翻译综合及翻译理论典型题详解

1、4.2翻译综合及翻译理论典型题详解题 1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences.严复在天演论译例言（1895）中提出：译事三又 。此后100多年来， 这就成了我国译界的一个重要的翻译标准。Six guidelines in the employment of dictionaries in translation：. 英语 ，汉语轻。英语多，汉语少。英语重，汉语轻。用英语解释：Hypotaxis; Parataxis.5 .用汉语解释：Theme; Rheme.参考答案：信达雅Glaring errors in ECT derived f

2、rom the take-it-for-granted attitudeDictionary isindispensable.Mechanical reference fails the translatorsDictionary is not always so reliable.English to English dictionary is sometimes a better helper.Never confine your reference to one dictionary.Divergent thought works when dictionaries fail to wo

3、rk.Dictionaries cannot be expected to be always correct, esp. the dictionaries compiled by Chinese.英语重形合，汉语重意合。英语多省略，汉语少省略。英语重时体，汉语轻时体。用英语解释Hypotaxis： The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you dont come.Parataxis： The a

4、rranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example： The rain fell; the river flooded; the house was washed away.Theme：句子陈述的对象（即话题），谈话的出发点，它是读者从上下文或由语言外 的知识得到的内容。因此，它表达的是已知信息（given information）0Rheme：指为主体提供新信息的句子成分，是句子对陈述对象所作的陈述，即对已知事 物说了些什么，它是交际的中心

5、，叙述的目的，是读者所未知或假定读者未知的内容，因 此，它表达的是未知信息（new information）o 一般来说，未知信息是句子内容的重点或句 子的强调点。题2. Sentence Translation （翻译时第1和第2句时，请注意形合和意合的处理）黎明即起，洒扫庭除。2天要下雨，娘要嫁人。There are books and books.It has often noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow.But my mother had not passed

6、this way for years. And the slimness and the stride were long past, too.The broadcaster, owned by media mogul Rupert Murdoch, is home to “Melrose Place where stars like Heather Locklear sport thigh grazing skirts and plunging necklines.You will have noticed in daily life that when people are inquisi

7、tive they nearly always have bad memories and are usually stupid at bottom.Having sex once or twice a week gives a boost to the immune system that could help ward off colds and flu, New Scientist magazine said Wednesday.Forms leaned together in the taxi as they waited, and voices sang, and there was

8、 laughter from unheard jokes, and lighted cigarettes outlined unintelligible gesture inside.If she had long lost the blue-eyed, flower-like charm, the cool slim purity of face and form, the apple-blossom coloring which has so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago, she was still at

9、forty-three a comely and a faithful companion, whose cheeks were faintly mottled, and whose grey-blue eyes had acquired a certain fullness.参考答案：Rise at dawn and sweep the courtyard.If Heaven wishes it to rain or your mother to remarry, there is no way to stop them.世上有好书也有坏书。人们已经注意到，大凡受到死亡威胁的人或是死里逃生的

10、人对于他们所干的任何事 总是兴趣盎然。但是母亲已经很多年没有走这条路了，苗条的倩影和矫健的步伐已不可复睹。这家广播公司，属于一家媒体巨头Rupert Murdoch,它是Melrose Place节目的发源 地，在此节目中，像Heather Locklear这样的明星惹人注目地穿着裸露大腿的裙子和低领口 的衣服。在日常生活中，你也许曾经注意到，那些专爱打听别人闲事的人，往往记忆力很差， 而且通常他们都是一些蠢家伙。星期三，新科学家杂志上提到，每周做爱一到两次能够强化人体的免疫系统，能够 避免感冒或流感的侵袭。那些坐在出租车里等候开车的人，影影绰绰地依偎在一起，他们情话绵绵，虽不知 在低声私语什

11、么，却可听到他们的嬉笑声，点燃着的香烟随着他们的手势一闪一闪地在跳 动。至于其中奥妙，却是难以理解的。26年前，她那蓝眼睛、花儿般的魅力，透着玉洁冰清秀气的脸蛋儿和身段，还有 那苹果花似的脸色，曾经令Ashurst对她一见钟情。这都已成了往事。如今，43岁的她，尽 管双颊隐约露出了些斑点，灰蓝色的眼睛已经有些浮肿，但依然是一个眉清目秀的忠实的伴 侣。题 3. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences.美国的翻译理论家奈达博士 （E.A. Nida）在其翻译理论与实践一书中将读者（译 文受众）引入翻译标准，提出了、 （注意此两格用中英文填写）的翻

