中国坚持通过谈判解决中国与菲律宾在南海的有关争议 白皮书 中英对照

1、中国坚持通过谈判解决中国与菲律宾在南海的有关争议China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea（2016年7月）中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室July 2016The State Council Information Officeof the Peoples Republic of China目录Contents引言Introduction一、南海诸岛是中国固有

2、领土I. Nanhai Zhudao are Chinas Inherent（一）中国对南海诸岛的主权是历史上确立的i. Chinas sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao is established in the course of history（二）中国始终坚定维护在南海的领土主权和海洋权益ii. China has always been resolute in upholding its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea（三）中国对

3、南海诸岛的主权得到国际社会广泛承认iii. Chinas sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao is widely acknowledged in the international community二、中菲南海有关争议的由来II. Origin of the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea（一）菲律宾非法侵占行为制造了中菲南沙岛礁争议i. The Philippines invasion and illegal occupation caused d

4、isputes with China over some islands and reefs of Nansha Qundao（二）菲律宾的非法主张毫无历史和法理依据ii. The Philippines illegal claim has no historical or legal basis（三）国际海洋法制度的发展导致中菲出现海洋划界争议iii. The development of the international law of the sea gave rise to the dispute between China and the Philippines over marit

5、ime delimitation三、中菲已就解决南海有关争议达成共识III. China and the Philippines Have Reached Consensus on Settling Their Relevant Disputes in the South China Sea（一）通过谈判解决南海有关争议是中菲共识和承诺i. It is the consensus and commitment of China and the Philippines to settle through negotiation their relevant disputes in the Sou

6、th China Sea（二）妥善管控南海有关争议是中菲之间的共识ii. It is the consensus of China and the Philippines to properly manage relevant disputes in the South China Sea四、菲律宾一再采取导致争议复杂化的行动IV. The Philippines Has Repeatedly Taken Moves that Complicate the Relevant Disputes（一）菲律宾企图扩大对中国南沙群岛部分岛礁的侵占i. The Philippines attempts

7、to entrench its illegal occupation of some islands and reefs of Chinas Nansha Qundao（二）菲律宾一再扩大海上侵权ii. The Philippines has increasingly intensified its infringement of Chinas maritime rights and interests（三）菲律宾企图染指中国黄岩岛iii. The Philippines also has territorial pretensions on Chinas Huangyan Dao（四）菲律宾

8、单方面提起仲裁是恶意行为iv. The Philippines unilateral initiation of arbitration is an act of bad faith五、中国处理南海问题的政策V. Chinas Policy on the South China Sea Issue（一）关于南沙群岛领土问题i. On the territorial issues concerning Nansha Qundao（二）关于南海海洋划界问题ii. On maritime delimitation in the South China Sea（三）关于争端解决方式iii. On th

9、e ways and means of dispute settlement（四）关于在南海管控分歧和开展海上务实合作iv. On managing differences and engaging in practical maritime cooperation in the South China Sea（五）关于南海航行自由和安全v. On freedom and safety of navigation in the South China Sea（六）关于共同维护南海和平稳定vi. On jointly upholding peace and stability in the So

10、uth China引言Introduction1. 南海位于中国大陆的南面，通过狭窄的海峡或水道，东与太平洋相连，西与印度洋相通，是一个东北西南走向的半闭海。南海北靠中国大陆和台湾岛，南接加里曼丹岛和苏门答腊岛，东临菲律宾群岛，西接中南半岛和马来半岛。1. Situated to the south of Chinas mainland, and connected by narrow straits and waterways with the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Indian Ocean to the west, the South Chin

11、a Sea is a semi-closed sea extending from northeast to southwest. To its north are the mainland and Taiwan Dao of China, to its south Kalimantan Island and Sumatra Island, to its east the Philippine Islands, and to its west the Indo-China Peninsula and the Malay Peninsula.2. 中国南海诸岛包括东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛和南

12、沙群岛。这些群岛分别由数量不等、大小不一的岛、礁、滩、沙等组成。其中，南沙群岛的岛礁最多，范围最广。2. Chinas Nanhai Zhudao (the South China Sea Islands) consist of Dongsha Qundao (the Dongsha Islands), Xisha Qundao (the Xisha Islands), Zhongsha Qundao (the Zhongsha Islands) and Nansha Qundao (the Nansha Islands). These 3. 中国人民在南海的活动已有2000多年历史。中国最早

