毕业论文翻译(共11页)

1、智能建筑(jinzh)和建筑管理系统摘要：伴随着社会的急速发展，民用高层建筑也日益(ry)趋于智能化。本文主要介绍智能建筑的设计，建筑管理系统，智能家居的应用，照明系统的节能(ji nn)和控制方法，以及北方建筑的暖气设计应用，为未来智能建筑发展指引方向。关键词：智能建筑、智能家居、照明控制、照明系统、暖气1 智能建筑控制理论智能建筑的本质，建设管理系统和智能建筑是在控制技术，使服务一体化，自动化和优化的所有服务和设备提供服务和管理环境的建设可编程逻辑控制器，形成了原来的基础上的控制技术。后来的事态发展，在商业和住宅的申请，是基于分布式智能的微处理器 。稍后这些技术的采用和发展，让各种网站的建

2、设和服务得以优化，往往高产显着并且降低成本和节省大量能源。有很多方法，其中建设服务的建筑物内可以得到控制，下降大致可分为二的方法类型：基于时间-提供暖气或照明服务等，只有在需要时；基本参数的优化-经常使用的名词，代表环境方面的服务，如温度的空间加热或照度的照明。 2暖气2.1基于时间的控制基于时间的控制，可以用来打开和关闭供暖系统（和/或热水）在预先选定的时期（一天，一周等）。优化参数：无论任何条件下，确保建设达到预期的温度，开始入住房间.2.2优化基于参数（温度）控制 温度控制：保护对冻结或霜冻保护一般涉及运行供暖系统水泵和锅炉，当外部温度达到了一定时（0C时）。补偿系统：当室外温度下降，将

3、控制流温度，在加热电路相对外部温度。这将提供一个上升的电路流温度。散热器恒温阀：这些意义上的空间温度在一个房间内和节流阀的流量相关，所以通过装上散热器或变换器控制。比例控制：涉及交换设备，并自动关闭，以规管输出。其他的方法可以包括恒温器，红外传感（被动式红外线感应器）。3 照明控制方法 不同的控制系统的存在，再次基于时间的控制和优化基于参数的情况(qngkung)下的水平照度或特定用途的照明是必需的。区域：灯开关就相应的使用和布局的照明领域，如果只有一小部分，为了避免照明一大片，它需要微亮。时间控制：开关和关闭自动(zdng)在每个区域，以预设的时间表，轻微损耗。被动式红外线（红外）入住遥感：

4、在地区(dq)是被侵入的间歇，入住传感器可以用来表明是否或有没有任何人。轻一级的监测：这包括调光开关或人工照明，以维持一个轻的水平来衡量一个光电。 4 建筑管理系统和智能建筑4.1 节约能源 直到最近几年，能源效率一直是大厦的业主和投资者比较低的优先和低限度的考虑。但是，随着急剧增加的和认识能源使用的关注和进步，符合成本效益的技术，能源效率正在迅速成为一部分房地产管理，设施管理和运作策略的概念，现在也作出重大大举进入国内住宅建筑部门。照明，节约能源的最多可以有75 的原电路的负荷，它代表5的能源消费总量的住宅和商业部门。节约能源的潜力，从水加热，冷却，或热水的生产，最多可以有10，代表多达7的

5、能源消费总量的国内住宅及商业部门。经验研究表明，在奥地利的潜在加热和冷却可节省的能源是高达30，在公共建筑物。甚至让事实，即建筑物所使用的研究可能已被那些有特别高的能源用量，这个数字是一个令人印象深刻的一个。（资料来源： eu2分析和市场调查，欧洲的建筑技术在中环及中东欧国家） 4.2 环境和温室气体的好处 减少对温室气体排放量的依赖和相关的减少能源的使用。智能建筑和楼宇管理系统的技术直接有助于减少能源的使用，在商业，工业，体制和国内住宅部门。在短期内，智能楼宇和适当的应用管理系统的建设有利于环境立法和环境标准，卫生和安全规定，和全球趋势对改善室内空气质量标准，都是显着的办法， 并提供一个连续

