消声室内SPL第53页ISO140/ASTM E90STL测试要求：混响-混响测试Audio AmpllifierInternal light absorptionWalls with TL of 30 dB at 100 HzMicrophones systemSteel plate and sample position第5

15、4页STL测试要求：混响-全消ISO 15186 声强法第55页阻尼材料物理特征第56页通常为聚合物材料，用于面板表面降低 / 耗散振动耗散过程将机械能转化为热能常见阻尼产品：Asphalt Melt SheetsFoil Constrained Layer DampersSpray On ( Epoxy, Water based)Expandable Patch Constrained Layer (PCL)Laminated Steel Sheet阻尼材料第57页阻尼材料应用效果阻尼材料第58页应用FloorDash panelRoofDoorsBrakes阻尼材料第59页SAE J671

16、利用基础板自由振动衰减率测试复合材料振动阻尼SAE J1637 利用支撑钢梁测试复合材料振动阻尼试验室方法ASTM E756测试材料振动阻尼方法阻尼损耗因子测试标准第60页经过振动衰减率测试阻尼方法能够测试材料各种应用对阻尼影响能够取得特定频率和随温度改变阻尼不能测试复模量信息测试要求基础板件尺寸：500 x 500 x 6 mm共振频率 145 to 165 Hz，常温下自由振动衰减率不超出3dBSAE J671 测试方法第61页/1/15SAE J671第62页能够在特定频率和温度下激励阻尼杆确定共振频率，并经过半功率带宽方法计算阻尼损耗因子对其它振动激励和温度下进行重复测量SAE J16

17、37 用于测试复合损耗因子，ASTM E756用于测试独立材料Oberst Bar-SAE J1637/ASTM E-756第63页T&S 处理方案第64页CharacteristicsMaterial typePARAMETERSTANDARDMETHODOLOGYMass LayerFoamFiberAlpha SabineISO 354 and ASTM stdISO std Reverberant room ca 200 m3NoYesYesAlternative ABS-CAB methodNoYessee ABS-CAB cabineYessee ABS-CAB cabineTra

18、nsmission LossISO 140/x or ASTM equivalentISO 140/x std: 2 reverberant rooms face to faceYesYesYesEquivalent to ISO standard aboveAlternative: Reverberant room in the ground and Anechoic chamber on topYesYessee TL or ILYessee TL or ILNo standardAlternative: 2 box on top each other - Fiat-Peugeot met

19、hodYesYessee TL small Yessee TL small Insertion lossNo standardSame as TL above with unknown material layer laynig on top of fixed metal plateYesYessee TL or ILYessee TL or ILBulk ModulusNo standardMechanical stifness measurement and 3-d modelingNoYessee Bulk ModulusYessee Bulk ModulusDamping loss F

20、actorOberst method DIN/ISO stdYesYessee OberstYessee OberstSAE method stdYesYoungs modulusOberst method DIN/ISO stdYesYessee OberstYessee OberstPoisson RatioNo standardLaser beam static experimentYesYesAiflow ResistivityEN 29053 std (ISO European std)Forced air through sampleNoYessee Flow Resistance

21、Yessee Flow ResistancePorosityNo standardNoYesYesTurtuosityNo standardElectrical methodNoYessee TortuosityYessee TortuosityAbsorption + ImpedanceISO and ASTM standardsKundt Tube method Transfer FunctionNoYessee KundtYessee KundtNo standardKunt Impulse ResponseNoYessee KundtYessee KundtPlane wave Tra

22、nsmission LossNo standardsDouble Kundt tubeYesYessee KundtYessee KundtNo standardsDouble Kundt tube Impulse Response methodYesYessee KundtYessee KundtImpedance and physical modelNo standardNew Kundt tube versionYesYesSolutions 汇总第65页Kundt tube：阻抗管系统SCS 9020B 系列驻波管吸声系数复反射系数复表面阻抗传递损失复质量密度复体积模量第66页ISO

