美国文学选读复习资料

1、AmericanPuritanism殖民地时期(roughlyfromthesettlementofAmericaintheearly17thcenturythroughtheendofthe18th)、BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林作品：1、PoorRichardsAlmanac格言历书-ACollectionofmaxims,orproverbs,onthevalueofworkandsavingsforsuccess.2、TheAutobiography自传美国梦的根源3、参与起草独立宣言浪漫主义AmericanRomanticismTheRomanticPeriodst

2、retchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWarItisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature.ThesocialandculturalbackgroundofRomanticismTheyoungRepublicwasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.TheRomanticwritingsrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheiro

3、wnintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.TheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvalues.Romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faith

4、invalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandmanssocietiesasasourceofcorruption.二、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加爱伦坡-poet,shortstorywriterandliterarycritic(48poems,70shortstories)Hegreatlyinfluencedthedevoteesof“Artforartssake.”Hewasfatherofpsychoanalyticcri

5、ticism(心理分析批评),andthedetectivestory.诗歌的精髓就是追求美小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。ThePoeticPrinciple:Thepoem,shouldbeshort,readableatonesitting;Beauty(therhythmicalcreationofbeauty);Melancholy忧伤(especiallythedeathofabeautifulwoman).代表作：TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍大厦的倒塌Ligeia莉盖亚AnnabelLee安娜贝尔李TheRaven乌鸦TheCaskofA

6、montillado阿芒提拉多的酒桶-gothicnovel人物：蒙特利瑟Montresor,弗图纳多Fortunato，筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事。爱默生Emerson=ThechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism超验主义Hewasadescendent(后裔)ofalonglineofNewEnglandclergymen牧师【pastor】.散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。AmericanTranscendentalismAsaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,America

7、nTranscendentalism(alsoknownasAmericanRenaissance)flourshedinNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilWar.ItisthehightideofAmericanromanticismanditsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocatesinEmersonandThoreau.TranscendentalistsspokefortheculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.Transc

8、endentalism超验主义(+H.D.Thoreau;NathanielHawthorne;)ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism:TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.思想超灵宇宙TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualisthemostimportantelementofSociety.个

9、体+社会TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGodsoverwhelmingpresenee.自然+上帝代表作：Nature论自然-theBibleofTranscendentalismbyEmerson；Self-Relianee论自助-是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一TheAmericanScholar论美国学者；TheOver-soul论超灵四、NathanielHawt

10、horne纳撒尼尔霍桑-effectedby超验主义HewasbornintoaprominentPuritanfamily.Oneofthemostambivalent(矛盾的)writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.主要成就：美国心理分析小说的开创者浪漫主义小说家心理小说家代表作：MossesfromanOldManse古宅青苔；Twice-ToldTales故事重述;TheMarbleFaun玉石雕像;TheHouseoftheSevenGables带有七个尖角阁的房子TheScarletLetter红字Manyofhisearlierstorieshad

11、treatedthemesthatledtoTheScarletLetter.Theme:Puritanseveritytowardsexandmatrimonyanditstendencytosuppressbrightcolorandtruefeelings.TheScarletLetter红字:HesterPrynne-strong-willed,impetuous,akingofcompassionate,maternalfigure;Pearl-innocent,perceptive;RogerChillingworth-amandeficientinhumanwarmth,true

12、evilinthestory;ArthurDimmesdale-intelligentandemotional.SymbolisminhisworksHawthorneisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantradition清教徒传统andbequeathedtoAmericanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Inhismasterpiece,byusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorneemphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbrough

13、ttothecommunityandpeoplelivinginthatcommunity.WiththescarletAasthebiggestsymbolofall,whichisambiguous,heproveshimselftobeoneofthebestsymbolists.五、HermanMelville赫尔曼梅尔维尔Theearlysailingexperienceswererewarding.代表作：WhiteJacket白外衣BillyBudd毕利伯德,Typee泰比，Omoo欧穆，Mardi玛地.MobyDick1851白鲸-百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗（熊福克纳、

14、老人与海海明威、白鲸梅尔维尔）MobyDickrepresentsthesumtotalofMelvillesbleakviewoftheworldinwhichhelived.ItisatonceGodlessandpurposeless.Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.Onceheattemptstoseekpoweroveritheisdoomed.TheideathatmancanmaketheworldforhimselfisnothingbutaTranscendent

