职称英语卫生类押题

1、Cooking Oil Fumes Cause TumorThe leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking，said medical experts after a five-year research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies

2、 in lung cancer.They said patients are younger，especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute，more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else.Following breast cancer，it has the second-highest incidence rate.“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reaso

3、n for lung cancer，”said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years.Among them，1,483 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed

4、 cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke，according to the report.However，more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term，close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about l irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in un

5、ventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of womens bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen.However，local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer.Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.“Unless my family and I dont eat at home every day，I must stay in the kit

6、chen to cook，”said Xu Li.a 45-year-old local woman.“I know the fumes are bad for the skin，but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer.I have already started frying less.Doctors said womens lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition，but was closely rela

7、ted to family cancer history，unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with He.3“Smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men，”said Dr Tan Binyong，honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan Universitys Medical College.“Its true that se

8、cond-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.”Hes research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time，6 experts said.词汇：f

9、ume n.烟，气，汽 fry v.油炸，油煎tumor(=tumour)n.肿瘤 unventilated vt.使不通风cancern.癌瘤 adjacent adj.临近的breast/brest/n.*，胸dietary adj饮食的incidence n.发生(率) immune adj 免疫的diagnosis n.诊断 honorary adj.名誉上的;荣誉的inhale v.吸人 respiratory adj.呼吸的irritate vt.使疼痛，刺激 stall n.货摊注释：plain原意是“抱怨，诉苦”，但医学上常用complain about或complain of

10、表示“主诉。2.aajacent to：与相毗邻，临近(地方)3.Other experts agreed with He.其他专家同意何医生的意见。agree with sb：同意某人的意见。 agree with sth：同意什么东西。agree to do sth：同意做什么事情。4.by far the biggest cause：最最大的原因。by far是用来做形容词最高级the biggest的状语，对形容词最高级起强调作用。本来形容词最高级就已经是最高了，可是说话的人还要对它再强调出来，所以就相当汉语的“最最的意思。5.warned people not to stand ne

11、ar of stalls selling：警告人们不要站在卖的货摊附近。也可以说成“.warned people off stalls selling.”。6.if exposed to the fume for a long time.如果长时间接触这种烟的话。expose sb.to sth.原意是“使(人)暴露于(物)”，但医学文献中常常用来表达“接触到(物)”的意思。此处if引导的条件状语从句相当于“if one is exposed to the fume for a long time”。练习：1.What a new tendency in lung cancer is conc

12、luded by the researchers?A Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.B Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men.C Patients with lung cancer become older，especially males.D Patients with lung cancer become younger，especially females.2.Which of the following diseases is the mo

13、st common among the local residents in Shanghai?A Heart disease. B Breast cancer.C Infectious diseases.D Lung cancer.3.What symptoms may be complmned of by most women with lung cancer after long term.closecontact with cooking oil fumes?A Irritated eyes and throat. B Severe pain in both lungs.C Conti

14、nuous cough and headache.D Difficulty in breathing.4.What was the local womens reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?A Happy. B Surprised.C Angry. D Careless.5.Which of the following has relatively little connection with womens lung cancer?A Family cancer history. B

15、Unhealthy dietary habits.C Weak immune systems. D Personal health and physical condition.答案与题解：1.D 文章第二段明确提到，肺癌的新趋势就是“病人更年轻，尤其是妇女”。2.B文章第三段说到，“肺癌排在乳腺癌之后，发病率第二高”，可见乳腺癌才是最常见的疾病。3.A文章第七段说到，“60%以上患肺癌的妇女都长期接触厨房油烟并主诉眼睛和喉咙疼痛难受”。4.B 文章倒数第七段明确说到，“当妇女们知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶。5.D 回答此题时，首先要注意倒数第五段中的两处文字，即had few links

16、to和was closely related to，其中link to意为connection with，而relate to则意为connect with，都是“联系”的意思，只是few和closely的差别却很大。few和little一样，都是具有否定意义的词，意为 “很少，几乎没有，只是后面的名词分别为可数名词和不可数名词而已;它们与a few和a little不同，a few和a little具有肯定意义，意为“有几个”和“有一点”，后面的名词同样分别为可数名词和不可数名词。如果这一点明白了，也就很容易回答这道题了第十八篇Exercise Can Replace Insulin for

