医学英语翻译与写作：Writing the title

1、Medical English WritingMay, 2014Medical English Writing Research paperAbstractMedical ReviewCase Report/HistoryResearch paperA research paper describes the authors original research, presents the procedures of an experiment or an investigation, reports the research results, and makes an evaluation o

2、f the research findings. Such papers are usually peer reviewed for their value by the experts in the field before they are published.Why write and publish research papers?Ideally to share research findings and discoveries with the hope of improving healthcare.Practically to get a job! to keep your j

3、ob! to get funding! to get promoted!What makes a good research paper ? Good science Good writing Publication in good journalsFormat of A Research PaperTitleAuthorshipAbstract and key wordsIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferencesMedical English Writing (1)Writing t

4、he titleA good title should:be clear, concise,effective and informativebe a label for indexing which accurately and correctly identifies the main topic of the study reportedcontain kedywords that capture the attention of the reader whose decision to read the whole paper often rests on the appeal of

5、the title.RequirementsShort and Concise InformativeImportant Word FirstIndexing（3Cs） 简明扼要便于检索富含信息重要词居首Short and concise： 1）Write in phrases (seldom in sentences) generally not exceeding 20 words (journals at home) or 14 words (Journal of the National Cancer Institute) or 100 letters (the British Jou

6、rnal of Cancer) or less than 2 lines (Archives of Internal Medicine) Short and concise： 2) no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, AIDS, CT etc.Informative：State exactly what you want the readers to know about your paper and your work with enough info

7、rmation; highlight the important or innovative parts. Important Word First：key words are often in the beginning of the title; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the Key Words section of the paper.Indexing：3Cs (Correct, complete, concrete), pack as many key words or index

8、ing terms as possible into the title without overloading it.Writing-modeCapitalization of the 1st letter of the 1st word ( except proper nouns and abbreviations )Capitalization of the 1st letter of each word (except three types of function words: prep., art., conj.)Capitalization of all the wordsOmi

9、ssion of ArticlesIn the beginning of a titleBefore the names of diseases, some organs and plural nounsStructure of the Titlesas a Phrase as a sentenceAs a Phrase Noun Phrasen + prepositional phraseBlindness after Treatment for Malignant Hypertension 恶性高血压治疗后的失明Predication of Varicose Haemorrhage by

10、Esophageal Endoscopy 食管镜检查预计曲张静脉出血As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + participial phrase Thyroid Carcinoma Induced by Irradiation for Hodgkins Disease何杰金病放射治疗引起的甲状腺癌Left Ventricular Function Following Surgical Treatment of Mitral Valve Disease 二尖瓣病变手术后的左心室功能 As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + to-infinitiveSuggestion

11、 to Abolish Icterus Determination Where Quantitative Bilirubin Assay is Available 建议能做胆红素定量测定的化验室不再做黄疸指数 As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + appositive Gentamicin, a Selective Agent for the Isolation of -hemolytic Streptococci庆大霉素是分离-溶血性链球菌的选择性药物 As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + clause （mostly appositive clause or

12、 attributive clause）Factors which influence survival rate after resection of primary liver cancer 影响原发性肝癌切除后存活率的因素 As a P hrase Noun Phraseattributive modifier + n. (or parallel n. phrases)Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking恶性高血压与吸烟 As a Phrase Gerund PhrasePreventing Stroke in Patients wit

13、h Atrial Fibrillation心房纤颤患者中风预防Assessing Meningitis in Febrile Infants 发热婴儿脑膜炎的判别 As a Phrase Prepositional PhraseOn Controlling Rectal Cancer控制直肠癌（探讨） On Clinical Diagnosis of Primary Carcinoma of Liver原发性肝癌临床诊断（探讨） As a Phrase to-infinitive phraseTo Enhance the Diagnostic Value of Intravenous Urog

14、raphy 提高静脉尿路造影的诊断价值As a Sentence Declarative Sentence No period or full stop( ./。) after the title:Osteoclasts are present in the giant cellvariant of malignant fibrous histocytoma恶性纤维组织细胞瘤巨细胞变异体中有破骨细胞存在Recurrent abdominal pain in a healthy school-aged child can be lactose intolerance健康学龄儿童反复腹痛可能与不能

15、耐受乳糖有关As a Sentence Interrogative SentenceGenerally end with a question mark (?)Home or hospital births？在家分娩还是住院分娩？Is treatment of borderline hypertension good or bad？治疗临界型高血压是利还是弊？What to look for in rib fractures and how（?）肋骨骨折时应检查什么及如何检查（？）SubtitleTo supplement and explain the title or to highlig

16、ht one aspect of the research paper To separate the title and the subtitle by a colon(:) or a dash()More common in the journals abroad than those in ChinaFunctions of SubtitlesTo highlight the number of cases or samples：对急诊室176例腹痛病例的回顾性研究Original：A retrospective study of 176 cases of abdominal pain

17、in the emergency room Revised：Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 176 cases Functions of SubtitlesTo highlight the the research ：大动脉炎胸部X线表现及其临床意义Original：Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance on aorto-arteritis Revised： Aorto-arteritis：Chest X-ray appearance a

18、nd its clinical significance Functions of SubtitlesTo highlight the research methods：传染性肝炎继发糖尿病患者随访调查Original：A follow-up study on diabetes after infectious hepatitis Revised： Diabetes after infectious hepatitis：A follow-up study Functions of SubtitlesTo highlight the function of the treatment：Prazo

