国际贸易完整版教学课件全套ppt教程

1、International TradeAppleyard / Field / CobbSixth EditionBrief ContentsChapter 1 The world of International EconomicsPART 1 THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF TRADEChapter 2 Early Trade Theories: Mercantilism and the Transition to the Classical World of David RicardoChapter 3 The Classical World of David Ricard

2、o and Comparative Advantage Chapter 4 Extensions and Tests of the Classical Model of TradePART 2 NEOCLASSICAL TRADE THEORYChapter 5 Introduction to Neoclassical Trade Theory: Tools to Be EmployedChapter 6 Gains from Trade in Neoclassical TheoryChapter 7 Offer Curves and the Terms of TradeChapter 8 T

3、he Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin ModelChapter 9 Empirical Tests of the Factor Endowments ApproachPART 3 ADDITIONAL THEORIES AND EXTENSIONSChapter 10 Post-Heckscher-Olin Theories of Trade and Intra-Industry TradeChapter 11 Economic Growth and International TradeChapter 12

4、 International Factor MovementsPART 4 TRADE POLICYChapter 13 The Instruments of Trade PolicyChapter 14 The Impact of Trade PoliciesChapter 15 Arguments for Interventionist Trade PoliciesChapter 16 Political Economy and U.S. Trade PolicyChapter 17 Economic IntegrationChapter 18 International Trade an

5、d the Developing CountriesChapter 1The World of International EconomicsIntroductionWelcome to the study of international trade!You will be studying one of the oldest branches of economics.The study of international economics concerns decision making with respect to the use of scarce resources to mee

6、t desired economics objectives.The Nature of Merchandise Trade Throughout the past four decades, international trade volume has, on average, outgrown production. 1. The Geographical composition of Trade; The industrialized countries dominate world trade. 2. The Commodity Composition of Trade; Among

7、the 2005 commodity composition of world trade, manufactures account for 72% percent of trade, with the remaining amount consisting of primary prodects.3.U.S. International TradeCanada is the most important trading partner, both in exports and imports;Agricultural products are an important source of

8、exports;The capital goods category is the largest single export category;Industrial supplies is also an important export category.World Trade In ServicesIn 2005, the trade in services estimated to be more than $2 trillion.International trade in services broadly consists of commercial services, inves

9、tment income, and government services.International services trade is also concentrated among the industrial countries.The Changing Degree of Economic InterdependenceIt is important to recognize both the large absolute level of international trade and the relative importance of trade has been growin

10、g for nearly every country and for all countries as a group.Chapter 2Early Trade Theories: Mercantilism and the Transition to the Classical World of David RicardoThe Oracle in the 21st CenturyDiligence and intelligence are strategies for improving ones lot in life.Do what you do best. Trade for the

11、rest.It has long been perceived that nations benefit in some way by trading with other nations.IntroductionMercantilismMercantilism refers to the collection of economic thought that came into existence in Europe during the period from 1500 to 1700. Mercantilism is often referred to as the political

12、economy of state building.1.The Mercantilist Economic SystemCentral to Mercantilist thinking was the view that national wealth was reflected in a countrys holdings of precious metals.Economic activity is viewed as a zero-sum game in which one countrys economics gain was at the expense of another. 2.

13、The Role of GovernmentControlling the use and exchange of precious metals.Maximizing the likelihood of a positive trade balance and the inflow of specie. 3.Mercantilism and Domestic Economic Policy.Controlling of industry and labor.Pursuing the policies that kept wages low.The Challenge to Mercantil

14、ism by Early Classical Writers1. David Hume-The Price-Specie-Flow MechanismA nation could continue to accumulate specie without any repercussions to its international competitive position.The accumulation of gold by means f a trade surplus would lead to an increase in the money supply and therefore

15、to an increase in prices and wages. The increase would reduce the competitiveness of the country.2. Adam Smith and the Invisible HandLaissez faire: Allowing individuals to pursue their own activities within the bounds of law and order and respect for property rights.Countries should specialize in an

16、d export those commodities in which they had an absolute advantage and should import those commodities in which the trading partner had an absolute advantage.Learning ObjectivesTo learn the basic concepts and policies associated with Mercantilism; To understand Humes price-specie-flow mechanism and

17、the challenge it posed to Mercantilism;To grasp Adam Smiths concept of wealth and absolute advantage as foundations for international trade.Chapter 3The Classical World of David Ricardo and Comparative AdvantageSome Common MythsWe hear that trade makes us poorer.We hear that exporters are good becau

18、se they support a countrys industry, but imports are bad because they steal business from domestic producers.The underlying basis for these words is comparative advantage.IntroductionAssumptions of the Basic Ricardian ModelThere are 11 assumptions.Ricardian Comparative AdvantageRicardo presented a c

19、ase describing the production of two commodities, wine and cloth, in England and Purtugal.Comparative Advantage and the Total Gains From TradeThe essence of Ricardos argument is that international trade does not require different absolute advantage and that it is possible and desirable to trade when

20、 comparative advantage exist.1. Resource ConstraintsTo demonstrate the total gains from trade between these two countries, it is necessary to first establish the amount of the constraining resource-labor-available to each country.Suppose that country A has 9,000 labor hours available and country B h

21、as 16,000 labor hours available.Examining the equivalent quantity of domestic labor services consumed before and after trade for each country. After trade, country A consumes 3,500C and 2,000W. Country A has gained the equivalent of 500 labor hours.After trade, country B consumes 5,500C and 1,500W.