17、 Elderly DiabeticsMost older people with so-called typediabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes iust three times a week，according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday.Results from tests conducted on

18、 diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalets Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the bodys ability to utilise insulin by 30 per cent，the newspaper reported.This is equal to1 the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today，it s

19、aid.Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type II，all more than 60 years of age，exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months.After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insu

20、lin worked.2Associate Professor3 Dr.Hemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthv non- exercising persons.“This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups.Physical exercise canno

21、t cure people of diabetes，4 but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms.At the same time it can put off5 the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment，”Dela was quoted as saying.6Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas，controlling sugar in

22、 the body and used against diabetes.Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up7 a sweat，but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off8 after five days without sufficient exercise.Most diabetics realise that they

23、have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of9 the importance of exercise，Dela added.词汇：Insulin n.胰岛素 utilise(=utilize) vt.利用，使用diabetic adj.(患)糖尿病的;n.糖尿病患者 medication n.药物，药物治疗subject n.实验对象diabetes n.糖尿病;多尿症 utilisation(=utilization) n.利用，使用brisk adj.轻快的;活泼的，活跃的Copenhagen n.哥本哈根(丹麦首都) saying

24、 n.格言hormone n.激素muscle n.肌肉 pancreas n.胰(腺)注释：1.be equal to：等于2. as a measure for how well their insulin worked：作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。从语法上分析，how引起的从句是for这个介词的宾语从句。3.associate professor：副教授4.cannot cure people of diabetes：不能治好人们的糖尿病。cure sb.of sth.：给某人医治某病。例如：This medicine should cure you of your cold

25、.这药准能治好你的感冒。5.put off：推迟，延期6.Dela was quoted as saying：Dela的话像格言一样被人们所引用。注意谓语是被动语态。7.work up：逐步引起，激起8.wear off：逐渐消失9.(be) unaware of sth.：不知道，没觉察练习：1.How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin?A By taking more salt.than usual.B By taking less salt than usual.C By doing brisk exerci

26、se for half an hour at least three times a week.D By going climbing，swimming or boxing every day.2.Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin bvA 70 per cent. B 30 per cent.C 60 per cent. D only a few per cent.3.The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen C

27、entral Hospital includedA elderly non-diabetic men. B elderly type II diabetic men.C both sexes of all ages. D both A and B.4.To what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect?A To the degree where they begin to sweat.B To the degree where they feel exhausted.C To th

28、e point when they feel thirsty.D To the point when they have to take insulin.5.According to Dela，among most diabetics the importance of exercise is the importance of watching their diet.A as poorly understood as B as well understood asC less understood than D better understood than答案与题解：1.C文章一开始就有此问

29、题的明确答案。至于吃多少盐或者从事其他剧烈运动文章自始至终都没有提到。2.B 文章第二段说到，体育锻炼能将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高30%。3. D此题答案在文章第四段，实验对象既有II型糖尿病患者，也有健康人，而且都是60岁以上的男人。4.A 文章倒数第二段说到，体育锻炼只要达到出汗的程度就能起作用。5. C最后一段明确说到，大多数糖尿病患者知道必须注意饮食，但却并不知道体育锻炼的重要性第二十四篇Preventing Child MaltreatmentChild maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequen

30、ces.There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment.Data for many countries， especially low-and middle-income countries，are lacking.Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study.Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research u

31、sed.Nernational studies reveal that approximately 20%of women and 5-10%of men report being sexually abused as children，while 25-50%of all children report being physically abused.Additionally，many children are subject to1 emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as2 psychological abuse).Every year，there

32、 are an estimated 31,000 homicide deaths in children under 15.This number underestimates the true extent of the problem，as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to3 falls，bums and drowning.Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families

33、and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development.Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems.Consequently，as adults，maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural，physical and ment

34、al health problems.Via the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer，suicide and sexually transmitted infections.4Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment，there is an economic impact，including costs of hospitalization, mental health

35、treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.A number of risk factors for child maltreatmenthave been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.It is important t

36、o emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated ,such as being either under four years old or an adolescent ,being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the expectations of

37、 parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.6词汇：maltreatment n.虐待 impair vt.损害consequence n.结局，结果 via prep.通过，用prevalence n.流行 transmit vt.传染，传播approximately adv.大约，大概 likelihood n.可能性abuse vt &n.滥用;虐待 adolescent n.青春期之男孩或女孩homicide n.杀人attribute vt.归因

