从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译

1、从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译abstratdestiatinandfreignizatinarethetersbrughtupbyanaerianshlarl.venutitdesribethetdifferenttranslatinstrategies.thefrerrefersttranslatininhihatransparent,fluentstyleisadptedinrdertiniizethestrangenessfthefreigntextfrtargetlanguagereaders,hilethelatterdesignatesthetypeftranslatininhih

2、atargettextdeliberatelybreakstargetnventinsbyretainingsethingfthefreignnessfthesuretext.translatin,generallyspeaking,isntnlyatransitinbeteendifferentlanguages,butalstransferringinfratinfultureinthesurelanguagetthatinthetargetlanguage.andthenatureftranslatinisulturaluniatin.sine1980s,anyshlarsputfrar

3、heirpinin,thefundaentaltaskftranslatinisttransfertheriginalntentsandulturespletelyintthetargetlanguage.duringtranslatin,translatrsshuldnsiderntnlydifferenesbeteenlanguagesbutalsthsebeteenultures.therefre,translatrsshuldputree

4、phasisnfreignizatin.takehineseidisfrexaple.sinetheexhangesangdifferentuntriesandreginsbeereandrefrequent,translatrsshuldputreephasisnfreignizatinintranslatinghineseidisintenglish.duringtranslatin,hisay,englishpepleanknrea

5、ndbetterabuthinaandreallyntatiththesphistiatedhineseulture.eanhile,tseextent,freignizatinanhelptspreaduniquehineseulturalessageandevenhelptenhaneulturaluniatinbeteenhinaandfreignuntries.keyrdsdestiatin;freignizatin;ulturaltranslatinthery;hineseidis【摘要】归化与异化是两种不同的翻译策略。译界有许多学者对此发表了许多的观点。归化与异化之争由来已久，从古

6、至今，从西方到中国，归化与异化都是学者译者们争论的热门话题之一。翻译根本上是一种语言转换活动但又不是一项纯粹的语言转换活动，它还牵涉到种种非语言因素，特别是牵涉到种种文化因素。翻译不仅是语言层面更是文化层面上的一种活动，其本质是文化交流。自20世纪80年代后，许多学者针对归化与异化提出了应该从文化角度来审视二者的观点。孙致礼在?翻译的异化与归化?中提到:“翻译的根本任务是准确而完好地传达原作的思想和风味。在翻译中，译者不仅要考虑语言的差异，还要亲密注视文化的差异，力求最大限度地保存原文所蕴涵的异域文化特色。假如不是万不得已，特别不宜归化，而要尽可能真实地传达出来。“归化主要表如今纯语言层面，在

7、文化层面上那么应力求最大限度的异化。以汉语习语为例，在当今跨文化交流不断开展的趋势下，译者在翻译中应多从文化的角度考虑，适度加以应用“异化策略及其方法，尽可能重现汉语习语的文化特征及内涵，让西方人更多更好地理解中国，接触中华民族博大精深的文化，同时也有利于传播中国独有的文化气息，进而有利于实现中国与世界各国进一步交流。关键词归化;异化;文化翻译观;汉语习语1.nulturaltranslatintheryulturaltranslatinisdisussedinthebradntextfulture.itinludesananalysisfthesurfaeanddeepstruturesfu

8、ltureandlanguage,andtheexainatinftheinternalntextbeteenultureandtranslatinasellasthebjetivelaspertainingttheirinteratin.inlate1980s,anyshlarsbegantgivetheirnpininsntranslatinfrtheperspetivefulture.ubertensideredthattranslatinequalstulture,thatistsay,thetranslatinativityisakindfulturaltransprtatin.“l

9、abertandrbynsheldthattranslatinshuldbetreatedasntnlyanativitybeteentlanguagesbutalsauniativeativitybeteentultures.nidapintedut:fratrulysuessfultranslatin,biulturalabilityisuhreiprtantthanbilingualability1p70.seshlarssuggestedthatulturebutnttextshuldberegardedasthetranslatinunitandtranslatrsshuldpayr

10、eattentintultureduringtranslatin.tseextent,thseviesbeaesyblsffratinfulturaltranslatinthery.differentultureshavedifferentfeatures.ultureindiatesanatin,reginraraesfeature.andtheuniatinfdifferentulturesneedstranslatin.translatinistheprdutinandinterediufulturaluniatin.“translatinrefletsthefeaturesfbthul

11、tureshennelanguageandultureistranslatedintanther.andtheaiftranslatinisttransferthesureultureintthetargetulture2p24.“angzuliangpintedut:thedifferenebeteentulturesisthestdiffiultthingintranslatin,stranslatrsshuldhaveagdknledgefbththefreignultureandthenativeulture.theretranslatrsunderstandtheulturalinf