6、认可的需要-建设管理系统和智能建筑技术。政府的措施在世界各地也有强劲的发展，并通过大厦管理系统的技术。例如，英国碳信托允许增强资本免税额（非洲经委会） ，以作抵销对税务关于能源效率的制度，从而使储蓄的30左右，为所有能源相关的建设管理系统和智能楼宇设备，以及相关的安装和设计成本。 4.3 市场趋势 仔细解释，是必要的。在英国，通过控制技术进入新的建设和翻新的主要行业是比较高的：估计在数年前的英国市场(shchng)的建设管理控制系统(kn zh x tn)的新建和主要翻新，所有部门，建议(jiny)通过市场（如在1994年，评估英国能源的RTD）：暖气控制70 ；热水系统控制的90；空调控制8

7、0。不过，根据欧洲委员会的记录多达90的现有的建筑物已不适用或无效的管制，其中有许多需要完成的整修控制系统。此外传统的控制系统停止短期自动化智能建筑的全部功能。一个重要的因素是人类所需的最优秀的有效运作，即使控制系统正确地指明和安装。鉴于典型的装置和设备经常存在的问题，为建设占用于住宅或用于商业的使用情况操作是否正确和正确的运作是至关重要的有效的结果。教育用户，改善系统的设计方便用户，并提供有关指示和信息都是至关重要的，使理论转化为实践，并实现潜在的效益和节省。4.4 实际利益 能源的有效的制度，平衡建设的电灯，日光和机械系统以谋求最大利益。加强照明设计是一个多电器布局。它必须考虑的实际需要，

8、季节和气候的日光变化，及其对建筑物的机械系统的影响。 5 照明系统 加入日光到建设中去是一个方法，以达到能源效益的设计。 对于阳光的有效利用 ，可以使人们更快乐，更健康，更具生产力并且减少需要的电灯，大量的金钱可以节省能源。几乎每一个商业大厦是一个潜在的节能项目，如电力照明系统，可设计为暗灰色。 高达75 的照明能源消耗可节省。此外，通过减少电灯照明，并尽量减少太阳能热增益，控制的照明还可以减少建筑物的空调负荷。6 机械系统 暖通空调系统(xtng)和控制措施，包括应用分配制度的空气进入工作区，是机械零件的建筑物，影响热舒适性。这些系统必须共同努力，提供建筑的舒适度。而不是通常的一种的美学大厦

9、(dsh)，他们是至关重要的因素(yn s)在于其业务和乘员的满意度。在办公室投诉，人数最多的是因为工作场所太热，很多人应付加入的投诉，通常进行恒温战争是与他们的合作同事，或者干脆离开办公室。 智能家居住户可以驱车前往服务中心，调整舒适的空间。不适当的温度，湿度，通风，室内空气品质也有重大影响的生产力和健康。当我们处于热舒适的空间，我们可以更好地开展工作，更长的时间的放松，呼吸更容易，我们的注意力集中也会更好。为了提供一个舒适和健康的室内环境建设机械系统必须：提供一个可接受的水平，温度和湿度和安全防范，气味和室内空气污染物。创造意识的可居住性，通过空气流动，通风和轻微的温度变化。让乘员可以控制

10、和修改条件，以符合个人喜好。 7 阻力大厦管理系统和智能建筑技术 “我们的楼宇已具能源效益的”。（是整个建筑的节能，或是业主，限制他的重点，以公用地方及毛额租用空间？） “我们宁愿设备与最低的成本时，首先装修租客空间” 。（是否规范有任何的想法谁承担增加的经营成本，这样的策略呢？） “我们需要一个为期两年的简单的回馈或更少”。(这仍然是现实，20年前鉴于该回报率对货币市场是其中的十分之一？） “住户支付所有的能源成本，并会得到所有的储蓄”。（请勿相信住户真的支付所有的能源，通常能源超过预先设定的基准年或直到停止？） “我们正在(zhngzi)出售的建设”。（我们(w men)是否应该承担，然后