13、发现、命名和开发利用南海诸岛及相关海域，最早并持续、和平、有效地对南海诸岛及相关海域行使主权和管辖。中国对南海诸岛的主权和在南海的相关权益，是在漫长的历史过程中确立的，具有充分的历史和法理依据。3. The activities of the Chinese people in the South China Sea date back to over 2,000 years ago. China is the first to have discovered, named, and explored and exploited Nanhai Zhudao and relevant water

14、s, and the first to have continuously, peacefully and effectively exercised sovereignty and jurisdiction over them. Chinas sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao and relevant rights and interests in the South China Sea have been established in the long course of history, and are solidly grounded in history

15、and law.4. 中国和菲律宾隔海相望，交往密切，人民世代友好，原本不存在领土和海洋划界争议。然而，自20世纪70年代起，菲律宾开始非法侵占南沙群岛部分岛礁，由此制造了中菲南沙群岛部分岛礁领土问题。此外，随着国际海洋法的发展，两国在南海部分海域还出现了海洋划界争议。4. As neighbors facing each other across the sea, China and the Philippines have closely engaged in exchanges, and the two peoples have enjoyed friendship over gener

16、ations. There had been no territorial or maritime delimitation disputes between the two states until the 1970s when the Philippines started to invade and illegally occupy some islands and reefs of Chinas Nansha Qundao, creating a territorial issue with China over these islands and reefs. In addition

17、, with the development of the international law of the sea, a maritime delimitation dispute also arose between the two states regarding certain maritime areas of the South China Sea5. 中菲两国尚未举行旨在解决南海有关争议的任何谈判，但确曾就妥善处理海上争议进行多次磋商，就通过谈判协商解决有关争议达成共识，并在双边文件中多次予以确认。双方还在中国和东盟国家2002年共同签署的南海各方行为宣言（以下简称宣言）中就通过

18、谈判协商解决有关争议作出郑重承诺。5. China and the Philippines have not yet had any negotiation designed to settle their relevant disputes in the South China Sea. However, the two countries did hold multiple rounds of consultations on the proper management of disputes at sea and reached consensus on resolving throug

19、h negotiation and consultation the relevant disputes, which has been repeatedly reaffirmed in a number of bilateral documents. The two countries have also made solemn commitment to settling relevant disputes through negotiation and consultation in the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in th

20、e South China Sea (DOC) that China and the ASEAN 6. 2013年1月，菲律宾共和国时任政府违背上述共识和承诺，单方面提起南海仲裁案。菲律宾把原本不属于联合国海洋法公约（以下简称公约）调整的领土问题，以及被中国2006年依据公约第298条作出的排除性声明排除的海洋划界等争议加以曲解和包装，构成对公约争端解决机制的滥用。菲律宾妄图借此否定中国在南海的领土主权和海洋权益。6. In January 2013, the then government of the Republic of the Philippines turned its back

21、on the above-mentioned consensus and commitment, and unilaterally initiated the South China Sea arbitration. The Philippines deliberately mischaracterized and packaged the territorial issue which is not subject to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the maritime delimita

22、tion dispute which has been excluded from the UNCLOS dispute settlement procedures by Chinas 2006 optional exceptions declaration pursuant to Article 298 of UNCLOS. This act is a wanton abuse of the UNCLOS dispute settlement procedures. In doing so, the Philippines attempts to deny Chinas territoria

23、l sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea.7. 本文件旨在还原中菲南海有关争议的事实真相，重申中国在南海问题上的一贯立场和政策，溯本清源，以正视听。7. This paper aims to clarify the facts and tell the truth behind the relevant disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea, and to reaffirm Chinas consist

24、ent position and policy on the South China Sea issue, in order to get to the root of the issue and set the record straight.一、南海诸岛是中国固有领土I. Nanhai Zhudao are Chinas Inherent（一）中国对南海诸岛的主权是历史上确立的i. Chinas sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao is established in the course of history8. 中国人民自古以来在南海诸岛和相关海域生活和从事生产

25、活动。中国最早发现、命名和开发利用南海诸岛及相关海域，最早并持续、和平、有效地对南海诸岛及相关海域行使主权和管辖，确立了对南海诸岛的主权和在南海的相关权益。8. The Chinese people have since ancient times lived and engaged in production activities on Nanhai Zhudao and in relevant waters. China is the first to have discovered, named, and explored and exploited Nanhai Zhudao and

26、relevant waters, and the first to have continuously, peacefully and effectively exercised sovereignty and jurisdiction over them, thus establishing sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao and the relevant rights and interests in the South China Sea.9. 早在公元前2世纪的西汉时期，中国人民就在南海航行，并在长期实践中发现了南海诸岛。9. As early as th

