2022年考研《英语（一）》考试真题及答案解析【完整版】

1、2022年考研英语（一）考试真题及答案解析【完整版】Sec t i on I Use of Eng I i shDirections: Read the fo I I owing t ext. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered b I ank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 200; the term

2、pl ant neur obi ol ogy was_(1) ar oun d thenotion that some aspect s of plant behavior could be (2) to intel I igence in animals. -k(3) pl ant s lack brains, the firing ofelectr ical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that_ (4) consciousness, researchers previously rep

3、orted.But such an i dea is untrue, according to a new opinion art i cle. PI ant biology is complex and fascinat ing, but it_ (S) so greatly from that of animals that socal led_ (6) of plants i nte I I igence is i nconc lusi ve, the authors wr ot e.Beginning in 2006, some sc i ent i st s have_ (7) t

4、hat plants possessneur on- I i ke ce 11 s that interact with hormones and neur ot r ansmi 11 e r s ,Ha p I ant nervous syst em, (9) to that in an ma Is. said lead study author Lincoln Tai z, They_- (1 0) c I ai med that plants have br ai n- I ike command centers at their root t ips.Thi s_ (11) makes

5、 sense if you simpl if y the workings of a complex brain,(12) it toanarray of electrical pd ses; cells in plart s also communicate through electr ical signds. (13), the signding in a plant is ori y_.(1 4) s i mi lar to the firing in a. complex animal br ai n,which is more than amass of cel Is that c

6、ommuni cat e by e I ect r i c it y. Taiz said.HFor consci ousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold (15)of comp I ex i ty and capac i t y i s requi red, he (16) Since plants don*t have nervous systems, the (17) that they have consciousness arekeep them from hurting visitorsdupl icate them for futu

7、re displayhave their ingredients analyzedprevent them from further damage【答案】D24 【题 干】 The author thinks that preservation of plast ics is 年项】A.costlyunworthyunpopularcha I lenging【答案】D【题干】In Ferreiras opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts髓项】wi I I inspire future scientific researchhas profound

8、 historical significancewi I I help us separate the material ageshas an impact on todays cultural I ife格1案】BText 2As the I atest crop of students pen their undergraduate appl i cations and weigh up their opl i one, it may be worth consi der i ngust how the po i nt , purpose and va I ue of a degree h

9、as changed and what Gen Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational j ourn ey.Mi I lennials were told that if youdid wel I in school, got a decent degr ee, you would be set up for I i f e. But that pr om i se has been found wanting. As degrees became un i versa I, they beca

10、me deva lued. Educat i on was no longer a secure route of social mobi I ity. Toda y, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in no n- gr adu a t e ro I es; a percentage which is doub I e the average amongst the OECD.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degeq but, rather stress that

11、a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to I ecture hal I i s not an i nevitab Ie one and that other options are avai I ab I e.Thankful ly, there are si gnsthat this is already happening, with Gen Z seeking to learn from their mi I lennial pr edecessor s, even if parents and tea

12、chers tend to be sti I I set in the degree mi nd set. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to bemorecommitt ed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scr appi ng a degree requirement for certain roles.For those

13、 for whom a degree is the des i r ed r out e, consider that t hi s may we 11 be the f i r st of many. I n this age of genera I i sts, i t pays to have specific know I edge or ski 11 s. Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to h

14、ave t wo.I t is uni i k e I y that Gen Z w i I I be done with education at 18 or 21; they wi I I need to be constantly up- ski I I ing throughout their career to stay agi Ie, re levant and emp I oyab I e. I t has been estimated that this generation due to the pressures of t echnol ogy, the wish for

15、personal fulfilment and desire for di ver si t y wi 11 work for 17 d i ff er ent employers over the course of t hei r wo r k i n g life and have five different career s. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campu s, wi I I be a core part of Generation Zs career t r aj ect or y.Older generatio

16、ns。代en talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: I am a geographeror I am a ciassist. Their sons or daughters would never say sucha thing; its as if they al ready knowthat their degree wont define them in the same way.【题干】The author suggests that Generation Z should【选项】be careful in

17、 chaos i ng a co 11egebe di I igent at each educational stagereassess the necessity of college educationpostpone their undergraduate application【答案】c【题干】 The percentage of UK graduates in non- graduat e roles ref I ect【选项】Mi I lenniars opinions about workthe shrinking value of a degreepub I ic disco

18、ntent with educationthe desired route of soci al mob i I ity【答案】B.【题干】The author considers it a good sign that 腿项】Gene rat ion Z are seeking to earn a decent degreeschool leavers are willing to be skilled workersemployers are taking a realistic attitude to degreeparents are changing their minds abou

19、t education【答案】C.【题干】It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with onedegree should【选项】A.make an early decision on their careerattend on the job training programsteam up with hi gh-pa i d postgraduatesfu rt her their studies in a specific field白案】D30.【题干】What can be conel uded about Generation Zfrom