11、降低营运开支和收获增益资产(zchn)价值并不重要？） 8 智能建筑 建筑管理系统为住宅的申请与广泛采用数字技术将有一场深刻变革，我们如何与他人沟通。甚至如何，在我们的家园，我们商店进行服务，接收新闻，管理我们的财政状况，了解世界，并开展业务，管理资源，寻找娱乐，当我们进入老年并保持独立性和自主性。这些活动的日益发生在家庭中。作为我们的看法，银行，商店，大学，社区和城市的变化反应的新技术，使建筑建立管理制度，正在成为一个不平凡的新的重要性。因为它存在的今天，家庭不能满足这些需求，或利用新的机会所造成的社会和技术的变化。大多数人住的空间不能满足他们的需要。直到最近，大多数房屋被有线仍略多于主要电

12、子电路，数电话线，和几个电视电缆。时代变了，电器及保安系统承办商经常安装低压电缆通信网，这就是广泛的智能家居或智能家居系统。服务和设备，利用这些网络包括：安全、家庭影院和娱乐、电话，门电话和内部通信、个人电脑及互联网网络、监视摄像头、车道的车辆传感器、恒温控制、百叶窗和窗帘、输入系统，灌溉系统等等。 9 智能家园 智能家居是另一种的应用为智能化住宅的建设。几年前，这些概念很少考虑到未来的发展，现在他们在一步步现实这些条款是现在常用来定义一个居住使用控制系统的整合居住的各种自动化系统。整合民政系统，使它们能够互相沟通，通过控制系统，从而使单一的按钮和语音控制同时在预先编程的情景或经营模式下控制各

13、种家用系统。发展智能家居系统，集中讨论如何在家及其相关技术，产品和服务应该演变，以最好地满足面临的机遇和挑战的未来的可能性和排列是无止境的。10 总结总而言之，本文已为未来智能建筑的设计及管理系统的发展了指引方向，这对设计者来说将是巨大(jd)的机遇和挑战！参考文献： 李林; HYPERLINK /Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCYZ200001012.htm 21世纪新技术(jsh)在智能建筑中的应用与发展J;工程设计CAD与智能建筑;2000年01期杨晓晴,孙万志,桂垣; HYPERLINK /Article/CJFDTOTAL-HBJZ200301002.htm 关于(guny)

14、我国智能建筑建设的几点看法J;河北建筑工程学院学报;2003年01期夏静; HYPERLINK /Article/CJFDTOTAL-JXYE200401013.htm 论现代建筑的智能化设计J;江西冶金;2004年01期徐涓; HYPERLINK /Article/CJFDTOTAL-JZJJ200008015.htm 智能化建筑发展趋势浅析J;建筑经济;2000年08期Intelligent buildings design and building management systemsAbstract: With our society developing rapidly,more a

15、nd more high-rise buildings are tend to be designed to be intelligent. This article is mainly to introduce the design of intelligent buildings and building management systems, appliance of intelligent homes,lighting control methods and energy-saving ,and the design and appliance of the north buildin

16、gs heating,in order to provide a new way to designers in the near future.Key word: intelligent buildings intelligent homes lighting control lighting systems heatingIntelligent buildings - control theory The essence of Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings is in the control technologi

17、es, which allow integration, automation, and optimisation of all the services and equipment that provide services and manages the environment of the building concerned.Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) formed the original basis of the control technologies. Later developments, in commercial and r

18、esidential applications, were based on distributed-intelligence microprocessors. The use of these technologies allows the optimisation of various site and building services, often yielding significant cost reductions and large energy savings. There are numerous methods by which building services wit

19、hin buildings can be controlled, falling broadly into two method types: Time based - providing heating or lighting services, etc., only when required. Optimiser Parameter based - often utilizing a representative aspect of the service, such as temperature for space heating or illuminance for lighting