23、standard 10534-2 it is not very good actually and we do not recommend to follow it in total.Our recommendation it is to use the positions M1 and M2 or M2 and MII which are the original positions in the earlier ISO and are also the best one in our experience.Mic. Positions R and MI have been introduc

24、ed due to the latest revision of ISO 10534-2 which requires a higher Microphones distance for low frequencies. However, if you want to use position R, you shall move the sample about 15cm away to assure a minimum distance between the Mic. R and the sample. You just have to move backward the piston,

25、it is very simple.RM2M1MIIMIKundt tube：吸声系数测试配置第67页Microphones positions1 2Microphones positions3 4SampleSound Source1 or 2 Loads(anechoic terminations)unu*nTL 测试没有相关ISO或者ASTM标准3 microphones method or “single” load TL Modulus only4 microphones method or “two-loads” TL Modulus, f, ZcKundt tube：吸声系数测试

26、配置第68页From ISO 10534 it can be seen that Sound absorption coefficient of the material can be determined using Standardized Kundt apparatus with 2 methods:SWT “standing wave ratio” and TF “transfer function method”While the SWT intrinsically get to single Frequency values, steady state sinusoidal exc

27、itation, the TF is based on FFT and FRF so it get to expressed in a full spectrumA problem: how to derive 1/3 or 1/1 octave values from TF method?Common sense says: take the values at the Frequencies corresponding to 1/3 octave bands nominal value!New methodology based on the measurement of the reve

28、rberation time in the tube.It can be considered a kind of hybrid among ISO 10534 but it is more precise and energetically correct.The sound signal is an exponential sine sweep of which it is measured the Impulse Response Function IRF.By convoluting the IFR with 1/3 octaves IIR we obtain the from a “

29、whole” 1/3 octave bands and not just from a single Frequency line!Sine SweepIRFKundt device with add.on elements for T60Kundt Tube extended metodologies (T60)第69页Everything is compatible with standard Kundt deviceCircled items are add-on for T60Squared items are standardSample IISample ILoudspeakerO

30、nly 1 micorphone is necessaryImpulse Response (from T60 measurment)A new method for the measurement of single and coupled absorption coefficients It is based on the reverberation time in the Kundt tubeThe method produces 1/3 octave band sound absorption values and complies with ISO-ASTM results but

31、resolves ambiguities in the conversion of FFT values into 1/3 octave values. The sound energy is injected at side and moves in both directions and build up the standing wavesAfter each impact of the plane waves with the samples at the ends the intensity of the waves is reduced yelding to the concept

32、 of Reverberation TimeReverberation time (T60) is obtained from the measurement of the impulse response using a methodology known as “exponential sine sweep”: Squared Impulse Response and Schroeder back-integration to evaluate the reverberation time in the tube with an exceptional S/N ratio. Compari

33、son of results for 0 using ISO-ASTM method (TF) and the Impulse Response (TF) for T60 evaluationTransmission Loss measurements in a tube can also be performed.The excitation signal is a sine sweep and the impulse response of each microphone position is determined. The maxima peaks shift of the measu

34、rements gives the distance x1 to x4 and the amplitude coefficient of the Complex Pressure function are determined and used to estimated the coefficient of Transfer Function Matrix Kundt Tube extended metodologies (T60)第70页ABS Cabine: 混响箱系统SCS 9031 ABS Cabine样本尺寸 1m*1.2m频率范围： 500 8000Hz 1/1 Octave 31

35、5 8000 Hz 1/3 Octave空间5个测试点，内部配置自动旋转定位装置；墙壁由多层复合结构制成，隔声量优于20dB(100Hz)；专业后处理软件：基于施罗德原理，Windows XP第71页SCS9023流阻测试（EN 29053）电子速度控制器标定杯可调样品夹具可替换凸轮直径100mm管体，包含活塞和齿轮传动电机1/2“ 麦克风及附件专业后处理软件Flow Resistivity：流阻测试系统第72页SCS 9028 开孔孔隙率测试适合用于开孔性材料测试，如 纤维、毛毡、泡沫等高精度驱动控制，微米级空腔压力差为0.3-1 mm Hg之间测试精度优于 1 %Porosity：开孔率测