12、ratin,therepssiblytheyanasterthelanguageandreprduetheriginalulture.hanzianvieedthatthefeaturesfulturehaveaneffetnthehletranslatinativitiesandtheviseversaisalstrue3p116.therefre,hebradntextfulture,translatineansntnlynelanguagebeingtransfer

13、redintantherbutalsauniatinbeteentultures.andthepurpseftranslatinistprteulturaluniatin.translatinisakindfulturalativitythattranslatrsreprduetheriginalultureinthetargettext.ulturalinfratinbutntlanguageisthebjetftranslatin.“duringtranslatin,translatrsshuldtranslatethefrandesseneftheriginallanguageintth

14、etargetlanguagediretlyandexatly.i.e.,translatinshuldreservetheulturaldiffereneandreprduetheriginalfreignnessasuhaspssible4p37.here,“freignnesseansthattranslatinshuldkeepasuhaspssibletheulturalfeaturesandinfratinfthesuretext5p136.allinall,inulturaltranslatin,translatrsshuldtakeultureintnsideratinandr

15、enstrutthesureultureasuhaspssibleintthetargetlanguageduringtranslatin.2.destiatinandfreignizatinunderthelightfulturaltranslatin2.1theriginanddefinitinfdestiatinandfreignizatinthepairfters,destiatinandfreignizatin,asentinedinthetranslatrinvisibilityrittenbyaerianfaustranslatrl.venutiin1995,hihereused

16、tdesribetkindsftranslatinstrategies.theirtakinguterenthebasisfgeranyphilsphershleierarher,hvieedthatthereeretkindsftranslatin,neas“thetranslatrleavestheauthrinpeaeasuhaspssible,andvesthereadertardhi.thetherasthetranslatrleavesthereaderinpeaeasuhaspssible,andvestheauthrtardhi.6p21.ardingtarherspinin,

17、thefrersentenerefersteanthereader-rientedtranslatinhilethelattertheauthr-rientedne.thereader-rientedtranslatinreferstthetranslatinthattranslatrspayreattentintthetargetlanguagereadersnventinsandunderstandingshiletheauthr-rientedneeanstthetranslatinthattranslatrstakethesurelanguageauthrsideasandstylei

18、ntaunt.hever,heneverusedspeialterstsuarizethe.itasshuttlerthandiehdefinedthe.theygave“destiatinadefinitinas“aterusedbyvenutitdesribethetranslatinstrategyinhihatransparent,fluentstyleisadptedinrdertiniizethestrangenessfthefreigntextfrtargetlanguagereaders.7p21venutinsideredthat“destiatinntaineddergat

19、ryeaning,beause“itisidentifiedithaplitynindinantultureshihareaggressivelynlingual,unreeptivetthefreign,herrds,ardingtv

20、enutispinin,“destiatinusedintranslatinindiatestheeaningfthe“dinantulturerebiningthelanguageandulturalfeaturesfthesuretextiththepurpsefdinatingthe“eakulture.fr“freignizatin,shuttlerthandiedefineditas“aterusedbyvenutitdesignatethetypeftranslatininhihatargettextisprduedhihdeliberatelybreakstargetnventi

21、nsberetainingsethingfthefreignnessftheriginal.venutiregardeditasahallengingstrategyt“destiatinanditseffetist“registerthelinguistiandulturaldifferenefthefreigntext,sendingthereaderabrad.9p21intranslatin,translatrsshuldreservethelanguageandulturefeaturesfthesuretext;therefre,readersfthetargettextanfee

22、lse“strangenessftherultures.thedefinitinfdestiatinandfreignizafinhashangedhentheyareintrduedinthina.“andthespefrefereneisenlarged.itreferstntnlythetranslatinfrfreignlanguagestenglishbutalsthetranslatinfrnelanguagetanther,espeiallyfrhinesettherlanguages10p22.hatsre,theeleentsfulturalinequalityneverdr

23、apeplesgreatattentinandevenarefrgtten.frtheexplratinanddisussinentinedabve,neansuupdestiatinandfreignizatininthisay:theyaretdifferenttranslatinstrategiesusedbytranslatrsardingtdifferentaspetssuhasthedifferenebeteentlanguagesandultures,translatinpurpse,typeftext,intentinftheauthrandreadersfthetargetl