20、the I ast two paragraphs?【选项】Lifelong learning wi11 define t hem.They will make qua I if i ed educat or s.Depress will no I onger appea I them.They wi 11 have a I imited choice of jobs.【答案】AText 3Eni ighteni ng, chai lenging, st imulat ing, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used

21、to describe t hei r exper i ence of art - sci ence collaborations in a ser i es of art icl es on part nerships bet wee n artists and researchers. Near I y 40%of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanyingpol I said, they had collaborated with artists: and almost al I said they would cons

22、ider doing so in future.Such an encouraging results is not surpr i si ng. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual art i st s to help them communi cat e their work to new aud i ences. Ar t i st s he Ip sc i en t i st s reach a broader audience and make emot i on a I connec t ions that enhance

23、I ear n i ng. One respondent sai d.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked ver si on of Ant on i o Viva Id i s The Four Seasons. They re imagined the 300-year-old score by inj ect ing the latest

24、ci imate pred ict ion data for each season-provided by Monash Un i ver s i t y s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative cal I to action ahead of Novembers Unit ed Nations Cl i mate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.But a genu i ne par t ner sh i p must be a two-way

25、street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature pol I, howe ver, several respondents noted that art i st s do not simply assist scientists with their communication r equi r ement s. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The al I iances are most valuable when sc

26、 i ent i st s and artists have a shared stake in a pr o j ect , are able t ooi nt I y design it and can cr it ique each others work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as we11 as result in powerful ar t . More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts I nst i t ut e of Techno I ogy opene

27、d i t s Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in cul t ur e. The founders de I i berate ly focused their projects around I i ght-hence the Hvisual studies*1 in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists hadan interest in, and therefore coul

28、d form the basis of collaboration. As sc i enc e and technology progr essed, and divided into moresub-discipl i nes, the centre was s i mu I taneous I y looki ng to a ti mewhen leading researchers could also be ar t i st s, writers and poet s, and vice versa.Nature*s po11 findings suggest that this

29、trend i s as strong as ever, but, to make a co I I abo r at i on work, both sides need to invest t i me, and embrace surprise and cha I I enge. The reach of art - sc i ence t i e- ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research commun i c a t i on , and participants. Artists and sc i ent i

30、st s a I i ke are i mmer sed in discovery and invention, and cha 11 enge and critique are core to both, t oo.【题干】 Accor d i ng to paragraph 1, art - sci ence collaborations have【选项】caught the attention of criticsreceived favorable responsespromot ed academic publishingsparked heated publ ic disputes

31、【答案】B【题干】The reworked version of The Four Seasons is merit ioned to show that腿项】art can offer audiences easy access to sciencescience can help with the expression of emotionspubl ic participation in science has a promising futureart is effective in faci I itating scientific innovations【答案】A【题干】 Some

32、 artists seem to worry about in the art - sci ence part nersh ip_.【选项】A.their role may be underestimatedB.their reputation may be impairedC.their creativity may be inhibitedD. their work may be misguided【答案】A.【题干】Wh at does the author say about CAVS?【选项】It was headed a I ternately by artists and sci

33、entists.It exemplified valuable art-science al I iances.Its projects aimed at advancing visual st udies.Its founders sought to raise the status of art i st s.【答案】B. 【题干】In the last paragraph, the author holds that art - sci ence col 1 aborat ions【选项】are I ikely to gobeyond public expectationswi I I

34、intensify interdisciplinary competitionshould do more than communicating science.are becoming more popular than before【答案】CText 4The persona I grievance provisions of New Zea I ands Emp I oyment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing anemployee without good cause. I nst ead. di smi

35、 ssa Is must be justified. Employer s must both show cause and act in a procedura 11y fair way.Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from unust if ied dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers aga

36、inst arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss cou Id simply give anemployee contractual noti ce.But these provisions create di ff i cult i es for businesses when app I i ed to highly paid managers and execut i ves. As countless boards and business owners wi I I at test, co

37、nst raining firms from f i r ing poorly performing, high-earn i ng managers is a handbrake on boost i ng product i vit y and overal I performance. The difference between C- grade and A-grade managers may very wel 1 bethe diffe rence between business success or fa i lure. Between preserving the jobs

38、of ordinary workers or losing t hem. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismi ssa I.Conseq uent I y-and paradox i ca 11 y-| a ws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.If notpladngohs at r i sK to theextent employment protect ion I aws const

39、rain business owners from dismissing under-perf ormi ng managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on wo rke rs* wag es. Indeed in An I nternat ional Per spect i ve on New Zea I andfs Productivity Par adox (2014) . The Productivity Commi ss i on singledout the low qu

40、a I i ty of manager ial capabi I it i es as a cause of the countryfs poor productivity growth record.Nor are h i gh I y pa i d managers themse Ives immune from the harm caused by the ERA 1 s un j u st i f i ed d i smi s sa I procedures. Because employment protection laws make it cost I i er to f i r

41、e an emp I oy ee , employers are more cautious about hiring new st aff . Th i s makes it harder for the mar g i n a I manager to gain emp I oyment . And f i r ms pay staff lessbecause firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.Soc iet y al so suffers from excess i ve employment