15、alistfolly.MobyDickthusrevealsthebasicpatternof19thcenturyAmericanlife:lonelinessandsuicidalindividualisminaself-styleddemocracy.(anegativereflectionuponTranscendentalism)SymbolisminMobyDick：-ItisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.Itisnotmerelyawhalingtaleorseaadventure,consideringthatMelvilleisagr

16、eatsymbolist.Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruth寻找真理andknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintomansdeeprealityandpsychology.-Differentpeopleonboardtheshiparerepresentationsofdifferentideasanddifferentsocialandethnicgroups;factsbecomesymbolsandincidentsacquireuniversalmean

17、ings;thePequodisthemicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.Thewhitewhale,MobyDick,symbolizesnatureforMelville,foritiscomplex,unfathomable难以理解的,malignant恶性的,andbeautifulaswell.H.D.Thoreau梭罗andhisworkWalden瓦尔登湖notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-relianeebutalsodevelopsandte

18、stsThoreausowntranseendentalphilosophy.HenryWadsworthLongfellow朗费罗FeaturesofLongfellowspoeticworkslChiefromantictendeneiesashumanitarianattitude,loveofnatureandloveofbeauty.lThefirstAmericanpoettowritenarrativepoems.lConventionalstyleandsubjectslGenerallysimpleideasexpressedmusicallyandpowerfully.lS

19、implicityanddetachmentfromthedeepproblemsofcontemporarylife19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。传统派，励志型。诗集：夜吟VoicesoftheNight歌谣及其他BalladsandOtherPoems伊凡杰琳Evangeline海依华沙之歌TheSongofHiawatha诗歌：我射出一支箭IShotanArrow.APsalmofLife生命颂人生颂-第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌WaltWhitman沃尔特惠特曼美国著名诗人、人文主义者，他创造了诗歌的自由体(FreeVerse-withoutafixedbeatorreg

20、ularrhymescheme.)ThefirsteditionofLeavesofGrass草叶集waspublishedin1855.Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualismareallthatconcernedhim.WritingfeaturesofWhitmanAsingerfortheidealsofequality,democracyandhumandignity.-Songsforhimself,forthelabourofcommonAmericanpeople,naturalcreation,the

21、independenceofthecountryoveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.-Freeverse,rhythmicalunit,phoneticrecurrence.诗歌：我歌唱自我OnesSelfISing噢，船长I我的船长IOCaptain!MyCaptain!九、EmilyDickinson（19世纪唯一出名的女作家）-IDiedforBeauty,becauseIcouldnotstopforDeath.美国女诗人，狄金森一生都没有离开过自己的家乡，对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌她的诗歌预示了

22、20世纪诗歌的诞生。宅女，想象力，诗歌（死亡、爱情、失败、无标点）Whitman:societyDickinson:innerlifeoftheindividualMostofherpoemsareaboutdeathandimmortality.Natureistoherbothbenevolentandcruel.EmilywasanenergeticandoutgoingwomanwhileattendingtheAcademyandSeminary.Mostofherpoemsareaboutlifeandnature.Theyareshort;manyofthemarebasedon

23、asingleimageorsymbol.作品：要描绘一片早原ToMakeaPrairie最美妙的胜利感觉SuccessIsCountedSweetest我是无名之辈ImNobody!TheAgeofRealismThewarledmanytoquestiontheassumptionssharedbythetranscendentalistsnaturalgoodness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.Ittaughtmenthatlifewasnotgood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.Asaliterarymo

24、vement,theAgeofRealismcameintoexistenceafterRomanticismwiththeCivilWarItwasareactionagainst“thelie”ofRomanticismandsentimentalism,andpavedthewaytoModernism.Thisliteraryinterestintheso-called“reality”oflifestartedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingknownasTheAgeofRealism.Thethreedominantfiguresofth

25、eperiod:WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,HenryJamesJameswrotemostlyoftheupperreachesofAmericansociety.Howellsconcernedhimselfchieflywithmiddleclasslife.Twaindealtlargelywiththelowerstrataofsociety.MarkTwainandHowellsseemedtohavepaidmoreattentiontothe“life”oftheAmericans,andHenryJameshadapparentlylaidgre

26、ateremphasisonthe“innerworldofman.十、MarkTwain马克吐温Writing:humorandlocalcolorismThecharacteristicsoflocalcolorism:-Twainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.Thisparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregioncameaboutas“localcolorism”auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism

27、.-LocalColorismorRegionalismfirstappearedinthelate1860sandearlyseventiesinAmerica.HamlinGarlanddefinedlocalcolorismashaving“suchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananative.”Theultimateaimofthelocalcoloristsistocreatetheillusionofanindigenous土产的l

28、ittleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.-Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.代表作：LifeontheMississippi密西西比河上TheAdventuresofTomSawyer汤姆索

29、亚历险记TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn哈克贝里费恩历险记-(MarkTwainsmostrepresentativework)TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn-ThenoveliswritteninalanguagethatistotallydifferentfromtherhetoricallanguageusedbyEmerson,Poe,andMelville.-Hischaracters,confinedtoaparticularregionandtoaparticularhistoricalmoment,speakwithas

30、trongaccent,whichistrueofhislocalcolorism.-TherichmaterialofhisboyhoodexperienceontheMississippibecametheendlessresourcesforhisfiction,andtheMississippivalleyandtheWestbecamehismajortheme.-Hishumor,akindofartisticstyleusedtocriticizethesocialinjusticeandsatirizethedecayedromanticism,isremarkable.人物：

31、HuckleberryFinn、Jim、TomSawyer、WidowDouglasandMissWatson、PapTheDukeandDauphin(公爵和法国皇太子)HenryJames亨利詹姆斯作品：ThePortraitofaLady一个女士的画像DaisyMiller黛西密勒Theinternationaltheme:themeetingofAmericaandEurope,AmericaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithEuropeandecadeneeandthemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsarising

32、therefromLikeHawthorne,Jamesregardedevilasessentiallyofinwardcauseandrepeatedlyemphasizedmagnanimityandthebeautyofgoodness.PsychologicalRealism心理现实主义Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharactersthoughtsandmotivations.AndHenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.

33、Hebelievedthatrealityliesintheimpressionsmadebylifeonthespectator,andnotinanyfactsofwhichthespectatorisunaware.Suchrealismisthereforemerelytheobligationthattheartistassumestorepresentlifeasheseesit.AmericanNaturalism自然主义TheimpactofDarwinsevolutionarytheory达尔文讲化论ontheAmericanthoughtandthe19thcenturyF

34、renchliteratureontheAmericanmenoflettersgaverisetoanotherschoolofrealism:Americannaturalism.Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral与道德无关的,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredity遗传andenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivion湮没indeath.代表作家StephenCrane；

35、FrankNorris；TheodoreDreiser；EdwinArlingtonRobinson;UptonSinclair;JackLondon；OHenryStephenCrane:Maggie:AGirloftheStreets街头女郎麦姬；TheRedBadgeofCourage；红色英勇勋章TheOpenBoat；海上扁舟TheodoreDreiser:TrilogyofDesire:1.TheFinancier2.TheTitan3.TheStoic；SisterCarrie；JennieGerhardt；AnAmericanTragedyO.Henry(WilliamSydn

36、eyPorter):TheGiftoftheMagi;TheCopandtheanthemTheModernPeriodTheModernPeriod:The1920s-1930s(thesecondrenaissaneeofAmericanliterature)又称：-TheRoaringTwenties(economically)-TheJazzAge(socially)-lostandwasteland(spiritually)，其中，“lost”来源：GertrudeStein“wasteland”来源T.S.EliotThehistoricandculturalbackground-

37、TheUSAsparticipationinWorldWarImarkedacrucialstageinthenationsevolutiontoaworldpower.Bytheseconddecadeofthe20thcentury,theUSAhadbecomethemostpowerfulindustrializednationintheworld.Therewasadeclineinmoralstandardandthefirstfewdecadesofthe20thcenturywasbestdescribedasaspiritualwasteland.Therehadbeenab

38、igflushofnewtheoriesandnewideasinbothsocialandnaturalsciences.Darwinism(Darwin),Socialism(KarlMarx),Psychoanalysis(SigmundFreud)TheLostGenerationTheterm“LostGeneration”camefromGertrudeStein,whohadasaloninherhouseforEnglishandAmericanexpatriatesinParis.ThePhrasewasaremarkshemadetoamechanicinHemingway

39、spreseneethat“Youareallalostgeneration”GertrudeSteinusedthetermtodescribethepost-WorldWarIgenerationofAmericanwriters:menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.ThetermiscommonlyappliedtoErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,EzraPound,SherwoodAnderson,JohnDo

