土木工程专业外文文献及翻译

1、英文原文：AbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult insolveofengineeringactual problem, thistext carried ona studyanalysis to alittlebitfamiliar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete thecircumstanceputforwardsomeprevention,processingmeasu

2、re.Keyword:ConcretecrackpreventionprocessingForewordConcretes is 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water andother mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not andall material. Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. ase

3、ries problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spiritcaveand tinycrack,is exactlybecausethesebeginning startblemishofexistencejustmake the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality. Thetiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete h

4、eavy, defend Shen and alittle bit other use function not a creation to endanger. But after the concrete besubjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack wouldcontinuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid ofinstruments of macro view the c

5、rack be also the crack that the concrete often say intheengineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because ofcrack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc.material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ab

6、ility,durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life,severity will threat arrive peoples life and property safety. A lot of all of crash ofengineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the resultthat. Modern age science research with a

7、 great deal of of the concrete engineeringpractice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, alsoacceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will itendanger degree control at certain of scope inside. The reinforced concrete norm isalso explic

8、it provision: Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the conditionallow existence certain the crack of width. But at under construction should as far aspossible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure dontappear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of

9、amount and width,particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insureengineeringqualitythus.Concrete crackcreation ofthe reason bea lot ofand have already transformedto cause of crack: Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, theasymmetry sink to sink etc. r

10、eason cause of crack; Have outside carry the crack thatthe function cause; Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. causedwithchemicaleffect.Wantdifferentiationto treatintheactualengineering, workoutaproblemaccordingtotheactualcircumstance.Intheconcreteengineeringthefamiliarcrackandthepr

11、evention1.StemSuocrackandpreventionStem theSuo crackmuch appearafter theconcrete protectbeoverofa periodof time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week. In thecement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind ofconstringency is cant negative. Stem Su

12、o crack of the creation be main is because ofconcrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause totransform dissimilarity of result: The concrete is subjected to exterior condition ofinfluence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree ofhumidity va

13、riety smaller transformsmaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform tobe subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint butcreation crack. The relative humidity is more low, cementsyrup body stem Suo morebig, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation. Stem the Suo crac

14、k is much surfaceparallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm,theflat surface partmuch see inthe bigphysical volumeconcrete andfollow itmorein thinner beam plank short to distribute. Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen ofinfluence concrete, cause the durable of

15、 the rust eclipse influence concrete ofreinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation thewater power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc.Concrete stem theSuo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition,cement of cement, ga

16、ther to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, inadditionetc.relevant.Main prevention measure: While being to choose to use the constringencyquantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stovecement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement. Two is a concret

17、e of stem theSuo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big,stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far aspossible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in themeantime accommodation of reduce water. Three i

18、s strict control concrete mixblend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantityabsolute cant big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity. Four is theearlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extensionprotect of concrete time. Winte

19、r construction want to be appropriate extensionconcreteheatpreservation tooverlaytime,andTu2Shuaprotectto protect.Fiveisaconstitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringencysew.2.TheSuconstringencycrackandpreventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surf

20、ace because of losewater quicker but creation of constringency. The Su constringency crack is general atdry heat or strong wind the weather appear, cracks much presenting in the centerbreadth,both endsbein the centerthinand the length be different,with eachothernot coherent appearance. Shorter crack

21、 general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack canreach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm. It creation of main reason is: The concrete iseventually almosthaving nostrength orstrengthbefore the Ning verysmall, perhapsconcrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat orcomparestrongwinddin

22、tofinfluence,theconcretesurface losewaterto lead quick,result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physicalvolume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again cantresist its constringency, therefore creation cracked. The influence concrete

23、Suconstringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete ofcondensetime,environmenttemperature,windvelocity,relativehumidity.etc.Main prevention measure: One is choose to use stem the Suo value smallerhigher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour b

24、rinemire. Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reducewater to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decreasecement and water of dosage. Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, waterbasic leveland template even to soakthrough. Four is

25、 in time to overlay theperhapsdamp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventuallybefore the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect inthe concrete surface. Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want toestablishtohidesunand

26、blockbreezefacilities,protectintime.3.SinktosinkcrackandpreventionThecreationwhichsinkto sinkcrackis becauseofthestructurefoundationsoilquality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water butresult in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that; Perhaps becaus

