专业英语翻译

1、1the fundamental concepts基本概念cross section横截面the internal stresses produced in the bar杆的内应力continuous distribution ofhydrostatic pressure流体静压力 the tensile load拉伸载荷a uniform distribution over the cross section在横截面均匀分布arbitrary cross-sectional shape任意截面形状tensile stresses拉应力compressive stresses压应力a nor

2、mal stress正应力through the centroid of the cross sectional area通过横截面形心the uniform stress condition压力均匀分布the stress distribution at the ends of the bar杆末端应力分布high localized stresses高度应力集中an axially loaded bar轴向载荷杆件a tensile strain拉应变an elongation or stretching of the material材料拉伸a compressive strain压应变

3、the ratio of two lengths两个长度的比值purely statical and geometrical considerations从纯静态以及几何角度考虑1.That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一种分支，被称作力学，力学由两大部分构成，静力学和动力学。2.For example, if the f

4、orce operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的互相接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。3.Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direct

5、ion, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.力的直观概念涉及力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素。4.All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of de

6、formation, in order to simplify the analysis.所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。当变形很小的时候它们被假设成刚体，也就是不产生变形。5.The rigid-body assumption cannot be used in internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming.刚体假设不能应用于内应力和内应变的分析，因此在实

7、际力的分析时，要考虑物体的形变。6.If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.如果作用在质点上所有的力是平衡的，质点将会保持静止或做做匀速直线运动。21) the main manifestations of capacity 重要的体现能力2) the maximum unit load （ stress） 最大单位载荷

8、（应力）3）stress-strain diagram 应力应变图4）the simple tensile test 简朴的拉伸实验5）the percentage elongation at rupture 断裂伸长率6）the ends of tensile specimens 拉伸试样的两端7）permanent deformation 永久变形8）the resulting load-displacement curve 由此产生的载荷位移曲线9）a substantial yielding of the material 大量产生的物质10）yield point 屈服点11) th

9、e transition from elastic to plastic behavior 从弹性到塑性的过度12）material property table 材料属性表13）plastic deformation 塑性变形14）a specified standard length of the specimen 指定的原则式样长度15）at the moment of rupture 此刻的破裂16）short cylindrical specimens 短圆柱标本17）ductile materials 韧性材料18）high stress concentration 高应力集中19

10、）ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度20）strain hardening zone 应变硬化区Atensiletestconsistsofslowlypullingasampleofmaterialwithatensileloaduntilitbreaks.Theendsoftensilespecimensareusuallyenlargedtoprovideextraareaforgrippingandtoavoidhavingthesamplebreakwhereitisbeinggripped.拉伸实验涉及慢慢加载拉伸载荷直到断裂，拉伸试件两端加粗为了提供

11、装夹区域和避免试件断裂。The usual manner of conducting thetestisto deform the specimen at a constant speed .For example, in the Universal testing machines, themotion between the fixed and moving cross heads canbe controlled at a constant speed.一般进行实验的措施就是使试件以恒定速度发生变形。例如，在万能拉伸实验机上，固定端和移动的十字滑块之间的变形是以恒定速度进行的。The l

12、oad that must be applied to enforce this displacement rate varies as the test proceeds. This load F may be divided by the cross-sectional area A to obtain the stress in the specimen at any time during the test.随着实验的进行，用来产生位移的载荷是随位移的变化而变化。在实验中，载荷F除以横截面积A可以得到任意时刻点的应力。4）However actual measurement of L

13、ispreferablewhereThis is feasible. Stress and strain based onthe initial(undeformed) dimensions, Ai and Li, are called engineering Stress and strain.然而，在可行的位置的L的实际测量是更可取的，基于原始尺寸Ai和Li的应力和应变称为工程应力和工程应变。5)Ductile and brittle materials behave differently in compression test as well. The compression test

14、 is conducted on short Cylindrical specimens placed between parallel plates.塑性和脆性材料在压缩实验中体现的特性是不相似的。压缩实验是把短圆柱形试件放在两平行平板之间进行的The compression test diagram forthesematerials retains.The qualitative features of the tension test diagram.The ultimate compressive strength of a brittle of a brittle material