27、e 2nd century BCE in the Western Han Dynasty, the Chinese people sailed in the South China Sea and discovered Nanhai Zhudao in the long course of activities.10. 中国历史古籍，例如东汉的异物志、三国时期的扶南传、宋代的梦粱录和岭外代答、元代的岛夷志略、明代的东西洋考和顺风相送、清代的指南正法和海国闻见录等，不仅记载了中国人民在南海的活动情况，而且记录了南海诸岛的地理位置和地貌特征、南海的水文和气象特点，以很多生动形象的名称为南海诸岛命名

28、，如“涨海崎头”、“珊瑚洲”、“九乳螺洲”、“石塘”、“千里石塘”、“万里石塘”、“长沙”、“千里长沙”、“万里长沙”等。10. A lot of Chinese historical literatures chronicle the activities of the Chinese people in the South China Sea. These books include, among others, Yi Wu Zhi (An Account of Strange Things) published in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), F

29、u Nan Zhuan (An Account of Fu Nan) during the period of the Three Kingdoms (220-280), Meng Liang Lu (Record of a Daydreamer) and Ling Wai Dai Da (Notes for the Land beyond the Passes) in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), Dao Yi Zhi Le (A Brief Account of the Islands) in the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), Dong

30、 Xi Yang Kao (Studies on the Oceans East and West) and Shun Feng Xiang Song (Fair Winds for Escort) in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and Zhi Nan Zheng Fa (Compass Directions) and Hai Guo Wen Jian Lu (Records of Things Seen and Heard about the Coastal Regions) in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). These bo

31、oks also record the geographical locations and geomorphologic characteristics of Nanhai Zhudao as well as hydrographical and meteorological conditions of the South China Sea. These books record vividly descriptive names the Chinese people gave to Nanhai Zhudao, such as Zhanghaiqitou (twisted atolls

32、on the rising sea), Shanhuzhou (coral cays), Jiuruluozhou (nine isles of cowry), Shitang (rocky reefs), Qianlishitang (thousand-li rocky reefs), Wanlishitang (ten thousand-li rocky reefs), Changsha (long sand cays), Qianlichangsha (thousand-li sand cays), and Wanlichangsha (ten thousand-li sand cays

33、).11. 中国渔民在开发利用南海的历史过程中还形成一套相对固定的南海诸岛命名体系：如将岛和沙洲称为“峙”，将礁称为“铲”、“线”、“沙”，将环礁称为“匡”、“圈”、“塘”，将暗沙称为“沙排”等。明清时期形成的更路簿是中国渔民往来于中国大陆沿海地区和南海诸岛之间的航海指南，以多种版本的手抄本流传并沿用至今；记录了中国人民在南海诸岛的生活和生产开发活动，记载了中国渔民对南海诸岛的命名。其中对南沙群岛岛、礁、滩、沙的命名至少有70余处，有的用罗盘方位命名，如丑未（渚碧礁）、东头乙辛（蓬勃暗沙）；有的用特产命名，如赤瓜线（赤瓜礁）、墨瓜线（南屏礁）；有的用岛礁形状命名，如鸟串（仙娥礁）、双担（信义礁

34、）；有的用某种实物命名，如锅盖峙（安波沙洲）、秤钩峙（景宏岛）；有的以水道命名，如六门沙（六门礁）。11. The Chinese fishermen have developed a relatively fixed naming system for the various components of Nanhai Zhudao in the long process of exploration and exploitation of the South China Sea. Under this system, islands and shoals have become known

35、as Zhi; reefs Chan, Xian, or Sha; atolls Kuang, Quan or Tang; and banks Shapai. Geng Lu Bu (Manual of Sea Routes), a kind of navigation guidebook for Chinese fishermens journeys between the coastal regions of Chinas mainland and Nanhai Zhudao, came into being and circulation in the Ming and Qing Dyn

36、asties, and has been handed down in various editions and versions of handwritten copies and is still in use even today. It shows that the Chinese people lived and carried out production activities on, and how they named Nanhai Zhudao. Geng Lu Bu records names for at least 70 islands, reefs, shoals a

37、nd cays of Nansha Qundao. Some were named after compass directions in Chinese renditions, such as Chouwei (Zhubi Jiao) and Dongtou Yixin (Pengbo Ansha); some were named after local aquatic products in the surrounding waters such as Chigua Xian (Chigua Jiao, chigua means red sea cucumber) and Mogua X