12、译原 则。他认为，翻译就是“用最贴切、最自然的对等的译入语从语义和文体两方面再现原文信 息”的过程，动态对等的标准就是译文的读者和原文的读者在感受上基本相同。鲁迅：比如一个名词或动词，写不出，创作时可以回避，翻译却不成，还得想，一直弄到头昏眼花，好像脑子里面摸一个急于要开的钥匙，却没有。 严复：一名之立，旬月。 陆殿扬先生就曾明确指出：Translate, if possible, or, appeal to free translation.乔姆斯基关于深层结构与表层结构的理论，对我们认识此点不无裨益。所谓深层结 构，就是运用短语结构规则和词项插入规则后所得到的结构，它包含句子成分间的语法关

13、系和深层语义。所谓表层结构，。Translations are like womenwhen they are faithful they are not beautiful, when theyare beautiful they are not faithful.此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子 参考答案：“动态对等”(dynamic equivalence)、“功能对等”(functional equivalence)箱子的踟躇literally就是在深层结构上运用转换规则衍生出来实际运用的句子。美言不信，信言不美。题 4. Fill in the following blank

14、s .翻译理论又有了新发展。傅雷在高老头重译本序中提出：以效果而论，翻译 应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而 。60年代钱钟书在林纾的翻译一文中 更进一步提出：文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能 不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那应算得上是。汉语自有汉语之美。汉语不注重对客观现实作符合逻辑的形式的描摹，不执著于形式结构的规范。汉语是一种时现“阴柔之美” ()的语言。汉语的魅力系于她的流散和疏放，系于她的暗示力和。 英语不甘于逻辑的内涵，而是将逻辑关系 ”，以明显的逻辑标记使自己成 为一种重“形合”的语言。而汉语则乐于不动声色的“”，

15、在其表层结构上不留或 少留逻辑痕迹。 译文既传达原文的信息，又尽可能地保持原文的。直译是一种重要的翻译 方法。有人估算，翻译过程中，的句子要用直译方法来处理。陆殿扬先生就曾明确指出：Translate literally, if possible, or, appeal to.(如果可能，就直译；否则就采 。) 汉语是一种”，寥寥数词，就能出意境，出氛围，出画面。所以，汉语中许多 的表达要译成英语，那简直是要英语的“命” 了。形合与意合是语言学涉及句法问题的两个重要概念。其相应的英语表达系源于希腊语的 和。文体犹如一年中的四季，春夏秋冬，四季分明。文体有正式(the formal style)

16、与非 正式(the informal style)之别。再细分，前者含庄严体(the Frozen Style)与正式体(the Formal Style)；后者含商议体(the Consultative Style)、 ()、亲密体(the Intimate Style)。正式与非正式之间，也一如四季。读欧阳修丰乐亭记里的“仰而望山，俯而听泉”忽悟：此乃借用白居易庐山草堂记“仰观山，俯听泉”语。此间仅增一字，则文气却异，除增加了一份舒缓外，还别 有一番行文趣味。初唐杰出诗人王勃27岁就匆匆离开人世，却给后人留下了传世名篇腾 王阁序，此外，他还写下了“,”的千古名句。细究之下，此名句乃脱胎于庾

17、信的“落花与芝盖齐飞，杨柳共春旗一色”。10. Thirty Years Ago, Man Slipped Bonds Of Earth； Kennedy Drama Brings Tributes, Trauma In U.S. Press两条标题均隐含幽默。前者，后者。参考答案：神似；“化境”Femininity； 意境性外化；意合表达形式；70%free translation；意译意境语言；意境性强Hypotaxis； parataxis随意体；the Casual Style落霞与孤鹫齐飞，秋水共长天一色轻松；凝重题 5. Fill in the blanks in the foll

18、owing sentences “汉语具有意美、三大优点。”(鲁迅汉文学史纲要第一篇 自文学至文章，然而，英语与汉语相比，前者为拼音文字，而后者为表意文字。英语所具有的“音美”显然有别于汉语。汉语一个字代表一个音节，而汉语音节结构形式的一个 突出的审美特征是双声叠韵。“译笔出原著头地”，或曰青出于蓝的现象除归结为译者“驱使本国文字”的“功夫” 之外，另有一点似不可忽视，即汉语本身是“智慧的语言”、”(鲁道夫弗莱齐 语)。汉语的种种 (诸如四字结构、意合parataxis能力、形式齐整、音律跃耳、辞 格丰富、意境性强等等)如漫漫译途上的一盏指路明灯，又如茫茫译林中的奔泉与鸟鸣，令 译者走出“柳暗