24、anguageet.“destiatinhldsthattranslatinshuldbeinardaneiththetargetlanguageandultureandgetridfthebarriersasuhaspssiblesasteetthetargetlanguagereadersdeands;“freignizatinviesthattranslatinshuldreservetheulturalfeaturesfsurelanguagesastenrihthetargetlanguageandultureandeetthetargetlanguagereadersdeandf“

25、strangeness.“destiatinandfreignizatinisapairfpleentarytranslatinstrategiesthatdntrejetagainsteahther11p68.2.2freignizatin-rientedstrategyunderthelightfulturaltranslatingenerallyspeaking,heglbalinfratinage,nvenieneandbriefnessbeere

26、andreiprtant.tseextentinfratinisneyandtieisney.sitseesthateshuldusedestiatinstrategyasuhaseanintranslatin.hever,generallyspeaking,freignizingtranslatingivesthereaderreinfratinthanthedestiatingne.frtheperspetivefinfratinthery,nlyneinfratinisusefulinfratin.ifthetranslatinannlyprvide“ldinfratin,itisnts

27、valuable.suppsingthesuretextandthetargettextnveythesaeinfratin,thetargetreaderstillgetsethingneifhathershereadsisafreignizedtranslatin.eanhile,iththedevelpentfhightehnlgyandtheiprvedeansfuniatin,reandrepepleanttlearnfreignultureandknledgeandinassiilatingandlearningfreignlanguageandulture,freignizati

28、nisusefulandessential.inhina,iththepliyf“refrandpeningsttherld,hinauniatesrefrequentlyithfreignuntries.reandrefreignerstakegreatinterestinhineseultureandurgentlyanttaquirehineseultureknledge.itisfreignizedtranslatinthataneetthisneeduhbetter.thereasnsareasflls:first,thenatureffreignizatindeterinestha

29、titsdealingiththeeleentsithbviusulturalfeaturesinthesuretextshuldinevitablyresultsinbringingseneexpressinsandulturalnntatinsinthetargettext,i.e.,bringingse“freignness.sineexhangesangdifferentuntriesbeereandrefrequently,nadays,anysrtsflanguagesattainenrihentstseextent.andfreignizatintranslatinplaysan

30、iprtantrleinthepress.frexaple,tersandexpressinslike“internet,gene,blueprint,killingtbirdsithnestne,rdiletearsenrihedhineseand“qigng,taijiquan,kngfu,typhn,tfuet.enrihedenglish.andtranslatrsusefreignizatintakeany“freignrdsgraduallybeaeptedandextensivelybespreadtthepubli.inseay,heyereaepted,expressinsf

31、thetargetlanguageuldbeenrihedanduniatinfurtherprted.inadditin,thegapsangdifferentuntriesbeesallerandsallerbeauseffrequentinternatinaluniatininplitis,enis,ulture,et.andglbalizatinisalsbeingthetendenyfsialdevelpent.therefre,kningreabutfreignuntriesbeesaninevitablepartflife.freignizatinisbenefiialntnly

32、hisay,peplefrdifferentuntriesanuniateitheahtherbetter.frexaple,if“铁饭碗and“下海aretranslateddiretlyint“irnriebland“tjupinttheseafbusiness,thetranslatinsreservetheiageasellastheeaningfthesurelanguage.eanhile,theuniquehi

33、neseulturehasbeenintrduedtenglishreaders.takeanenglishidi“tpaintthelilyasantherexaple.ifitistranslatedint“多此一举,thesyblieaningf“lilyinesternuntriesuldntbeknntthehinese.sitisbetterttranslateitint“为百合花上色sthathinesepepleanknthesyblieaningf“lilyandsereabutesternulture.freignizatin,inseay,hasanativeeffetn

34、rss-ulturaluniatin.hever,setranslatrsusuallytakethereadersaeptableabilitiesintaunttturnagainstit.theynsiderthatreadersayfeeldiffiulttunderstandrevenisunderstandthesuretextinafreignizedtranslatin.infat,readersareative.iftheyfindsefreigneleentsinthetranslatinthattheyhaveneverntatedbefre,theyilltrytund

35、hisay,theyalsanenrihtheirnreadingexperiene.iththeinreasingdevelpentfulturaluniatin,targetreadersshuldbeereandreinterestedinfreignulture,stseextent,destiatinisntgdfrreaderstknreulturalinfratinfthesurelanguage.therefre,translatrsshuldbelieveintheapabilit

36、heend,itisneessarytpintutthatputtingreephasisnfreignizatindesnteantdenyrrejetdestiatin,frbththetstrategiesareapairfntraditryunity.hever,iththedevelpentfulturalglbalizatin,puttingreephasisnfreignizatinillberehelpfulfrtheulturaluniatinangdifferentnatins.venutithughtthatfluentdest