36、试系统第73页SCS 9025 弯曲率测试系统（No Std）圆柱形水箱、测量箱试样夹具、电极、管路及连接件桌面型宽频带功率推进器，带有高、低通滤波器专业测量分析软件包Turtuosity：弯曲率测试系统第74页PAM-RC RoKCellsoftware determine parameters related to visco-inertial and thermal dissipation inside a porous material following JCAL (Johnson Champoux Allard Lafarge) model. It allows for the d

37、etermination of 5 parameters: the static air flow resistivity, the high frequency limit of the dynamic tortuosity, the viscous and thermal characteristic lengths the static thermal permeability. It is “unique” for 2 reasons:the implemented method consists in an analytical inversion of all non-direct

38、ly measurable parameters: it does not rely on any curve fitting; method described by Panneton & Olny in their and publications. It allows the determination of the static thermal permeability:a parameter introduced by Lafarge et al. to improve the description of the thermal dissipation inside porous

39、media. PAM-RC Software第75页PAM-RC RoKCellsoftwareRoKCell main panel:IN the example it shows Normal incidence absorption coefficient measured vs. estimated resultscharacterization windows for visco-inertial (tortuosity, viscous characteristic length) main parameter is complex mass density.Characteriza

40、tion windows for thermal parameters (thermal characteristic length, static thermal permeability) main parameter is Bulk modulusPAM-RC Software第76页PAM-RC RoKCellsoftware - How it works? As simple as 1, 2 and 3Preliminary:Get Kundt tube data: Complex impedance, TL, complex mass density and Bulk modulu

41、sGet Open porosity or try a first guess (0.8 to 0.9)Step 1Adjust cursors in the characterization windows for visco-inertial (tortuosity, viscous characteristic length) main parameter is complex mass density in the low frequency range until obtaining a good correspondance between experimental data an

42、d theoretical ones Step 2Adjust cursors in the Characterization windows for thermal parameters (thermal characteristic length, static thermal permeability) main parameter is Bulk modulus - in the mid frequency range until obtaining a good correspondance between experimental data and theoretical ones

43、 Step 3Go to PAM-RC RoKCell main panel (Normal incidence absorption coefficient, TL, or Impedance) and adjust porosity to obtain the best correspondance between measured vs. estimated resultsValidationResults check: Run “Auto” mode to estimate the whole set of parameters and check if the previous an

44、alytical results are confirmed.Standard physical model is JCAL with 6 parametersAlternatively it also works based on Delany and Bazley model with Flow resistivity as single parameter All experimental data, estimated data and other information are stored in “txt” readable files.PAM-RC Software第77页SCS

45、 9026 弹性测试测试系统动态杨氏模量，动刚度，阻尼损耗因子等钢&铝制机械结构步进式正弦信号发生器及闭环控制器静态杨氏模量及泊松比测试选项包含加载机构压缩材料，经过两组多束激光测量侧向变形，分辨率到达10 micron真空测试环境选项真空环境舱及真空泵，环境可到达100 mBASeismic table 桌面Mechanical stifness：弹性参数测试系统第78页隔声测试处理方案非标准产品可依据客户要求提供符合各种标准要求大、中、小型隔声测试方案第79页SCS 9022 SAE 阻尼测试方案测试基础钢板 600 x 600m 5mm 厚承载板及弹性支撑装置等ICP型力锤， 0 to