22、Country B has gained the equivalent of 1,000 labor hours.2. Complete SpecializationComplete Specialization: All resources are devoted to the production of one good, with no production of the other good.Country A producing only cloth and country B producing only wine, they exchange 2,000 barrels of w

23、ine for 5,000 yards of cloth.A would gain 10,000 hours, which is greater than the labor value of consumption in either autarky or in the case of trade with no production change.Country B is also better off because it now consumes 5,000 yards of cloth and 2,000 barrels of wine with a labor value of 1

24、8,000 hours.Representing the Ricardian Model with Production-Possibilities FrontiersThe PPF reflects all combinations of two products that a country can produce at a given point in time given its resource base, level of technology, full utilization of resources, and economically efficient production

25、.1. Production Possibilities-An ExampleThe figures on labor hours and production for country A and B make 2. Maximum Gains from Trade.Comparative Advantage-Some Concluding Observations it possible to display the production-possibilities frontiers for each country.With the initiation of trade, countr

26、y A was able to produce a new, flatter consumption-possibilities frontier with trade.Country A can now choose to consume a combination of goods that clearly lies outside its own PPF in autarky, thus demonstrating the potential gains from trade.The situation is similar for country B.Maximum Gains fro

27、m TradeIn the Classical model, production generally takes place at an end point of the PPF of each country.Our procedure showed that trade could benefit a country even if all of its resources were “frozen” into their existing production patterns.There is no reason to stop for producers at any point

28、on the PPF until the maximum amount of production is reached.Comparative advantage-some concluding observationsUp to this point, nothing has been said about the basis for the comparative advantages tat a country might have in trade.The Classical economists thought that participation in foreign trade

29、 could be a strong positive force for development.Specialization in the production of goods that have few links to the rest of the economy can lead to a lopsided pattern of growth.The Classical writers have made us aware that trade not only produces static gains but also can be a positive vehicle fo

30、r economic growth and development and that it should be encouraged.Learning ObjectivesTo understand comparative advantage as a basis for trade between countries;To identify the difference between comparative advantage and absolute advantage;To quantify the gains from trade in a two-country, two-good

31、 model;To recognize comparative advantage and the potential gains from trade using production-possibilities frontiers.Chapter 4Extensions and Tests of the Classical Model of TradeIntroductionTrade Complexities in the Real WorldIn light of ongoing structural changes taking place in the increasingly i

32、ntegrated trading world and changes in demand for certain kinds of labor, international competitiveness of certain key regional industries has taken center stage in the current political arena, and the effect of reduced trade barriers is often cited as the cause of these industry problems.The Classi

33、cal Model in Money TermsThe first extension of the Classical model changes the example from one of labor requirements per commodity to a monetary value of the commodity.One the exchange rate is established, the value of all goods an be stated in term of one currency.Assume that the fixed exchange ra

34、te is 1 escudo(esc)=1. The pattern of trade now responds to money-price differences.The result of trade is the same as that reached in the examination of relative labor efficiency between the two countries.Wage Rate Limits and Exchange Rate LimitsWage rate limits: The endpoints of the range within w

35、hich the wage can vary without eliminating the basis for trade.Similarly, there are exchange rate limits.The export condition indicates when a country has a cost advantage in a particular product, that condition can be used to determine the wage that will cause prices to be the same in the two count

36、ries. Multiple Commodities1. The Effect of Wage Rate ChangesExpanding the number of commodities is a useful extension of the basic Classical model because it permits an analysis of the effects of exogenous changes in relative wages or the exchange rate on the pattern of trade. 2. The Effect of Excha

37、nge Rate ChangesChanges in the exchange rate also alter a countrys trade pattern.A shift in tastes and preferences toward foreign goods, which leads to an increase in the domestic price of foreign currency, will make domestic products cheaper when measured in that foreign currency, thereby increasin

38、g the competitiveness of a country in terms of exports.The equilibrium terms of trade will reflect the size and elasticity of demand of each country for each others products, given the initial production conditions determined by the resource endowments and technology.Transportation CostsThe incorpor

39、ation of transport costs alters the results covered to this point, because the cost of moving a product from one countrys location to another affects relative prices.Multiple CountriesWhen several countries are taken into account, the specification of the trade pattern is less straightforward.Evalua

40、ting the Classical ModelAlthough the Classical model seems limited in todays complex production world, economists have been interested in the extent to which its general conclusions are realized in international tradeLearning ObjectivesTo grasp how wages, productivity, and exchange rates affect comp