37、iatingtranslatinadetranslatrssufferfr“invisibilityandthedifferenebeteenultureshadalsbeenvered,sthetargetlanguagereadersilllse“strangeness,i.e.,“thetargetlanguagereadersanntfeeltheriginalstyleandulturaldifferenesindestiatingtranslatin12p25.sunzhilistatedthatdestiatinainlyebdiesin“thelevelfpurelanguag

38、eandfreignizatin“inthelevelfulture.“sinetheexhangesfulturalinfratinangdifferentuntriesbeereandrefrequentandpeplefrallvertherlduniateitheahtherinreasinglyfrequently,freignizatinshuldbefregrunded13p42.inypinin,ranslati

39、nghineseidisintenglish,freignizatinshuldbetheleadingtranslatinstrategy3.1freignizatinishelpfultreprduehineseultureintranslatinghineseidishineseidisainlyefrhineseanientfables,fairytales,histrialeventsandallusins.theybearrihandlrfulhineseuniqueulture.sinethepen-drpliyhasbeenissuedandulturaluniatinbete

40、enhinaandfreignuntriesbeesreandrefrequent,hineseulturehasbeengraduallyunderstdandaeptedbyreandrefreignersandhineseidis,asnepartfhineseulture,alshavebeenappreiated.therefre,ranslatinghineseidisintenglish,translatrsshuldreservehineseulture

41、andreprdueitintargettexts.andtranslatrsshuldhsefreignizatinasthefirsttranslatinstrategy,frfreignizatinishelpfultreprduetheulturalfeaturesandinfratinfhineseidisintranslatin.thatistsay,intranslatinghineseidisintenglish,translatrsshuldreserveasuhaspssibletheulturalfeaturesfhineseidisandtranslatethennta

42、tinsftheasell.iftranslatrshsedestiatinintranslatinghineseidisintenglish,ituldbeunlikelyfrenglishreaderstntatiththeulturalflavrfhineseidis.eanhile,ituldnthelptretainhineseultureandprteulturaluniatin.take“巧媳妇难为无米之炊asanexaple.ifitistranslatedint“eventheleveresthuseifeantakebreadithutflur.hineseulturalf

43、hisay,englishreadersillntknhat“rieeansthinesepepleandeventhinkthat“breadistheainfdfbthhineseandtheselves.ifs,itillntgdfruniating.therefre,theidishuldbetranslatedint“hisay,theulturalneptf“

44、rieisreservedandtheulturalfeatureftheidiisreprdued.hereisantherexaple,“穷棒子闹翻身是八仙过海各显神通.itanbetranslatedint“theayeprflkstryteanipateurselves,isjustliketheaytheeightfairiesrssedtheseaeahdisplayinghisntalent.14p143-144inthisay,theiagef“theeightfairieshasbeenreservedandthenntatinsfit“eahdisplayinghisnta

45、lenthasbeentranslated.furse,translatrsanaddanextraexplanatintintrdue“八仙tenglishreadersfrkningreabuttheidi,i.e.,“theeightfairiesistheeightirtalsftaisinhineseflklre.perhaps,sepepleilldubtthatenglishreadersayhavediffiultyinunderstandingandevenisunderstandseidisiftheyaretranslatedinthisay,frtheulturaldi

46、fferenesbeteenhineseandenglishreallyexist.inypinin,translatrsshuldntberriedabutit.theyshuldbelieveintheisdandiaginatinfenglishreaders.furtherre,ittakestiefrnetahieveunderstanding.iththedevelpentfulturaluniatin,isunderstandingilldisappearandenglishreadersillfinallyaeptit.therefre,translatrsshuldputth

47、eephasisnrss-ulturaluniatinandtrytreservetheulturaldifferenesandreprdueasuhastheuniqueulturalfeaturesfhineseidis.3.2severalnlyusedtehniquesffreignizatinintranslatinghineseidis3.2.1literaltranslatininthetranslatinfhineseidis,literaltranslatineansthatinthenditinfntinvadingtheenglishulturalnventinsandn

48、tausingtheisunderstandinganddisassiatins,translatinshuldpletelypreservetheiage,figurativeandulturalfeaturesfhineseidisinrdertpursuethenfrityfbththententsandexpressins15p70.hineseidis,asekn,ntainnefthedeepestulturesfhinese.itbearsltsfulturalfeaturesandessage.therefre,translatrsshuldhaveadeepknledgefh