38、于persistently adv.坚持地，持续地disruption n.扰乱注释： l. be subject to：遭受2.be referred to as：被当做3.be attributed to：把归因于4. Consequently，as adults，maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural.physical and mental health problems.Via the behavioural and mental health consequences，maltreatment can con

39、tribute to heart disease，cancer，suicide and sexually transmitted infections.因此，那些曾被虐待的儿童，到了成人期，在行为、生理以及心理等方面出现疾病的危险性大大增加。通过行为和心理上对健康的影响，虐待又会导致其出现心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病等。5.to blame for：因怪罪，责怪(某人)6.A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated，such as bei

40、ng either under four years old or an adolescent，being unwanted，or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs，crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.有几大特征会增加儿童受虐待的可能性，如四岁以下或正处于青春期，被觉得是多余的，或者不能实现父母的愿望，有特殊要求，不停地哭闹或者身体有异常等。练习：1. The difficult situation in th

41、e global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT according to the passage.A child maltreatment is a global problemB there is no exact date about low-and mid-income countriesC there is a shortage of the professional date collectorsD different scientists use differen

42、t research methods2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A 20% of women got sexually abused in their childhood.B 25-50% of all children were reported to have been physically abused.C 25-50% of children were psychologically abused.D 60-75%of children were neglected by t

43、heir parents.3.Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT according to the passage.A drowning in swimming B diarrheaC burns D falls4.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment?A The child will behave b

44、adly in his memory of his childhood when、he grows up.B Child maltreatment hurts his nervous and immune systems.C Child maltreatment damages his early brain development.D The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood.5.The maltreated chidlren often bear all the following characterist

45、ics EXCEPT according to the passage.A they frequently and easily cryB they are in infants or in adolescent periodC they are often neglected by their parents or friendsD thev often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents答案与题解：1.C 文中第一段提到了虐待儿童是一全球问题，无法获得中低收入国家中儿童受虐数字资料，第二段开头提到了儿童受虐数

46、字难以统计的另外一个原因，即研究方法的差异性，只有专业统计人员是否缺乏没有提及，因此答案为C。2.B文中第二段对数字有明确说明。3.B 文中第三段指出每年15岁以下儿童死亡大概在31，000人，该数字大大低估了实际情况，是因为有相当多的由于受虐而导致死亡的儿童被归因为摔死、烧死、淹死。没有明确指出腹泻，因此可推断出该题答案为B。4.A 文中提到虐待儿童会导致其出现身体上的疾病，包括神经系统，免疫系统，大脑发育，以及成年后出现的疾病，但那没有提到是否会对其记忆力产生影响，因此，答案为A。5.D参见注释第三十四篇Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial ResistanceThe ab

47、ility of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment(mult

48、i-drug resistant bacteria)，so pose particular difficulties，as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem.WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to 1imit the spread of multi

49、-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics，reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant t

50、o almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3(antimicrobial resistance)，and，in particular，has raised, awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear，this development requires

51、monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission，and to define the most effective measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers，managers of hospitals，patients，as well as natio

52、nal governments.the pharmaceutical industry，and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use，including education of healthcare workers and the public

53、in the appropriate use of antibiotics：introducing orenforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures.including the use of hand-washing measures，particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful

54、control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries，and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.WHO will continue to support countries to

55、develop relevant policies，and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHOs World Health Day 2011.词汇：Evade vt.逃避，避开 prudent adj.慎重的，谨慎的Pose vt.提出 monitor vt.监控alternative adj.可供选择的(途径或事物) surveillance n.监视，监管rational adj.合理的

56、，有理性的implement vt.实现，实施 adherence n.坚持，固守strain n.种类 document vt.证明，支持reinforce vt.加强力量 relevant adj.相关的注释：1.be alert to：对警觉，注意2.The Lancet Infectious Diseases：柳叶刀一传染病期刊3.antimicrobial resistance(AMR)：抗菌药物耐药性练习：1.Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest?A. The misuse of th

57、e antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at present.B The micro-organisms develop much faster than the past，so the researchers are more interested.C The antibiotics for multi-drug resistant bacteria are highly priced and there will be a big market for the drug industry.D The antibiotics has been found more powerful for the treatment of t