19、”，令译者呈现“光明”。联想(association)的理论与实践同样适用于英汉翻译。放眼译苑，不少译者未动译 笔，已败于“理解”门槛之外，其理解或捉襟见拙，或张冠李戴，或自相矛盾；另一些译者 虽理解无误，却译笔呆滞枯暗，表达，或不问原文，或淡而无味，缘由之一恐怕 盖与“联想”有涉。，为有源头活水来。我们把玩译林佳句时，常发出这样的慨叹： 文思如涌，联想驰骋，方能译笔有神。从语源(Etymology)观察，英汉相距甚远。虽然英汉同属屈折变化(inflections)较少的 分析性语言(analytical language)，也不属综合型语言(synthetic language)，但是，英语

20、与汉语 毕竟各自隶属不同语系，前者属 (Indo-European language)，后者属汉藏语系()。 词典之类的参考书对译者来说都。只有，包括最广泛的语言 文化背景，才能说明含义。(英)乔治-斯坦纳此种观点，甚至“殃及”译界：科技翻译讲抽象思维，而文学翻译才须讲形象思维。 实际情况则是：任何一类翻译，都需要。缺乏形象思维的翻译，其译文或舛误叠现， 或生硬呆板，或形容枯槁，。灵感思维并不缥缈，更不遥远！君不见，那么令人失声叫绝的译文，就或明或暗地 闪现灵感思维的光泽。译者的灵感思维从天而降，他会走笔如神，左右逢源，心中荡漾；而诵读这样的译文，则完全可能令读者陶醉字里,!潜心对原文和译 文

21、作对照阅读时，你会感受心灵的震撼，“嚯”地起身，大呼“天才译文!”据笔者陋见，经受文化冲击，首先指置身于异族文化或生活方式的人，其次，大概 就数“”了。因为，语言毕竟或多或少是一种社会和文化的载体。而翻译则是一种 典型的。汉语自有汉语之美。汉语不注重对客观现实作符合逻辑的形式的描摹，不执著于形 式结构的规范。汉语是一种时现” (femininity)的语言。汉语的魅力系于她的流散 和疏放，系于她的。 从翻译美学审视，“雅”，即”，即原文或译文的。参考答案：音美/形美世界上最成熟的语言/优势诘屈聱牙/问渠哪得清如许4 .印欧语系 /Sino-Tibetan language没有多大用处/上下文形

22、象思维/味同嚼蜡无限快意/忘情行间8 .译匠 /intercultural activity阴柔之美/暗示力和意境性美/美学价值题6.填空Yan Fus 3-word translation criteria are, and .Translation in China has a long history of some years.The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are and .参考答案：faithfulness, expressiveness, elegancetwo tho

23、usandfaithfulness, smoothness题7.回答下列问题。What is meant by translation?What was Karl Marx fond of saying about the importance of a foreign language?What are the prerequisites for a qualified translator?How to define the literal translation and the liberal translation?What do you think should be the cri

24、teria of translation?参考答案：Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language, not only an art but also a science.Karl Marx was fond of saying, “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”Generally speaking, a qualified translator

25、 should have five prerequisites:a good command of the source language;a good command of the target language;a wide range and scope of knowledge;a high political consciousness;a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the

26、 original almost without any change of word-order or sentence construction. Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word-order of the original.To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness,

27、 or even only one word: faithfulness.题8.找出下列英语熟语的来源并译成汉语。to blow hot and coldto paint the lilya dog in the mangerto separate the sheep from the goatsEveryone for himself and the devil take the hindmost.参考答案：The Fables of AesopW. ShakespeareThe Fables of AesopThe BibleThe Bible朝三暮四画蛇添足；多此一举（浪费或做不必要的事

28、）占据牛槽的狗（占着茅坑不拉屎的人）把好人与坏人分开人不为己，天诛地灭（各人为自己，魔鬼捉到最后的。）题9.试译下列各句，注意运用汉语熟语翻译斜体部分。And then I fell asleep and only woke at broad day.His body was perfect, alive with easy suppleness and health and strength.In a dangerous and uncertain world, the strengthening of national de-fence is the best guarantee of a

29、 nations vital interests.Yet there was no hint as to who had irresponsibly started his fiction in the first place. Or why.By comparison, the Great Wall in China is a mammoth presence.参考答案：随后我又睡着了，直到日高三丈才又醒来。他的身体十全十美，肌肉柔软，强健有力，显得生气勃勃。在危机四伏，动荡不安的世界里，巩固国防是一个国根本利益的最好保障。但首先，究竟是谁信口开河、凭空捏造的呢？又是怀着什么目的呢？却只字未