38、ian (Nanping Jiao, mogua means black sea cucumber); some were named after their shapes, such as Niaochuan (Xiane Jiao, niaochuan means bird string) and Shuangdan (Xinyi Jiao, shuangdan means shoulder poles); some were named after physical objects, such as Guogai Zhi (Anbo Shazhou, guogai means pot c

39、over) and Chenggou Zhi (Jinghong Dao, chenggou means steelyard hook); still some were named after waterways such as Liumen Sha (Liumen Jiao, liumen means six doorways).12. 中国人民对南海诸岛的命名，部分被西方航海家引用并标注在一些19至20世纪权威的航海指南和海图中。如Namyit（鸿庥岛）、Sin Cowe（景宏岛）、Subi（渚碧礁）来源于海南方言发音“南乙”、“秤钩”、“丑未”。12. Some of the name

40、s given by the Chinese people to Nanhai Zhudao were adopted by Western navigators and marked in some authoritative navigation guidebooks and charts published in the 19th and 20th centuries. For instance, Namyit (Hongxiu Dao), Sin Cowe (Jinghong Dao) and Subi (Zhubi Jiao) originate from Nanyi, Chengg

41、ou and Chouwei as pronounced in Hainan dialects.13. 大量历史文献和文物资料证明，中国人民对南海诸岛及相关海域进行了持续不断的开发和利用。明清以来，中国渔民每年乘东北信风南下至南沙群岛海域从事渔业生产活动，直至次年乘西南信风返回大陆。还有部分中国渔民常年留居岛上，站峙捕捞、挖井汲水、垦荒种植、盖房建庙、饲养禽畜等。根据中外史料记载和考古发现，南沙群岛部分岛礁上曾有中国渔民留下的作物、水井、房屋、庙宇、墓塚和碑刻等。13. Numerous historical documents and objects prove that the Chine

42、se people have explored and exploited in a sustained way Nanhai Zhudao and relevant waters. Starting from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese fishermen sailed southward on the northeasterly monsoon to Nansha Qundao and relevant waters for fishery production activities and returned on the southweste

43、rly monsoon to the mainland the following year. Some of them lived on the islands for years, going for fishing, digging wells for fresh water, cultivating land and farming, building huts and temples, and raising livestock. Chinese and foreign historical literature as well as archaeological finds sho

44、w that there were crops, wells, huts, temples, tombs and tablet inscriptions left by Chinese fishermen on some islands and reefs of Nansha Qundao.14. 许多外国文献记录了很长一段时间内只有中国人在南沙群岛生产生活的事实。14. Many foreign documents also recorded the fact that during a long period of time only Chinese lived and worked on

45、 Nansha Qundao.15. 1868年出版的英国海军部中国海指南提到南沙群岛郑和群礁时指出：“海南渔民，以捕取海参、介壳为活，各岛都有其足迹，也有久居岛礁上的”，“在太平岛上的渔民要比其他岛上的渔民生活得更加舒适，与其他岛相比，太平岛上的井水要好得多”。1906年的中国海指南以及1912年、1923年、1937年等各版中国航海志多处载明中国渔民在南沙群岛上生产生活。15. The China Sea Directory published in 1868 by order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty of the Unite

46、d Kingdom, when referring to Zhenghe Qunjiao of Nansha Qundao, observed that Hainan fishermen, who subsist by collecting trepang and tortoise-shell, were found upon most of these islands, some of whom remain for years amongst the reefs, and that the fishermen upon Itu-Aba island Taiping Dao were mor

47、e comfortably established than the others, and the water found in the well on that island was better than elsewhere. The China Sea Directory published in 1906 and The China Sea Pilot in its 1912, 1923 and 1937 editions made in many parts explicit records of the Chinese fishermen living and working o

48、n Nansha Qundao.16. 1933年9月在法国出版的彩绘殖民地世界杂志记载：南沙群岛9岛之中，惟有华人（海南人）居住，华人之外并无他国人。当时西南岛（南子岛）上计有居民7人，中有孩童2人；帝都岛（中业岛）上计有居民5人；斯帕拉岛（南威岛）计有居民4人，较1930年且增加1人；罗湾岛（南钥岛）上，有华人所留之神座、茅屋、水井；伊都阿巴岛（太平岛），虽不见人迹，而发现中国字碑，大意谓运粮至此，觅不见人，因留藏于铁皮（法文原文为石头）之下；其他各岛，亦到处可见渔人居住之踪迹。该杂志还记载，太平岛、中业岛、南威岛等岛屿上植被茂盛，有水井可饮用，种有椰子树、香蕉树、木瓜树、菠萝、青菜、土豆