15、 is determined in the same wayasintension.材料压缩实验图保持了拉伸实验图性能上的特性。脆性材料的最大压缩强度与最大拉伸强度得到的措施相似。41) herringbone gears人字形齿轮2）spiral gears螺旋齿轮3）worm gears蜗轮4) bevel gears（圆）锥齿轮，伞齿轮5）hypoid gears准双曲面齿轮6）sizes of spur-gear teeth轮齿尺寸7) the automotive rearaxle drives汽车后桥驱动8) rack-and-pinion drives齿条和小齿轮驱动9) dia

16、metral pitch径节10) pitch circle节圆11) the tangency point切点12) pressure angles压力角13) an involute curve渐开线曲线14) the radial distant径向距离15) at right angles成直角16) the average number of teeth in contact平均啮合齿数17) the reciprocal of the diametral pitch径节的导数18) to change inches to millimeters将英寸改为毫米19) a line p

17、erpendicular to the centerlines垂直于中心线的线20) center distance between two meshed gears 两个互相啮合齿轮的中心距离1)Pressure angles for spur gears are usually 14.5 or 20 degress,although other values can be used. Meshing gears must have the same pressure angles. 译文：虽然直齿圆柱齿轮的压力角可以取诸多其她值，但一般大多是在14.5至20度之间。互相啮合齿轮的压力角必须

18、相似。2)The shape of the space between gear teeth is complex and varies with the number of teeth on the gear as well as tooth module, so most gear manufacturing methods generate the tooth flank instead of forming.译文：由于齿轮齿数以及齿形的不同，齿轮齿侧间隙的形状也是复杂多样的，因此大多数齿轮的制造措施是范成发而不是成型法。3) Worm gears are used where high

19、 ratios are desired and where the shafts are nointersecting and at right angles.译文：蜗轮蜗杆常用于那些规定高传动比同步两根轴不交叉但成直角的场合。4) It has the great advantage that the cutting tool is a simple rack with(nearly) straight sided teeth which can easily be ground accurately.译文：一种很大的优势在于刀具是在一种简朴的齿条几乎可以直接精确地支起被磨损的轮齿。5) M

20、odern shapers cutting car gears can run at cutting per minute. The shape of the cutter is roughly the same as an involute gear but the tips of the teeth are rounded.译文：现代牛头刨床削减汽车齿轮可以运营在每分钟。刀具的形状大体与渐开线齿轮的圆形轮齿相似。6) Bevel gears are often used when two shafts are at right angles to each other and their

21、centenline extensions intersect; however,some bevel gears are at angles other than 90 degrees.译文：锥齿轮常用于两轴互相垂直且它们中心线的延长线相交的场合下。可是，有些锥齿轮的轴线并非互相垂直。51. plate cams盘形凸轮2. cylindrical cams圆柱凸轮3. the cam assemblies in automatic record players录音机上的凸轮组件4. cam profiles凸轮轮廓5. make a full-scale template制造一种实尺样板6

22、. in the course of several revolutions of the cam在凸轮转几转的过程中7. a tangential plate template切向盘形凸轮8. a translation cam移动凸轮9. the groove in the periphery of the cam凸轮表面上的槽10. a guided vertical reciprocated follower纵向做往复运动的从动件11. a constant-diameter cam等径凸轮12. automatic washing machines自动洗衣机13. a face ca

23、m面凸轮14. the edge of a pivoted follower摆动从动件的边沿15. a reciprocating knife-edged follower一种做往复运动的刃口式从动件16. miniature snap-action electrical switches 微型速动电开关17. a pivoted flat-faced follower一种转动的平面从动件18. air pilot values空气试点值19. the abrupt change in cam profile凸轮轮廓的突变20. a Scotch yoke mechanism苏格兰约克机构1.

24、The purpose of any cam is to produce a displacement of its follower is ofen used to produce additional displacement in another location.使用凸轮的目的是使其从动件产生位移，次级从动件常用来在另一位置产生附加位移2.The relative vertical position of point A with respect to B needs to be raised if the reaction value at B is excessive.如果B点的值

25、超量，点A相对于B的垂直位置就要升高 3.In general, the follower is considered to be the part that comes in contact with the cam profile. However, when a secondary follower is used, the motion of the secondary follower is dicatated by that of the primary follower. 总的来说，从动件是与凸轮轮廓相接触的零件。然而，当用次级从动件时，次级从动件的运动就需要通过重要从动件来实现

26、4.The simplest type of follower is the reciprocating type that merely moves up and down (or in and out) with the rotation of the cam; the centerline can be either collinear with the cam centerline or offset from it.最简朴的从动件是随着凸轮的转动而仅作上下（或进出）往复运动的从动件，其中心线可与凸轮中心线共线，也可与之偏离。 5.Fasteners are devices which