41、arative advantage and international trade patterns;To understand the implications of extending the basic model of comparative advantage to more than two countries and/or commodities;To make the reader aware that real-world trade patterns are consistent with underlying comparative advantage.Chapter 5

42、Introduction to Neoclassical Trade Theory: Tools to Be EmployedIntroductionThis chapter presents basic microeconomics concepts and relationships employed in analyzing trade patterns and the gains from trade.The Theory of Consumer Behavior1. Consumer Indifference CurvesTraditional microeconomic theor

43、y begins the analysis of individual consumer decisions through the use of the consumer indifference curve.Cardinal utility and ordinal utility.Transitivity means that if a bundle of goods B is preferred (or equal) to a bundle of goods A and if a bundle of goods C is preferred (or equal) to a bundle

44、of goods B, then bundle C must be preferred (or equal) to bundle A.An indifference curve must be downward sloping because less of one good must be compensated with more of the other good to maintain the same satisfaction level.Diminishing marginal rate of substitution.An indifference curve can not i

45、ntersect for the individual consumer.2. The Budget Constraint;To determine actual consumption on the individual consumers indifference curve, we need to examine the income level of the consumer.The income level is represented by the budget constraint or budget line. 3. Consumer EquilibriumThe object

46、ive of the consumer is to maximize satisfaction, subject to the income constraint.The individual indifference curves show levels of satisfaction, and the budget line indicates the income constraint, the consumer maximizes satisfaction when the budget line just touches the highest indifference curve

47、attainable.Production Theory 1. IsoquantsAn isoquant is the concept that relates output to the factor inputs.An isoquant shows the various combinations of the two inputs that produces the same level of output.The exact shape of an isoquant reflects the subsitution possibilities between capital and l

48、abor in the production process. A major feature of isoquants is that tey have cardinal properties rather than simply ordinal properties.The negative of the slope of the isoquant at any point is equal to the ratio of the marginal productivities of the factors of production.The ratio of marginal produ

49、ctivities is often referred to as the marginal rate of technical substitution.2. Isocost LinesAn isocost line shows the various combinations of the factors of production that can be purchased by the firm for a given total cost at given input prices.The negative of the slope of a isocost is equal to

50、the ratio of the wage rate to the rental rate on capital. 3. Producer Equilibrium.The choice of the combination of factors of production to employ involves consideration of factor prices and technical factor requirement.At the equilibrium point the isoquant is tangent to the isocost, and the firm is

51、 obtaining the maximum output for the given cost.The Edgeworth Box Diagram and the Production-Possibilities Frontier1. The Edgeworth Box DiagramConstruction of a typical Edageworth box diagram begins by considering firms in two separate industries, industry X and industry Y.Draw the isoquants for fi

52、rms in industry X, and draw the isoquants for firms in industry Y.The relative factor prices (w/r)1 facing the two industries will be identical. The Edgworth box diagram takes the isoquants of these two industries and puts them into one diagram.Production efficiency locus.2. The Production-Possibili

53、ties FrontierUnlike the PPF used by the Classical economists, this PPF demonstrates increasing opportunity cost.With increasing opportunity costs, the shape of the PPF is thus concave to the origin or bowed out.Marginal rate of transformation, which reflects the change in Y (Y) associated with a cha

54、nge in X (X).The negative slope or (Y/ X) is a positive number.Learning ObjectivesTo review the microeconomic principles of consumer and producer behavior;To understand the concept and limitations of a community indifference curve;To recognize the underlying basis for a production-possibilities fron

55、tier with increasing opportunity costs.Chapter 6Gains from Trade in Neoclassical TheoryIntroductionIn this chapter we use the microeconomics tools developed in Chapter 5 to present the basic case for participating in trade and thus for avoiding these welfare costs of trade restrictions.This case inc

56、ludes increasing opportunity costs, factors of production besides labor, and explicit demand considerations.Autarky EquilibriumAutarky means total absence of participation in international trade.The economy is assumed to be seeking to maximize its well-being through the behavior of its economic agen

57、ts.In autarky, as in trade, production takes place on the PPF.The equilibrium is at the point where the PPF is tangent to the price line for the two goods.Introduction of International TradeSuppose international trade opportunities are introduced into theis autarkic situation.Trade Triangle.1. The C

58、onsumption and Production Gains from TradeEconomists sometimes divide the total gains from trade into two conceptually distinct parts: the consumption gain and the production gain.The consumption gain from trade refers to the fact that the exposure to new relative prices, even without changes in pro

59、duction, enhances the welfare of the country.Moving production toward the comparative-advantage good thus increases welfare. 2. Trade in the Partner Country.Because of the relative prices available through international trade, producers in the partner country have an incentive to produce more of goo

60、d Y and less of the X good since partner country has a comparative advantage in good Y.With trade, the partner countrys consumers are able to reach a higher indifference curve.Minimum Conditions for Trade1. Trade Between Countries with Identical PPFsAccording to the neoclassical theory, two countrie