30、提。相比之下，中国的长城真是个庞然大物。题10.试用汉语同义熟语翻译下列idioms。to show ones coloursto face the musicas mute as a fishto take French leavetweedledee and tweedledumto be at the end of ones ropeto look for a needle in a haystackto put all ones eggs in one basketto mind ones Ps and Qsto talk black into white参考答案:1.原形毕露6.山穷

31、水尽2.临危不惧7 .大海捞针3.噤若寒蝉8.孤注一掷4.不辞而别9.谨言慎行5.半斤八两10.颠倒黑白题11.根据下列各句括号内所给方法将下列各句译成汉语。A good dog deserves a good bone.（直译加解释法）Ill workmen often blame their tools.（直译联想法）No smoke without fire.（意译改造法）He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl.（对联增字法）Like knows like.（等值互借法）参考答案:1 .好狗应该得好骨头（有功者受奖）。拙

32、工咎器（联想：驴不拉磨嫌套弯；不会撑船怪河弯）。无火不起烟（根据“无风不起浪”改造而来）。近朱者赤，近墨者黑。英雄识英雄。题12.翻译下列谚语。Many a good cow hath a bad calf.Like father, like son.No fire without smoke.In for a penny, in for a pound （or: as well be hanged for a sheep as a lamb）.Sit on the fence （or: swim between two waters）.One may steal a horse, while

33、 another may not look over the hedge.Give a dog a bad name and hang him.If you want a pretense to whip a dog, say that he ate the frying-pan. （or: He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find a stick. ）Love me, love my dog.One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys no boy.参考答案:好牛下孬崽（虎父生犬子

34、）。有其父必有其子。有火必有烟（有一利必有一弊）。一不做二不休。骑墙。一人可以偷马，他人无权看围篱（联想：只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯）。给人加个坏名声，诽谤他，他就永远洗刷不掉（欲加之罪，何患无辞）。欲加之罪，何患难无辞。爱屋及乌。一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。题13.翻译下列汉语熟语。十五个吊桶打水一一七上八下。擀面杖吹火一窍不通。外甥打灯笼照舅（旧）。竹篮打水一一一场空。大牯牛的口水一一太长。哑巴吃黄连一一有苦难言。肉包子打狗一去不回头。半推半就病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。10.负荆请罪27.听而不闻11.倚老卖老28 .心悦诚服12.雅俗共赏29 .闻过则喜13.天伦之乐3

35、0.好为人师14.乐极生悲31.舍生取义15.清官难断家务事32 .见贤思齐16.牵肠挂肚33.不耻下问17. 一言以蔽之34 .默而识之18.随心所欲35 .诲人不倦19.温故知新36.欲速则不达20.既往不咎37.饱食终日，无所用心21.敏而好学38 .视而不见22.三思后行39 .怨天尤人23.学而不厌40.尊贤使能24.择善而从41.得道多助，失道寡助25.杀身成仁42.专心致志26.心不在焉43.生于忧患，死于安乐参考答案：Fifteen buckets being hurriedly lowered into a well for water一eight going down wh

36、ile seven were coming up.To blow up a fire through a rolling-pin just doesnt work.back in the old rutladling water with a wicker basketget nothing out of itthe slobber of a buffalo一too longthe dumb man eating the bitter herb: to suffer the bitterness of it in silenceA dog given a bone doesnt come ba

37、ck for more.only make a show of resistingIllness comes as fast as a wall falling down but goes as slowly as unravelling a cocoon.abject apologiespresuming on ones ageHighbrows and lowbrows alike can enjoy.the joys of family life togetherJoy at its height engenders sorrow.Not even good officials can

38、settle family troubles.beside oneself with anxietybe embraced in one sentenceto follow what ones heart desiresto keep cherishing ones old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring newThings that are past, it is needless to blame.to be of an active nature and yet fond of learningthink thrice, and

39、then actlearning without satietyto select the good qualities and follow themto sacrifice ones lives to preserve ones virtue completeThe mind is not present.to hear and not to understandIn ones hearfs core one is pleased and sincerely submits.One rejoices when he is told to have a fault.to like to be

40、 teachers of othersto let life go and choose righteousnessWhen you see men of worth, you should think of equaling them.not to be ashamed to ask and learn of ones inferiorsthe silent treasuring up of knowledgeinstructing others without being weariedDesire to have things done quickly prevents their be

41、ing done thoroughly.to stuff oneself with food the whole day, without applying ones mind to anything goodto look and not to seeto murmur against heaven, grumble against mento give honour to men of talents and virtue and employ the ableHe who finds the proper course has many to assist him. He who los