27、 permit one part to be joined to a second part and, hence, they are involved in almost all designs.紧固件是一种可以连接两个零件的部件，因此她们几乎在所有设计中都被波及到 。2.Springs are mechanical members which are designed to give a relatively large amount of elastic deflection under the action of an externally applied load. 弹簧是一种被设计

28、为在外部负载的作用下能发生相对大量弹性变形的机械部件。 61)a developing and demanding industry产业的发展与规定2)propeller shaft螺旋轴3)suspension components悬挂部件4)a sliding splined type of joint滑动式花键5)tow rear axle shafts双转向轴轴6)to mesh with a larger bevel gear与较大的锥齿轮啮合7)the universal joints万向节8)a steering wheel转向盘9)unevenness of road surf

29、ace路面的不平整度10)the transverse line of the the axle shafts该轴的横向线11)to cause excessive tyre wear使轮胎磨损过度12)the exactly similar diameter完全相似的直径13)quarter-elliptic leaf springs四分之一椭圆钢板弹簧片 14)the transmission of shock震动的传播15)road surface variation路面的变化16)the final-drive gears最后传动齿轮17)the precise alignment o

30、f shaft轴的精拟定位18)a rotating drum一种旋转的筒鼓19)a hand lever手柄20)be locked in the one position被锁定在一种位置 1)The lubrication system provides a constant flow of filtered oil to all moving parts of the engine. The system consists of an oil pan to store the oil, a pump to circulate it, a filter to remove solid ab

31、rasive particles, and an oil gauge or light in the drivers compartment for checking purposes.译:润滑系统提供了源源不断的过滤油给发动机的各个运动部件，该系统由一种油箱来储存油，一种泵来输送油，一种过滤装置除去固体磨料颗粒，并且在驾驶室里有个油压表或者批示灯来以便驾驶员检查油量与否充足。2)The drive line consists of mechanisms and units which transmit torque from the engine to the drive wheels an

32、d change torque and rpm in magnitude and direction.译:传动系涉及机制和单位，它将扭矩传送到驱动轮并变化转矩和转速的大小和方向。3)It has been seen that if the conditions are not very abnormal, sufficient amount of tyre slip taking place under running conditions would release these stresses completely.译:可以看到，如果运营状况不是很正常，轮胎在行驶的状况下发生足够的滑移，这

33、些压力就会被完全释放出来。4)Much effort is required to crank the engine during starting, since it is necessary to overcome friction in the moving engine components and the resistance offered by the charge being compressed.译:发动机开始运营需要通过许多努力，例如必须要克服发动机运动部件之间的阻力和内部装置间的压力。5)The clutch is a friction device used to co

34、nnect and disconnect a driving force from a driven member .It is used in conjunction with an engine flywheel to provide smo0th engagement and disengagement of the engine and manual transmission.译:离合器是一种将驱动力从驱动机构连接或者断开的摩擦装置，它由人力操控连接发动机的飞轮来提供平滑的连接与分离。6)The differential is a gear system that transfers

35、power from the drive shaft to the driving axles. It also permits one driving wheel to turn faster than the other to prevent skidding and scuffing of tires on turns.译:差速器是一种将动力从积极轴传送到驱动轴的齿轮装置，它的存在可以容许一种驱动轮的速度比另一种更快从而避免轮胎在转动时发生打滑和擦伤。71.Green sand 型砂2.Pour molten metal into a prepared cavity 将熔融的金属倒入型腔

36、中3.More stable and refractory sands 耐熔砂4.Be used to produce intricate molds 用来制作复杂铸型5.Both ferrous and nonferrous materials 黑色及有色金属6.Parting powder 分形砂7.Be rammed 夯实8.Pattern draft 拔模斜度9.Sprues,runners and gates 直浇道，横浇道和内浇口10.A pouring basin 外浇口11.To make up for shrinkage losses 用于弥补收缩损失12.The cope

37、and the drag 上沙箱和下沙箱13.Some organic bonding materials 某些有机黏合材料14.Gross shrinkage 缩孔15.A bottom-pouring ladle 底部浇注铁水包16.The rate of solidification 凝固速率17.To affect the degree of liquid contraction 影响液体收缩的限度18.Columnar growth present at the mold wall 铸型中针状物的成长19.The feeding characteristics of the rise