49、等，蓄养有家禽，适合人类居住。16. The French magazine Le Monde Colonial Illustr published in September 1933 contains the following records: Only Chinese people (Hainan natives) lived on the nine islands of Nansha Qundao and there were no people from other countries. Seven were on Nanzi Dao (South West Cay), two of

50、 them were children. Five lived on Zhongye Dao (Thitu Island); four lived on Nanwei Dao (Spratly Island), one person more over that of 1930. There were worship stands, thatched cottages and wells left by the Chinese on Nanyao Dao (Loaita Island17. 1940年出版的日本文献暴风之岛和1925年美国海军航道测量署发行的亚洲领航（第四卷）等也记载了中国渔民

51、在南沙群岛生产生活的情况。17. Japanese literature Boufuu No Shima (Stormy Island18. 中国是最早开始并持续对南海诸岛及相关海上活动进行管理的国家。历史上，中国通过行政设治、水师巡视、资源开发、天文测量、地理调查等手段，对南海诸岛和相关海域进行了持续、和平、有效的管辖。18. China is the first to have continuously exercised authority over Nanhai Zhudao and relevant maritime activities. In history, China has

52、 exercised jurisdiction in a continuous, peaceful and effective manner over Nanhai Zhudao and in relevant waters through measures such as establishment of administrative setups, naval patrols, resources development, astronomical observation and geographical survey.19. 例如，宋代，中国在两广地区设有经略安抚使，总绥南疆。宋代曾公亮

53、在武经总要中提到中国为加强南海海防，设立巡海水师，巡视南海。清代明谊编著的琼州府志、钟元棣编著的崖州志等著作都把“石塘”、“长沙”列入“海防”条目。19. For instance, in the Song Dynasty, China established a post of Jing Le An Fu Shi (Imperial Envoy for Management and Pacification) in the regions now known as Guangdong and Guangxi to govern the southern territory. It is me

54、ntioned in Zeng Gongliangs Wujing Zongyao (Outline Record of Military Affairs) that, in order to strengthen defense in the South China Sea, China established naval units to conduct patrols therein. In the Qing Dynasty, Ming Yis Qiongzhou Fuzhi (Chronicle of Qiongzhou Prefecture), Zhong Yuandis Yazho

55、u Zhi (Chronicle of Yazhou Prefecture) and others all listed Shitang and Changsha under the items of maritime defense.20. 中国很多官修地方志，如广东通志、琼州府志、万州志等，在“疆域”或“舆地山川”条目中有“万州有千里长沙、万里石塘”或类似记载。20. Many of Chinas local official records, such as Guangdong Tong Zhi (General Chronicle of Guangdong), Qiongzhou Fu

56、 Zhi (Chronicle of Qiongzhou Prefecture) and Wanzhou Zhi (Chronicle of Wanzhou), contain in the section on territory or geography, mountains and waters a statement that Wanzhou covers Qianlichangsha and Wanlishitang or something similar.21. 中国历代政府还在官方地图上将南海诸岛标绘为中国领土。1755年皇清各直省分图之天下总舆图、1767年大清万年一统天下图

57、、1810年大清万年一统地理全图、1817年大清一统天下全图等地图均将南海诸岛绘入中国版图。21. The successive Chinese governments have marked Nanhai Zhudao as Chinese territory on official maps, such as the 1755 Tian Xia Zong Yu Tu (General Map of Geography of the All-under-heaven) of the Huang Qing Ge Zhi Sheng Fen Tu (Map of the Provinces Di

58、rectly under the Imperial Qing Authority), the 1767 Da Qing Wan Nian Yi Tong Tian Xia Tu (Map of the Eternally Unified All-under-heaven of the Great Qing Empire), the 1810 Da Qing Wan Nian Yi Tong Di Li Quan Tu (Map of the Eternally Unified Great Qing Empire) and the 1817 Da Qing Yi Tong Tian Xia Qu

59、an Tu (Map of the Unified All-under-heaven of the Great Qing Empire).22. 历史事实表明，中国人民一直将南海诸岛和相关海域作为生产和生活的场所，从事各种开发利用活动。中国历代政府也持续、和平、有效地对南海诸岛实施管辖。在长期历史过程中，中国确立了对南海诸岛的主权和在南海的相关权益，中国人民早已成为南海诸岛的主人。22. Historical facts show that the Chinese people have all along taken Nanhai Zhudao and relevant waters as

60、a ground for living and production, where they have engaged in exploration and exploitation activities in various forms. The successive Chinese governments have exercised jurisdiction over Nanhai Zhudao in a continuous, peaceful and effective manner. In the course of history, China has established s