40、sPassos,E.E.Cummingsandsomeothers.WinnersofNobelPrizeforLiteratureduringthisperiod:SinclairLewis(1930)第一获奖的美国人(特点:MainStreet,Babbitt);EugeneONeill(1936);PearlS.Buck(1938);T.S.Eliot(1948);WilliamFaulkner(1949);ErnestHemingway(1954);JohnSteinbeck(1962)十、F.ScottFitzgerald弗斯科特菲茨杰拉德AmericanDreamIntheUnit

41、edStatesDeclarationofIndependence独立宣言,ourfoundingfathers:heldcertaintruthstobeself-evident,thatallMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongthesearelife,LibertyandthePursuitofHappiness.作品:TheSideofParadise人间天堂TheBeautifulandtheDamned漂亮的冤家FlappersandPhil

42、osophers姑娘们与哲学家们TalesoftheJazzAge爵士乐时代的故事TenderistheNight夜色温柔TheCrack-up崩溃TheLastTycoon(unfinished)TheGreatGatsbyJayGatsbyisamandrivenbygreed,ambitionand,mostofall,anunwaveringdesireforawomanhemetbeforetheGreatWar,whenhewaspoorandshewasunobtainable.AsGatsbyreinventshimselfinanattempttobuyhiswayintot

43、hesocialeliteofLongIslandsGoldCoast,heyearnstorekindlehisromaneewiththewomanwhostolehisheartyearsbefore.Butwhenthechancefinallyarrives,ashadowoftragedyiscastoverwhatGatsbylongimaginedwouldbehistriumphantmoment.TheGreatGatsby了不起的盖茨比视为美国文学“爵士时代啲象征，以美国梦AmericanDream为主线。“迷惘的一代”人物Gatsby盖茨比，Daisy黛西，Tom汤姆，

44、Nick尼克，Myrtle(汤姆的情妇)，Wilson(汤姆情妇的丈夫)十二.WilliamFaulkner(1897-19621949Nobelprice:“forhispowerfulandartisticallyuniquecontributiontothemodernAmericannovel.”“StreamofConsciousness”意识流or“interiormonologue”,内心独白isoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofac

45、haractefsthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Heoftenemploysstreamofconsciousnessnarrative,discardsandnotionofchronologicalorder,usesmultiplenarrations,shiftsbetweenthepresentandpasttense,andtendstowardim

46、possiblylongandcomplexsentences.写作特点、内容：YoknapatawphaCountry-以故乡为原型虚构的，表现南方贵族家庭的没落SouthernfamilyTheTownofJefferson作品:TheSoundandtheFury(1929)喧嚣与骚动，取自莎士比亚的麦克白AsILayDying(1930)我弥留之际LightintheAugust(1932)八月之光Absalom,Absalom(1936)押沙龙，押沙龙！GoDownMoses(1942)去吧，摩西23部长篇小说，11个短篇小说，7个诗集，6个电影剧本，1个电视剧剧本十三.Ernest

47、Hemingway厄内斯特海明威“迷惘的一代”作家的主要人物IcebergPrinciple仃heory):冰山法则Thedignityofmovementoftheicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.文学作品能看到的只要外在的1/8,影响力深邃，随着时代不同人而改变，不会失去光泽；万物之所以精彩在于深藏不露Codehero铁汉子Hemingwayheroesanoblebuttragichero;fightingwiththeoverwhelmingforce;thoughheknowsthathewillbedefeatedatl

48、ast,hedecidestoactlikeahero.InonesenseHemingwaywroteallhislifeaboutonetheme,whichisneatlysummedupinthefamousphrase“graceunderpressure(重压下的风度)MajorWorks:TheSunAlsoRises1926(JakeBarnes)太阳照常升起AFarewelltoArms1928(atragicstoryaboutwarandlove)(FredericHenryandCatherineBarkley)永别了，武器ForWhomtheBellTolls1940

49、(Spanishcivilwar)(RobertJordan)丧钟为谁而鸣，取材于Donne的一句诗TheOldManandtheSea1952(Santiago)老人与海The20thCenturyAmericanPoets:Twocharacteristicstrains:introspection自省&socialcriticismT.S.Eliot:TheWasteLandMajorFeaturesTherelationshipofartandlife;realityandimagination;factandmiracle;chaosandorder.Referencestopain

50、ting,music,andcolor.Abstract,philosophical,anddifficult.Hesawpoetryasapersonaltransactionbetweenselfandreality.Meticulouslanguage,thoughfrequentlyexotic;coinedwords,andsomeareemployedsimplyforsoundeffects.Imagism意象派ApoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.thatflourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonth

51、ecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”(直接处理主题)andtheeconomyofwording.简化措辞poetictechniquestorecordexactlythemomentaryimpressionsThreemainprinciplesoftheImagistMovement(1912):directtreatmentofpoeticsubjectseliminationofmerelyornamentalorsuperfluouswords,tousenowordthatdoesnotcontrib

52、utetothepresentation.rhythmicalcompositioninthesequeneeofthemusicalphraseratherthaninthesequeneeofametronome.意象派诗人：EzraPound、WallaceStevens、WilliamCarlosWilliams十四.EzraPound埃兹拉庞德Idaho爱达荷洲Education:UniversityofPennsylvania9languagesworkedfortheItaliangovernmentinWWII,engagedinsomeradiobroadcastsofant

53、i-Semitismandpro-Fascism.代表作:Cantos诗章；HughSelwynMauberley休赛尔温毛伯利；InaStationoftheMetro在一个地铁车站；Cathay中国/华夏集WilliamCarlosWilliams威廉卡洛斯威廉斯:TheRedWheelbarrow红色手推车E.E.Cummings:L(a:r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r十五.RobertFrost罗伯特弗罗斯特：罗伯特弗罗斯特是20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人。他曾赢得4次普利策奖和许多其他的奖励及荣誉，被称之为美国文学中的桂冠诗人。被称作“新英格兰诗人”，传统诗歌形式和五音抑扬格

54、诗行，他的诗歌精雕细琢，没有一个字是多余的。MajorFeatures:Hisversewasterrifyingatfirst,showingthedarksideofhumanlifeandsociety.Later,filledwithsunshine.NewEnglandasthesetting;thesubjectscomefromdailylifeofordinarylife;Ruralpoetryinpastoraltradition.(Wordsworth;Emerson)HisthemesincludelandscapeandpeopleofNewEngland,loneli

55、nessandpovertyofisolatedfarmers,beauty,terrorandtragedyinnature.Simplelanguage,agracefulstyleandtraditionalformsofpoetry.作品：ABoysWill一个男孩的意愿NorthofBoston波士顿的北部NewHamphshire新罕布什尔CollectedPoems诗集AFurtherRange又一片牧场AWitnessTree标记树FireandIce火与冰StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening雪夜林边驻脚TheRoadNotTaken未选择的路诗歌鉴赏：

56、InbothStoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEveningandTheRoadNotTaken,thespeakerhesitatesonroute.Comparethehesitations.Dotheyderivefromthesameimpulseandmisgivingoraretheydistinct?十六.LangstonHughes(兰斯顿休斯):ThefirstprominentblackwriterinAmericanliteraryhistory.-PoetLaureateofHarlem哈莱姆桂冠诗人OHenryofHarlem-Apoet,playwrig

57、ht,novelist,songwriter,biographer,editor,newspapercolumnist,translator,lecturer.HarlemRenaissance哈莱姆文艺复兴-Inthe1920sinAmerica,therewasanupsurgeofBlackliterature,popularlyknownasthe“HarlemRenaissanee,outofwhichsucheminentliteraryfiguresasLangstonHughesgrew.So,“HarlemRenaissaneeisaburstofliteraryachiev

58、ementinthe1920sbyNegroplaywrights,poetsandnovelistswhopresentednewinsightsintotheAmericanexperienceandpreparedthewayfortheemergenceofnumerousBlackwritersaftermid-twentiethcentury.-TheHarlemRenaissaneebeganwithaworkentitled:NewNegro:AnInterpretation(byAlainLocke).-Dialect,folklore,andJazz.作品：TheWeary

59、Blues萎靡的布鲁斯FineClothestotheJew抵押给犹太人的好衣服TheDreamKeeperandOtherPoems梦乡人ShakespeareinHarlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚Dreams梦想MeandtheMule我与骡子BorderLine分界线ThePost-WarPeriod战后HistoricalBackgroundColdWarMcCarthyism(persecutionofcommunists)TheVietnamWar;theKoreanWarCivilRightsMovementCounter-cultureMovement:political,economicalandmilitaryachievementLiterature:Thisperiodistherisingperiodofpost-modernliterature.Manyformsofpost-modernfictionappeared.Thesamemoodinthisperiodisdespair,butcontinuingtosearchabsurdity荒谬ofmodernlife;lonely,butsearchingforthemeaningofexistenee;identity.TheBea