38、ring system冒口的补缩特性20.Unwanted metal protrusions 多余的金属突起1.The first stage in the production of sand casting must be the design and manufacture of a suitable pattern.Casting pattern has to be made larger than the finished casting size to allow for the shrinkage that takes place during solidification a

39、nd cooling.在型砂锻造生产中，第一阶段是必须设计和制造合适的模型，考虑到铸件在凝固和冷却期间产生的收缩，铸件模型的尺寸要比铸件的尺寸大。2.If a hollow casting is to be made the pattern will include extension pieces so that spaces to accept the sand core are molded into the sand,These additional spaces in the mold are termed core prints.如果锻造空心铸件时，模型上涉及伸长杆便于在砂中放置砂

40、芯的空间称为型芯座3.Sand molds for the production of small and medium-sized castings are made in a molding box.The mold is made in two or more parts in order that the pattern may be removed.中小型尺寸的铸件砂型是在一种砂箱中制造，砂型由两部分或更多部分构成，以利于模型的顺利取出。4.This process of filling and ramming may be done by hand but mold product

41、ion is automated in a large foundry with the mold boxes moving along a conveyor,firstly to be filled with sand from hoppers and then to pass under mechanical hammers for ramming.填充和夯实的过程可以手工完毕，但在大型锻造中砂型的制造是自动完毕的，砂箱随着传送带移动，一方面被料斗中的砂子填满，然后通过机械锤被打实。5.The risers should coincide with the highest points o

42、f the mold cavity so that the displaced air can readily escape from the mold. The sizes of risers should be such that the metal in them does not freeze too rapidly.冒口应当与型腔的最高点相连接，使得进入的空气可以容易的从模型中溢出，冒口的尺寸应当足够大使模型中金属不会太快凝固。6.When the metal that has been poured into a sand mold has fully solidified, th

43、e mold is broken and the casting is removed. The casting still has the runner and risers attached to it and there will be sand adhering to portions of the surface. 当熔融的金属被倾倒到砂型内并充足凝固后来，砂型将被打破取出铸件，铸件上仍然带有横浇口和冒口并且仍然有砂子粘在表面。81).bulk deformation df metals 金属体积成形2).forging, rolling, or extruding锻造、轧制、挤压3

44、).plastic deformation 塑性变形4).impact blows 影响冲击5).the recrystallization point of the metal 金属的再结晶点6).hot working and cold working 热加工和冷加工7).better surface finish 更好的表面光洁度8).hammer forging 锤锻造9).striking the hot metal 热金属的10).a slow squeezing acting 缓慢的挤压作用11).open dies ang closed dies 开模和封闭模具12).beve

45、l gears with straight or helical teeth 圆锥齿轮跟直齿轮或者螺旋齿轮的齿13).impression dies 型腔模具14).each of die cavities 每个模腔15).mass production 大规模生产16).a homogeneous circumferential grain flow 均匀圆周颗粒流17).the three-dimensional description 三维描述18).computer simulation计算机模拟19).hydraulic presses 液压机20).be rough- and fi

46、nished-machined 是粗糙的并且通过机加工完毕的1.Forging means the shaping of metal by a series of hammer blows,or by slow application of pressure.The simplest example is a blacksmiths forging of a hot piece of metal by hammering the work-piece on an anvil.锻造是指通过一系列的捶打或缓慢的挤压使金属成形的过程。最简朴的例子就是铁匠通过在铁砧上捶打一块热的金属来制造工件。2.H

47、eavy smiths forging is fundamentally similar,differing only in the scale of the operation,The work-piece may be an ingot of 100 tons and the deforming force provided by a massive forging hammer,but the whole process is controlled by the master smith,who decides each time where,and with what force ,t

48、he blow should take place.铁匠们沉重的锻造工作基本上是相似的,不同的地方只是在于锻造的规模,工件也许是一种100吨的金属锭，并且金属锭变形所需要的力是通过一把大规模的锻造锤提供,但是整个过程都是由主铁匠控制,决定每一次捶打在什么地方，用什么力量以及与否需要冷却。3.Forging operations may be carried out using either forging hammers or forging presses.With a press,as opposed to a hammer,pressure is slowly applied and p