20、. Heating - time-based controlTime-based controls can be used to turn on and off the heating system (and/or water heating) at pre-selected periods (of the day, of the week, etc). Optimiser Parameters: whatever the conditions, the controls make sure the building reaches the desired temperature when o

21、ccupancy starts.Heating - optimiser parameter-based (temperature) control Temperature control: protection against freezing or frost protection generally involves running heating system pumps and boilers when external temperature reaches a set level (0C). Compensated systems: will control flow temper

22、ature in the heating circuit relative to external temperature. This will give a rise in the circuit flow temperature when outside temperature drops. Thermostatic radiator valves: these sense space temperature in a room and throttle the flow accordingly through the radiator or convector to which they

23、 are fitted. Proportional control: involves switching equipment on and off automatically to regulate output. Other methods can include thermostats, occupancy sensing PIRs (passive infra-red sensors), and manual user control. Lighting control methods Different control systems exist, again time-based

24、control and optimiser parameter-based where a level of illuminance or particular use of lighting is required. Zones: lights are switched on corresponding to the use and layout of the lit areas, in order to avoid lighting a large area if only a small part of it needs light. Time control: to switch on

25、 and off automatically in each zone to a preset schedule for light use. Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Occupancy sensing: In areas which are occupied intermittently, occupancy sensors can be used to indicate whether or not anybody is present and switch the light on or off accordingly. Light level monitorin

26、g: this consists of switching or dimming artificial lighting to maintain a light level measured by a photocell. Building management systems and intelligent buildings - energy savingsUntil recent years, energy efficiency has been a relatively low priority and low perceived opportunity to building own

27、ers and investors. However, with the dramatic increase and awareness of energy use concerns, and the advances in cost-effective technologies, energy efficiency is fast becoming part of real estate management, facilities management and operations strategy. The concepts are also now making significant

28、 inroads into the domestic residential housebuilding sectors.For lighting, energy savings can be up to 75% of the original circuit load, which represents 5% of the total energy consumption of the residential and commercial sectors. Energy savings potential from water heating, cooling, or hot water p

29、roduction, can be up to 10%, which represents up to 7% of the total energy consumption of the domestic residential and commercial sectors. Experiences from studies in Austria suggest potential heating and cooling energy savings are up to 30% in public buildings. Even allowing for the fact that build

30、ings used in the study may have been those with particularly high energy usage, the figure is an impressive one. (Source: EU2 Analysis and Market Survey for European Building Technologies in Central & Eastern European Countries - GOPA) Building management systems and intelligent buildings - environm

31、ental and greenhouse gas benefits Greenhouse gas emission reductions depend on and correlate to reductions in energy use.Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems technologies contribute directly to the reduction in energy use, in commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic reside

32、ntial sectors.In short, Intelligent Buildings and suitably applied Building Management Systems are good for the environment.Legislation and environmental standards; health and safety regulations; and global trends towards improving indoor air quality standards are all significant drivers of - and pr

33、ovide a continuous endorsement of the need for - Building Management Systems and the Intelligent Buildings technologies. Government Initiatives around the world are also driving the development and adoption of Building Management Systems technologies. For example the UK Carbon Trust allows Enhanced

34、Capital Allowance (ECA) to be offset against taxation on energy efficient systems, which enables savings of around 30% for all energy-related Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings equipment, and the associated installation and design costs. Building management systems and intelligent

35、 buildings - market trendsCareful interpretation is required. In the UK, adoption of controls technologies into the new build and major refurbishment sectors is relatively high: Estimates a few years ago of the UK market for Building Management Control Systems for new build and major refurbishment,

36、all sectors, suggest market adoption of (as at 1994 - Source UK1 An Appraisal of UK Energy RTD, ETSU -1994): Heating controls 70%. Hot water system controls 90%. Air conditioning controls 80%. However according to European Commission as many as 90% of all existing buildings have inapplicable or inef

37、fective controls, many of which require complete refurbishment of control systems.Moreover conventional control systems stop short of automated Intelligent Buildings full capabilities. A significant human element is required for optimal effective operation even if control systems correctly specified