42、 pr ot ect i ons. St r i ngent J ob dismissal r egul at i ons adver sei y affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.Across the Tasman Sea, Au st r a I i a deals with the un j u st i f i ed dismissal paradox by exc I udi ng employees earning above a specified Hhi gh

43、- income threshold from the pr ot ect i on of its unf ai r dismissal laws. In New Zea I and, a 201 6 private membersBi 11 tried to permit f i rms andh i gh- i ncome emp I oyees to contract out of the injust i f i eddi sm i s sa I r eg i me. Howe ve r, the mec h an i sms proposed were unw i e I dy an

44、d the Bi 11 was voted down fo 1 1 owing the change in government I ater that year. 【题干】The persona I grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to【选项】pun i sh dubious corporate practicesimprove traditional hiring proceduresexempt employers from certain dutiesprotect the rights of ordinary workers【

45、答案】D.【题干】It can be learned from Paragraph 3 t hat the provisions may【选项】hinder business developmentundermine managersuthorityaffect the pub ic image of the f i rmsworsen labor-management relations【答案】A.【题干】Which of the fo I I owing measures would be the Productivity Commission support?【选项】Imposing r

46、easonable wage restraints.Enforcing employment protection lawsC.Limiting the powers of business owners.Dismi s s i ng poorly performing manager s.【答案】D.【题干】What might be an effect of ERAS unjustified dismissal procedures?【选项】Highly paid managers lose their jobs.Employees suffer from sal ary cut s.So

47、ciety sees a rise in overal I wel I - be i ng.Employe rs need to hire new st aff .【答案】B.【题干】It can be i nfe r r ed that the Hhi gh-i ncome threshold1* in Australia蜂项】has secured managers earningshas produced undesired resultsis beneficial to business ownersis difficult to putinto practice【答案】cPart B

48、Di rect ions: The fol lowing paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41- 45, you are r equ i r ed to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent art i c Ie by choos ing from the I i st A- G and filling them i nt o the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correct ly placed Mark y

49、our answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Teri Byrd_ (41)I was a zoo and wi Id I ife park employee for years. Both the w i Id I i fe park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was fa Ise. Neit her one of them effective I y ze ro. nAndw

50、 hat s so great about consciousness, anyway? PI ants cant runaway fr om_ (18) . So i nve s t i ng energy in a body system wh i c h_ (19) a threat andcanfeel pa i n would be a ve ry_ (20) e vo 1 ut i o na ry st rat egy, according to the article.【题干】1.【选项】c o i nedd i s c o ve redco 11 ectedissued【答案】

51、A.【题干】2一选项】attributeddirectedc omparedc o nf i ned【答案】c.【题干】3. _.【选项】A. unle s sB.whenC. o neeD.though【答案】Dactua 11 y participated in any cont r i but i ons whose bottom I i ne is much more important than the condition of the animals.Animals despi se being captives in zoos. No matter how you enhance

52、 enc I osures, they do not a 1 low for fr eedom, a natura I di et or adequate ti me for transparency with these inst i t ut i ons, and its past time to eliminate zoos from our cult ure.Karen R. Si me (42)As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Ma rr i s that zoodi sp I ays can be sad and crue I. B

53、ut sheunderestimates the educat i onal val ue of zoos.The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative exper i ence t hat led them to major in bi ological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportun ity as chi Idrento tr avel tow i Ide

54、rness areas, w i Id li fe refuges or nat iona I parks. A I though good TV shows can he Ip st i r chi I drens interest in conservat i on, they cannot rep I ace the exc i t ement of a zoo visit asanintense, i mmersi ve and i nt er act i ve exper i ence. Sure I y there must be some middle ground that b

55、alances zoosreatment of animals with their educational potential.Greg Newb e r r y_ (43)Emma Marris*s article is an i nsu I t and a d i sser v i ce to the thousands of passionate who work t i r e I ess I y to improve the I i ves of animals and protect our pl anet. She uses outdated research and deca

56、des- o I d examples to undermine the noble mi s s i on of or gan i z a t i on committed to connecting chi I dren to a wor Id beyond their own.Zoos are at the forefront of conservati onand constant I y evol vi ng to improve how they care for animals and protect each spec i es i n its natural habit at

57、. Are there tragedies? Of course. But they are the except i on not the norm that Ms. Marr is impl ies. A distressed animal in a zoo wi 11 get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospi tai.Dean Gal lea(44)As a fe I low env i ronmenta I i st an i mal- prot ect ion advocate and I o

58、ngt i me vegetarian. I could proper ly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that we I I - r un zoos and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity so serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beaut i fu I w i Id creatures closeto hom

59、e many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out disturb and even hunt them down.Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy our need for contact with these I iv i ng creatures while leaving the vast majority

60、undisturbed in their natural envi ronment s.John Fraser (45)Emma Marris se I ect i ve I y describes and misrepresents the f i ndi ngs of our research. Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our st udi es