49、lastic deformation tends to occur fairly uniformly throughout the meterial.锻造时可以用锻造锤，也可以用锻造压力机。与锻造锤不同,通过锻造压力机锻造时，压力被缓慢的施加，塑性变形往往会相称均匀地贯穿整个材料。4.Forging hammers are of two basic types with the large hammer either dropping on to the work-piece accelerated by gravity alone or,as in the steam hammer,acce

50、lerated by both gravity and steam pressure.大型锻造锤有两种基本类型，一种捶打工件仅仅靠重力使大锤加速,另一种靠重力和蒸汽加速使大锤加速，如蒸汽锤。5.Smiths or open-die forging is used for making very large forgings or when the number of forgings of a particular design is small.Open-die forging is also used to preform metal prior to final shaping by m

51、eans of closed-die forging.锤锻或开模锻合用于制造非常大锻件，或少量特殊设计锻件。开模锻还可以用于金属闭模锻之前的粗加工。6.Closed-die forging involves the use of accurately machined die blocks.The capital cost of a pair of die blocks is high,but this is allowable when it is required to make forgings to close dimensional tolerances and in large q

52、uantity,as would be the case for,say,connecting rods fir the engine of a popular car.闭模锻波及到精确加工模块的使用。一对模具块的成本很高,但当锻件尺寸公差规定很高，数量很大状况下，闭模锻是合用的91) carrying high-amperage current 带有高电流2) the electrode and the work-piece 电极和工件3) the weld pool 熔池4) a column of ionized gas called plasma 等离子区的柱状电离气体5) the o

53、xides and nitrides 氮氧化物6） the positive ions 正离子7) deleterious substances 有害物质8） the newly solidified metal 新凝固金属 9) in overhead welding 仰焊10） current density 电流密度11） deposition rate 沉积速率12） an unbalanced magnetic field 不平衡磁场13） arc blow 电弧偏吹14） the electrode coating 焊条涂层15） in overhead position 仰焊场合

54、16） the cooling rate of the deposited metal 焊缝金属的冷却速率17） a more homogeneous microstructure 更均匀的显微（构造）18） a soomth flow of molten metal 熔融金属的平稳流动19） cellulosic-coated electrodes 纤维涂层的焊条20） perpendicular to the current path 垂直于电流通道1） Arc welding in one form or another is the most widely used form of w

55、elding. The electrical supply is low voltage but high amperage and may be either alternating or direct. 电弧焊在一种或另一种形式是应用最广泛的焊接形式。电源供应低电压，但是大电流,可以是交流或直流。2) The earliest forms of arc welding used carbon electrodes. But nowadays the arc is struck between a metal electrode and the work-piece. The electro

56、de may either be of tungsten or be a consumable metal electrode that melts, acting as a source of filler metal.最早的形式的电弧焊用碳电极。但如今弧金属电极和工件之间。电极可以是钨或可熔化,作为填充金属供源的消耗性金属电极。3) An alternating-current arc is broken and re-established at each half cycle and this leads to arc instability although the use of a

57、rc-establishing agents in the flux coating of electrode wires can overcome this problem. 交流电弧被打破,重新建立在每个半周期和这导致电弧不稳定虽然在电极布线焊剂涂层使用电弧建立剂可以克服这个问题。4) Uncoated welding rods can be used for arc wilding , but it is more usual to use flux-coated electrodes.When steels are welded using uncoated electrodes, o

58、xides and nitrides can form and remain in the weld with a consequent loss of toughness. 裸焊接棒可用于电弧野生植物,但更一般使用焊剂涂层电极。钢焊接使用裸电极时,氧化物和氮化物可以形成并保持在焊缝的韧性。5) Flux-coated electrodes are widely used. The composition of the coating is complex and a variety of different coatings are used to cater for different t

59、ypes of welding application. 焊剂涂层电极被广泛使用。涂料的构成很复杂,多种不同的涂料用于满足不同类型的焊接应用。6) In this case the electron flow is from electrode to work-piece. A concentrated arc issues from the electrode tip and heating of the work-piece is largely confined to the very small area beneath the electrode.在这种状况下,电子流动从电极到工件。

60、集中弧电极头和工件的加热问题重要局限在极小的区域下的电极。101) plain carbon steel一般碳素钢2) carbon content 含碳量3) low carbon steel 低碳钢4) medium carbon steel 中碳钢5) high carbon steel 高碳钢6) be cold worked 冷加工7) be heat treated热解决8) contain 20 point of carbon 碳含量0.2%9) in the hot-rolled condition 热轧状态10) heat-treat-hardened plain carbo