42、es the proper course has few to assist him.with ones whole mind being given, and will bent to somethingLife springs from sorrow and calamity, and death from ease and pleasure.题14.将下列英文译成汉语熟语。A clay idol cant save itself while swimming across a river.The dog bites Lu Dongbinhe bites the hand that fee

43、ds him.The rat in the barn asks a crow for grain, as if a bird on the wing had some while the rat in the barn had none.A six-foot lamp-stand (that) lights up others but stays dark itself.The extreme of adversity is the beginning of prosperity.The abler a man, the busier he gets.The toad on the groun

44、d wants to eat the goose in the sky.People may become princes or thieves, depending on whether theyre successful or not.One conquest breeds appetite for another as an ancient Chinese general did.You cant expect ivory from a dogs mouth.Important people have short memories.As soon as the rivers crosse

45、d you pull down the bridge.Too much cunning in plotting and scheming is the cause of her own undoing.a phoenix from a crows nestdouble-faced and tricky.参考答案：泥菩萨过江一一自身难保。狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。仓老鼠问老鸹去借粮一守着的没有，飞着的倒有。丈八灯台一一照见人家，照不见自己。否极泰来能者多劳癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉成则王侯，败则贼子得陇望蜀狗嘴里吐不出象牙贵人多忘事过河拆桥机关算尽太聪明，反算了卿卿性命题15.请改译以下译文。Love Is

46、 Not like Merchandise爱情不是商品A reader in Florida, apparently bruised by some personal experience, writes in to complain “if I steal a nickels worth of merchandise, I am a thief and punished; but if I steal the love of anothers wife, I am free.”佛罗里达州的一位读者显然是在个人生活中受过创伤，他写信来悲叹道：“如果我偷走 了五分钱的商品，我是个贼，就要受到惩罚

47、，但要是我偷走了别人妻子的爱情，我却没事”This is a prevalent misconception in many peoples minds, that love, like merchandise, can be “stolen. Numerous states, in fact, have enacted laws allowing damages for “alienation of affections.”这是许多人心目中普遍存在的一种错觉，爱情，像商品一样，可以“偷走”。实际上， 许多州都颁布法令，允许索取“情感转让”赔偿金。But love is not a commo

48、dity; the real thing cannot be bought, sold, traded or stolen. It is an act of the will, a turning of the emotions, a change in the climate of the personality.但是爱情并非商品；真情实意不可能购买，出售，交易，或者偷走。爱情是意愿之果， 感情之向，是个性潮流之变。When a husband or wife is “stolen by another person, that husband or wife was already rip

49、e for the stealing, was already predisposed toward a new partner. The “lovebandit was only taking what was waiting to be taken, what wanted to be taken.当丈夫或妻子被他人“偷走”，那个丈夫或妻子被“偷”的条件成熟，已经做好了接纳 新伴侣的准备。这位“爱匪”不过是取走等候取走、盼望取走之物。We tend to treat persons like goods. We ever speak of children “belonging” to t

50、heir parents. But nobody “belongs” to anyone else; e ach person belongs to himself, and to God. Children are entrusted to their parents, and if their parents do not treat them properly, the state has a right to remove from their parents7 trusteeship.我们往往待人如物。我们甚至说孩子“属于”父母。但是谁也不“属于”谁。每个个人 只属于自己，属于上帝。

51、孩子是托付给父母的，如果父母不善待他们，州政府有权取消父母 的托管。Most of us, when young, had the experience of a sweetheart being taken from us bysomebody more attractive and more appealing. At the time, we may have resented this intruderbut as we grew older, we recognized that the sweetheart had never been ours to beginwith. It

52、was not the intruder that “caused” the break, but the lack of a real relationship.我们中的多数人年轻时也许都有过情人被某个更漂亮、更具魅力的人夺走的经历。当时， 我们也许怨恨这位“窃贼”，但是，随年岁的增长，我们认识到：所谓情人，原本就不属于 我们。不是“窃贼”“导致”决裂，而是本来就缺乏真实的关系。On the surface, many marriages seem to break up because of a “third party. This is, however, a psychological

53、 illusion. The other woman or the other man merely serves as a pretext for dissolving a marriage that had already lost its essential integrity.从表面上看，许多婚姻似乎是因为有了 “第三者”才破裂的。然而这只是一种心理幻觉。 那个女人，或者那个男人，实际上掩盖了一个已经失却真正意义的婚姻的解体。Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than the bitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “come between” oneself and a beloved. This is always a distortion of reality, for people are not the captives or victims of others they are free agents, working out their own destini