对肥育猪饲喂高纤维日粮的隐含成本(幻灯片)

1、The Hidden Costs of Feeding High-Fiber Finishing Pig Diets对肥育猪饲喂高纤维日粮的隐含成本Developed for the American Soybean Associations September 2004 Chinese Swine Seminars美国大豆协会2004年9月中国养猪技术座谈会作者：Dr. Bob Thaler博士SDSU Extension Swine Specialist美国南达科达大学养猪推广专家Success = Balancing Act成功是一项平衡艺术$Output产出Value of the p

2、ig猪的价值Inputs投入Feed饲料Building房舍Young pig仔猪Interest利息Labor劳力Utilities设备Producers are paid more money for leaner pigs 猪长得瘦，养猪者就可多赚钱Do they want more lean meat or less fat?他们究竟是要多些瘦肉呢还是要少些脂肪呢？Technologies to get leaner pigs:生产瘦猪的技术Genetics 遗传Nutrition 营养Feed additives 饲料添加剂Slaughter weight 屠宰体重Feed low

3、energy diets 饲喂低能量饲料Gross Energy 总能Digestible energy 消化能Fecal Energy粪能Metabolizable Energy 代谢能Urine & Gas Energy尿能和呼出气能量Net Energy 净能Heat Increment热增耗Maintenance Energy维持能量Productive Energy生产能量Productive Energy生产能量Productive energy used to make lean tissue as long as all other essential nutrients ar

4、e available在所有其它必需养分都得到了满足的情况下，生产能被用来制造瘦肉组织Once any of the essential nutrients are gone, lean deposition stops and the excess energy/nutrients are deposited as fat 缺乏任何其它必需养分，瘦肉生长就会停止，多余的能量和养分就会沉积为脂肪By decreasing energy fed, decrease the amount of energy available to make fat 减少能量的饲喂量，就可减少用于制造脂肪的能量A

5、lso decrease amount of energy available to make lean tissue 也会减少用于制造瘦肉的能量Times Have CHANGED !时代已经变了!Cant use 30+ year old technology in todays swine production and be successful long-term in a world market在当今的养猪生产中不可能再使用30多年前的陈旧技术而在世界市场上取得长期的成功Methods to Evaluate Inputs对投入进行评价的方法Feed represents 65-7

6、5% cost of production minimize that cost! 饲料代表了生产总成本的6575%，要尽可能地降低这一成本Traditional Diet cost/ton 传统方法每吨产品的饲料成本Low quality ingredients 低质量饲料原料Marginal nutrient levels 养分含量刚刚够No evaluation of pig performance不测定猪的性能Feed cost/kg of gain单位增重的饲料成本Considers diet cost/ton & feed efficiency考虑每吨产品的饲料成本和饲料利用率Do

7、esnt consider days to market, carcass quality, etc不考虑达到上市体重的天数、胴体质量，等等Effects of Feeding High-Fiber Diets饲喂高纤维日粮的后果Lowers daily gain降低日增重Less product produced/facility so fixed costs (building, labor, interest, utilities, etc) must be spread over fewer pigs单位设施产出的产品较少，所以固定成本只能分摊到比较少的猪头上Higher fixed

8、cost/pig每头猪分摊的固定成本较高What does it do to carcass quality:对胴体质量有什么影响？Reduces fat thickness 降低脂肪量Reduces muscle deposition? 减少瘦肉沉积Effect of Energy Level on Fat Thickness能量水平对脂肪厚度的影响Stein & Easter, 1997厘米最高 高 中 低 最低能量水平Effect of Energy on Loin Eye Area能量对眼肌面积的影响Stein & Easter, 1997平方厘米最高 高 中 低 最低能量水平Effe

9、ct of Energy on Lean Gain/Day能量对瘦肉日增重的影响Stein & Easter, 1997瘦肉日增重(千克)最高 高 中 低 最低能量水平Less Fat vs More lean & Fewer Days要较少的脂肪还是要用较少的天数多长瘦肉Lowest energy pigs took 8 days longer to reach market weight采食最低能量日粮的猪多用8天时间达到上市体重The more your barns are utilized, the more economically important days become猪舍的利