46、445N, 11.2 mV/N加速度传感器，ICP型，灵敏度7mV/g专业后处理软件SAE J671 阻尼测试系统第80页Oberst Bar 阻尼测试系统SCS 9021 Oberst 测试系统测试专用台架、可调整夹具及机械臂电磁激振器及电源适配器等高温、非接触感应式位移传感器位移传感器信号输入调理，BNC输出参考钢杆300 x10 mm 1mm 厚专业后处理软件第81页声学包开发CAE仿真Part 5第82页/1/15材料预测模型第83页任意截面形状圆柱孔内空气有效密度和有效模量其中材料预测模型-介观力学第84页刚性框架材料内声传输从几何框架出发模拟多孔材料等效密度和模量难度很大，所以多数

47、建模采取了 phenomenological 理论（homogenization theory），其中 Johnson and Champoux and Allard 工作得到了广泛认可很显著，有效密度和有效模量取决于材料 5 个几何参数airflow resistivity , open porosity , tortuosity viscous characteristic length , thermal characteristic length 材料预测模型-均质理论第85页表面阻抗及传输常数Delany and Bazley 模型适合玻璃棉和较软岩棉材料预测模型-半经验公式第86页

48、针对多孔弹性材料，并假设材料为均质和各向同性材料预测模型-Biot 原理第87页Statistical Energy AnalysisTypical applicationsAssemblies doors, cockpits, etc.Systems and sub sub-systemsComplete vehicles interior & exteriorTypical frequency range 500 to 10k HzAdvantagesGeometric detail not criticalAccurate to higher frequenciesSolution ti

49、mes relatively short (min.)Moderate computing power needsDisadvantagesRequires structural structural-acoustic expertiseValidation testing can be complicated complicated第88页Hybrid FEM/SEA Method Typical applicationsComplete vehicle modelsComponentsTypical frequency range 10 to 10k HzAdvantagesNearly

50、full frequency rangeDisadvantagesEmerging technology Not much experience yet with this technology第89页90Vehicle Airborne exitation How can we predict diffraction of source around vehicle in order to define exterior SPL for SEA model? Airborne SEA modelsourceOption # 1 : Use test data time consuming,

51、non predictiveOption # 2 : Use semi-empirical methods not accurateOption # 3 : Use simulation objective of this study第90页91 / SubsystemPressure distribution at specific frequencySpace/frequency averaged pressure response in 1/3rd octave bandCPU timeAccuracyFMM solution outputSEA model inputEvaluatio

52、n of resultsVehicle Airborne excitation第91页第92页第93页第94页95FEM+PEM怎样在整车有限元模型中模拟装饰效果（0-400Hz）？?方法 # 1 :- 在白车身结构有限元基础上采取等效质量/弹簧模拟装饰，并对有限元声腔进行等效方法 # 2 :- 采取完全 BIOT方程 描述多孔弹性材料，模拟结构、装饰和流体完全耦合响应模型能够正确描述物理现象及响应第95页PEM 描述内装饰、耦合效果而且计算耦合响应FEM+PEM第96页PAM-P AlphaCellis a software based on the Tranfer Matrix Metho

53、d (TMM/FTMM) It predicts the sound absorption or sound transmission performances of material layers. These layers can describe porous media, solid materials or fluids (air).User can apply simple and advanced models:Delany Bazley(1 parameter),JAC Johnson Champoux Allard(5 parameters),JACL Johnson Cha

54、mpoux Allard Pride Lafarge (8 parameters),Olny Boutin double prosoity model, micro-perforated facings with circular, rectangular or slit-like perforations,Biot model (isotropic skeleton, 4 parameters) which can be applied to all previous acoustic models to include the elastic effects of the porous f

55、rame. AlphaCell features:an intuitive interface, a database of materials (from experiments or from PAM-RC estimation), a project management for simulations, a customizable PDF report generation of the simulations, a data export/import for comparisons.PAM-P software：多层声学包设计优化第97页Layer nameModelParameters1Foam 4 AA09 Fig11.11Acoustic: JCAElastic: Elastic (