38、 and installed.Given typical installations and equipment there is often a difficulty for building occupants (residential) or managers (commercial) to operate them correctly. Usage and correct operation are vital for effective results.Education of users; improved systems-design user-friendliness, and

39、 the provision of relevant instructions and information are all critical to enable theory to translate into practice, and for potential effectiveness and savings to be realised. Building management systems and intelligent buildings - practical benefits Energy-effective systems balance a buildings el

40、ectric light, daylight and mechanical systems for maximum benefit. Enhanced lighting design is more than an electrical layout. It must consider the needs and schedules of occupants, seasonal and climatic daylight changes, and its impact on the buildings mechanical systems.Lighting systemsAdding dayl

41、ight to a building is one way to achieve an energy-effective design. Natural daylight harvesting can make people happier, healthier, and more productive. And with the reduced need for electric light, a great deal of money can be saved on energy. Nearly every commercial building is a potential energy

42、 saving project, where the electric lighting systems can be designed to be dimmed with the availability of daylight. Up to 75% of lighting energy consumption can be saved. In addition, by reducing electric lighting and minimizing solar heat gain, controlled lighting can also reduce a buildings air c

43、onditioning load. Mechanical systems The HVAC system and controls, including the distribution system of air into the workspaces, are the mechanical parts of buildings that affect thermal comfort. These systems must work together to provide building comfort. While not usually a part of the aesthetics

44、 of a building, they are critical to its operations and occupant satisfaction. The number one office complaint is that the workplace is too hot. Number two is that its too cold. Many people cope by adding fans, space heaters, covering up vents, complaining, conducting thermostat wars with their co-w

45、orkers, or simply leaving the office. Occupants can be driven to distraction trying to adjust the comfort in their space. Improper temperature, humidity, ventilation, and indoor air quality can also have significant impacts on productivity and health. When we are thermally comfortable we work better

46、, shop longer, relax, breathe easier, focus our attention better. In order to provide a comfortable and healthy indoor environment the building mechanical system must:Provide an acceptable level of temperature and humidity and safe guard against odours and indoor air pollutants. Create a sense of ha

47、bitability through air movement, ventilation and slight temperature variation. Allow the occupant to control and modify conditions to suit individual preferences. Resistance to building management systems and intelligent buildings technology Our buildings are already energy-efficient. (Is the whole

48、building energy-efficient, or is the landlord limiting his focus to common areas and gross leased spaces?) We prefer the equipment with the lowest first cost when fitting out tenant space. (Does the specifier have any idea who will bear the increased operating costs of such a strategy?) We need a tw

49、o-year simple payback or less. (Is this still realistic, given that the percentage return on money markets is literally one-tenth what it was 20 years ago?) Tenants pay all energy costs, and will get all the savings. (Do tenants really pay all energy or just the energy over a pre-set base year or ex

50、pense stop?) Were selling the building. (Should we assume then that lowering the operating expenses and reaping the increased asset value are not important?) Intelligent homes Building management systems for residential applicationsWith the widespread adoption of digital technologies there will be a

51、 profound change in how we communicate with others. Even how, in our homes, we shop for goods and services, receive news, manage our finances, learn about the world, and, conduct business, manage resources, find entertainment, and maintain independence and autonomy as we enter old age. These activit

52、ies increasingly take place in the home. As our perception of banks, shops, universities, communities, and cities change in response to new technologies, so home building management systems are taking on an extraordinary new importance. As it exists today the home cannot meet these demands or take a

53、dvantage of new opportunities created by social and technological changes. Most people live in spaces poorly tailored to their needs. Until recently, the majority of homes were wired with little more than the main electrical circuits, a few phone lines, and a few TV cables. Times have changed. Elect

54、rical and security system contractors routinely install low voltage communication network cables for a wide range of intelligent home or smart home systems. Services and equipment that utilise these networks include: security; home theatre and entertainment; telephones, door-phones and intercoms; PC and internet networks; surveillance cameras; driveway vehicle sensors