10、用率越高，那么每一天的成本就越低Using 1997 US Prices for feed, pigs, barns:按照美国1997年饲料、猪和猪舍的价格：Highest energy pigs returned Y144/pig采食最高能量日粮的猪，每头收入144元Lowest energy pigs returned Y66/pig采食最低能量日粮的猪，每头收入66元Results will vary according to economic importance of all traits on each operation具体结果根据每个猪场中各个性状的经济重要性而有所不同Effe

11、ct of Fat Additions on Economics(Tokach et al, 2002)添加脂肪对经济的影响Looked at cost/benefit ratio of adding 0, 2, 4, or 6% fat to grow-finish diets在生长肥育日粮中添加0、2、4或6%脂肪对成本-效益比的影响Constant lysine:calorie ratio (36-120 kg BW)恒定的赖氨酸:能量比(36120千克体重的猪)Every 1% fat addition:每添加1%的脂肪Improved gain by 1%日增重改善1%Improve

12、d feed efficiency by 2%饲料利用率改善2%Greatest effect in the earlier growth phases对生长早期的作用最大Effect of Fat Additions on Economics(Tokach et al, 2002)添加脂肪对经济的影响Feed cost/kg gain not improved with fat additions添加脂肪未改善每千克增重的饲料成本However, when added the economic benefit of fewer days to market, the high fat die

13、ts returned an extra Y16.9/pig 然而，考虑到减少了达到上市体重所需的天数，则高脂肪日粮可使每头猪多赚16.9元Do Low Energy Feeds Really Lower Diet Costs?采用低能日粮真的能降低日粮成本？Using the following prices for finishing diets:采用下列的肥育猪日粮原料价格：Soy hulls Y1000/ton 豆皮 每吨1000元Corn Y1230/ton 玉米 每吨1230元SBM (44%) Y2180 豆粕(44%) 每吨2180元Complete diet cost/ton

14、: 全价日粮价格(元/吨)0% hulls 0%豆皮Y12757.5% hulls 7.5%豆皮Y126415% hulls 15%豆皮Y1249Difference of Y26/ton, but would be gone if pigs eat more low energy feed to meet energy requirement每吨差价26元，但如果猪要吃较多的低成本日粮来满足能量需要量，那么就会失去该得的好处Increased transportation & storage costs with bulkier feeds (per ton basis)大体积饲料的运输和储

15、存费用也比较高(以每吨为基础进行计算)Effect of Fiber Level on Nutrient Digestibility (Dilger et al., 2001)纤维水平对养分消化率的影响 Added 0, 3, 6, or 9% soy hulls添加0、3、6或9%的豆皮As soy hull level increased, observed a strong linear decrease in digestibilities of:随着豆皮水平增高，可见下列养分的消化率急剧地呈直线下降Dry matter 干物质Energy 能量Nitrogen 氮Amino acid

16、s 氨基酸For every 1% fiber added, these digestibilities decreased by at least 1%每添加1%纤维，这些养分的消化率至少降低1%Effect of Fiber Level on Nutrient Digestibility (Dilger et al., 2001)纤维水平对养分消化率的影响 High fiber = high rate of passage日粮纤维含量高，则通过消化道的速度也就快Less time nutrients are in the digestive tract养分在消化道中的逗留时间也就较少Mor

17、e nutrients excreted: 养分的排泄量就比较高More total manure volume粪便总量较多More nitrogen in the manure 粪中的含氮量较高More phosphorus in the manure粪中的含磷量较高Increasing environmental cost 增加对环境的污染Summary 结 语Feeding High fiber diets will decrease fat thickness 饲喂高纤维日粮，可减少脂肪厚度However, it negatively affects days to market, protein deposition, and environmental integrity然而，要