27、e oftemplate just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from bigor prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template propup at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink todecline and cause concrete structure creation cra

28、ck. This kind crack many is deepenter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking tosink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 s-45 Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong,crack width usuall

29、y with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation. Crackwidth under the influence of temperature variety smaller. The foundation aftertransformstabilitysinktosinkcrackalsobasictendinstability.Main prevention measure: One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soilfoundation a construc

30、tion at the upper part structurefront should carry onnecessityof Hang solid with reinforce. Two is the strength that assurance template is enoughand just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dinteven. Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the pr

31、ocess issoak by water. Four is time that template tore down to cant be too early, and wantto notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence. Five is at jelly soil top take toestablishtemplatetonoticetoadoptcertainofpreventionmeasure.4.TemperaturecrackandpreventionTemperature crack much the occurrence

32、is in big surface or difference intemperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of theconcrete structure. Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process,cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cementdosage is in the 350-

33、550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release acalories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise toreach to 70 or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be morebig, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but

34、 noteasy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surfacespread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference intemperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exteriorhot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make c

35、oncrete surface creationcertain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pullstrength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crackmuch occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete ofunder construction be differenc

36、e in temperature variety more big, perhaps is aconcrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface thetemperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency ofthe concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull

37、shoulddintbutcreation crack,thiskindofcrackusually justinmoreshallowscopeoftheconcretesurfacecreation.Thealignmentofthetemperaturecrackusually nonesettleregulation,bigareastructure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beamplank length, the crack run parallel with shor

38、t side more;Thorough with piercethrough sex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism orclose parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center moreairtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature varietyinfluence more obvious, w

39、inter compare breadth, summer more narrow.Theconcrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center thethick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.Theemergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, thec

40、arbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired andanti-Shenabilityetc.Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot ormedium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stovecement.etc.Two is adecrease cementdosage, cementd

41、osage as faras possiblethecontrol is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash ofthe general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the boneanticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove orefficiently reduce water etc. to come to

42、 reduce cement dosage and lower water toturn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lowersprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add ahaveof fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in theconcrete, impr

43、ovement theconcrete mix to match a thingofmobility, protect water,lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heatseason sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc.assistance measurecontrolconcreteofWen Sheng, lowerto sprinkle temperature

44、ofbuild the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete shouldthe dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperatureshould dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface,layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build,for the conven

45、ience of in spread hot, let upcontrol.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cooloff piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outsidedifference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concretetemperature, adopt to cool o

46、ff in time, protection measure.11 is to reservetemperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper beforebuilding concrete in the Ji rock and old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat alayer orusage asphalt etc.material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect,the

47、 concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slices etc.overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time,assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concretesurface should constitution heat preservation measure,

48、in order to prevent coldwave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing barperhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scopeinside.5.CrackandpreventionthatthechemicalreactioncauseAlkali bones anticipating the crack that reaction

49、crack and reinforcing bar rusteclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because ofchemicalreactionbutcauseofcrack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ionwith some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb

50、surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, makeconcrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergenceconcrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should atunder construction adopt valid the measure carry on preventi

51、on.Main of preventionmeasure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestonebone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or haveno alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate torepressanalkalibonetoanticipate

52、reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcingbar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to makereinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rusteclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the c

53、rack of this kind type much is acrack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar appear.Usually of preventmeasure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of thelayer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete tosprinkle to note an

54、d flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2Shuaantisepsiscoating.CrackprocessingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole withjust degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, accelerationconcrete of carbonization, lower durabl

55、e and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shenability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance wewant differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safetyusage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following somemethod:Surfac

56、e repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structurereinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protectionmethodandimitatetolivingfromhealmethod.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, itmain be applicable to stability and to

57、 structure loading the ability dont have thesurface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processingmeasure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreathoxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsismaterial,atprotection of

58、inthemeantime for keepingconcrete fromcontinue underthe influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface incrackgluetostickglassfiberclothetc.measure.1,infusesyrup,theQiansewmethodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to haveinfluence or have alre

59、ady defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it ismake use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack ofconcrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one bewhole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has thecement th

60、e syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalizetolearnmaterial.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common usemethod in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigidwater material with attain closing crack of purpose