19、dine 一种新的治疗高血压的血管扩张剂Original：Prazodine is a new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertensionRevised： Prazodine：A new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertensionFunctions of SubtitlesTo raise a question or a choice 慢性腹痛是手术症状还是精神症状？Original：Is chronic abdominal pain a surgical or psychiatric symp

20、tom？ Revised： Chronic abdominal pain： a surgical or psychiatric symptom？ Functions of SubtitlesTo denote the different topics of a serial research paper人类血清的理化研究：. 29例肾炎患者的研究Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum：A study of 29 cases of nephritis 人类血清的理化研究：. 多种病例的研究 Physical and chemical

21、studies of human blood serum： A study of miscellaneous disease conditionsFunctions of SubtitlesTo show the time of research曲张静脉内镜硬化疗法:一年临床经验研究Original：One year Clinical experience with endoscopic varicose sclerosisRevised： Endoscopic varicose sclerosis： one year Clinical experienceHigh Frequency Wor

22、ds nounsinfluence of on 对 的影响studies/study/research/researches on/of 的研究diagnosis of 的诊断treatment of 的治疗effect (s) of on 对 的疗效action of on 对 的作用comparison of and 的比较discussion/investigation of/on 探讨application of 应用High Frequency Words nounsa report of/on 报告experience of （经验）总结experience in/with 体会/

23、经验survey/investigation of/on 调查an observation of/on 观察correlation between and 的关系an approach to 的探讨/方法High Frequency Words nounsStudies on the Typing of Chronic atrophic Gastritis 慢性萎缩性胃炎分型的研究Operative Treatment of Congenital Heart Diseases in Childhood: Analysis of 464 Cases 464 例小儿先天性心血管手术分析报告High

24、 Frequency Words nounsTendency of Omission: Study of ，A report of/on ，Observation on ， Discussion/Investigation of 苯对白细胞毒性作用的研究Toxic effects of benzene on leucocytes双异丙吡胺治疗心律失常的临床疗效观察 Clinical efficacy of disopyramide in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmiasHigh Frequency Words nounsUse of modifiers

25、before the nouns：苯对白细胞毒性作用的回顾性研究Retrospective study of toxic effects of benzene on leucocytesToxic effects of benzene on leucocytes：A retrospective study High Frequency Words nounsUse of modifiers before the nouns：retrospective（回顾性）prospective （前瞻性）comparative（比较性） randomized（随机性）quantitative（定量） qu

26、alitative （定性）experimental (实验) clinical（临床）High Frequency Words conjunctionsand（to show the correlation ）Malignant Hypertension and CigaretteSmoking 恶性高血压与吸烟Viral hepatitis and medical profession病毒性肝炎与医务工作as Pernicious Anemia as a Risk Factor for Cancer of the Stomach 恶性贫血 胃癌的危险因素Evaluation of nutr

27、itional indices as a prognosis indicator in the cancer patient营养指数癌症的预后指标High Frequency Words prepositionHigh Frequency Words prepositionon: n.( indicating study/research, investigation, observation, effect etc. ) + on +n.Experimental Studies on Treatmentof Viperidae Snake Bite with Trypsin胰蛋白酶治疗蝰科蛇

28、毒中毒的试验研究High Frequency Words prepositionin: (1) n.( indicating physiological or pathological phenomena)+ in + n. Urethral Duplication in Children小儿尿道重复畸形 (2) in + n. (derivations of v. ) Peritoneovenous Shunting in the Management of Malignant Ascites 恶性腹水的腹膜静脉分流法 High Frequency Words preposition (3)

29、 n.( indicating methods for treatment and examination, names of drugs or pathological phenomena)+ in + n. (names of disease)Surgery in Active Infective Endocarditis活动性感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗High Frequency Words prepositionfor: treatment method + for +name of the diseaseShunt Operations for Obesity分流手术治疗肥胖症High

30、 Frequency Words prepositionafter/following (can be replaced)Postoperative Syndromes after Liver Surgery 肝脏术后综合征Reflux and Reflux Disease following Gastric Resection 胃切除后的回流与回流病High Frequency Words prepositiondue to（used to indicate the reason，instead of because of, owing to; can be replaced by caus

31、ed by）Infections due to group C streptococci in man 人类链球菌C组感染Bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli革兰氏阴性杆菌菌血症Assignment（Chapter one）. Revise the following titles into the forms with subtitles, and translate the revised titles into Chinese: A light and electron microscopic study of two cases of prim

32、ary sarcoma of heart2. Experimental study of laser surgery of the liver3. A report of 60 cases of primary vaginal carcinoma4. Fifteen years clinical experience with carcinoma of the pancreas5. Carcinoembryonic antigen(癌胚抗原) in breast cancer tissue is a useful prognostic indicator. Revise the followi

33、ng titles into the forms with subtitles, and translate the revised titles into Chinese: 1. A light and electron microscopic study of two cases of primary sarcoma of heart2. Experimental study of laser surgery of the liver3. A report of 60 cases of primary vaginal carcinoma4. Fifteen years clinical e

34、xperience with carcinoma of the pancreas5. Carcinoembryonic antigen(癌胚抗原) in breast cancer tissue is a useful prognostic indicatorAssignment（Chapter one）. Revise the following improper titles, and translate the revised titles into Chinese: 1. Circulatory failure of metastatic carcinoma of the lung 2

35、. Evaluation of etiology of liver disease in renal- transplant patients3. Diabetes after the infectious hepatitis: A follow-up study4. The use of radioactive iodine at the evaluation of thyroid nodules5. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (可曲光学纤维支气管镜检法). Revise the following titles into the forms with subtitles, and transla