49、ineseidisbefredingtranslatin.iththerretunderstandingfhineseidis,translatrsshuldtranslatetheidisiththeguidefulturalreprdutin,thatistsay,translatrsshuldretainulturesftheidisintenglish.duringtranslatin,translatrsshuldtranslatentnlytheiageandeaningftheidisbutalstheulturalnntatins.(1)七嘴八舌ithsevenuthsande

50、ighttnguesthehineseidi“七嘴八舌aybetranslatedint“havealsetngue.ifs,englishreadersaykntheeaningeasily.hever,theyanntpereivepartiularayhinesepepleusetdesribe“nisy.ifitistranslatedint“ithsevenuthsandeighttngues,englishreadersaytakeuhreinterestinitandtrytunderstandhat“hi

51、say,ntnlyilltheyfindutitseaningsnerrlater,theyalsanreallylearnreabuthineseulture.(2)东风压倒西风theeastindsubduedtheestind“东风压倒西风,itisusuallytranslatedint“theeastindsubduedtheestindr“theeastindprevailstheestindvialiteraltranslatin.here,theiagef“东风and“西风hasbeenkeptintranslatin.aybesepepledubtthatenglishrea

52、dersanntunderstandit,fr“theestindinenglandisdifferentfrthatinhina,andtheyayntknhat“theeastindis.infat,reservingtheiagef“东风,西风istarryutthedifferenebeteenhineseandenglish.beausefthedifferene,eneeduniatin,andiththeuniatin,englishreadersanreallyknhattherealhineseultureisntainedintheidi.therefre,translat

53、ing“东风压倒西风diretlyintenglish,frthevieftranslatinfulture,isaeptableandneessary,frthehleeaning,iageandulturebehindithavebeenreservedandspreadintranslatin.(3)一寸光阴,一寸金aninhftieisaninhfgldinadditin,translatrsshuldtranslatentnlythedentatinsbutalsthenntatinsfhineseidis.“一寸光阴,一寸金shuldbetranslatedint“aninhfti

54、eisaninhfgld.here,“gldisnefthestpreiusetalsinhina,s“tieis“gld.butinesternuntries,peplethink“neyisthestiprtantartileinlife.thereisasayinginenglish:“tieisney.infat,theeaningfthetsayingsisthesae.hever,“aninhftieisaninhfgldisabettertranslatin,frtheulturalinfratinf“一寸光阴一寸金anbetransferreddiretlyandfaithfu

55、llyintenglishandthefeaturesfhineseulturehasbeenreprduedintranslatin.frtheexaplesentinedabve,eanseethatliteraltranslatinisthefirsthieftranslatinghineseidis,fritanntnlyreservetheiage,styleandeaningfhineseidisbutalsrenstruthineseulturalfeaturesandinfratinasuhaspssible.3.2.2literaltranslatinithantefrthe

56、viefulturaltranslatin,translatinistprtetheuniatinfulture,sduringtranslatinghineseidistranslatrsantranslatetheidisdiretlyfirstandthenplusantetpresentthereadersthestrieslyingbehindtheidissastenhaneunderstanding.tseextent,itillakeenglishreadersknreabuthineseulturequiklyandlearlyandeventakereinterestsin

57、hineseultureexistsbehindtheidis.thisillbealshelpfultprteulturaluniatinbeteenhineseandenglish.hereareafeexaples:(4)“难道这也是个傻丫头,又像颦儿来葬花不成?因又自笑道“假设真也葬花,可谓东施效颦了;不但不为新奇,而是更是讨厌(dreaftheredhaber,hapter34).东施效颦dngshiiitatingxishihere,“东施效颦shuldbediretlytranslatedint“dngshiiitatingxishiinrdertletenglishreader

58、strulyntattheiageftheidi.afterthat,translatrsaygiveasipleintrdutinabut“东施效颦.i.e.,dngshiiitatingxishi,hihisazhuangzisstryfthebeautifulxishisuglyneighbr,hisay,englishreadersanknntnlyh“dngshiand“hisay,hineseult

59、ureanbereprduedlearlyintranslatin.(5)叶公好龙lrdshehslvefdragns“叶公好龙,hereitanbetranslatedint“lrdshehslvefdragnsandaniseexplanatinanbeaddedafterit:shehassfndfdragnsthatheadrnedhishlepalaeithdraingsandarvingsfthe,buthenarealdragnheardfhisinfatuatinandpaidhiavisit,heasfrightenedutfhisits.(6)破镜重圆abrkenirrra

60、dehleagain“破镜重圆shuldbetranslatedint“abrkenirrradehleagain.hever,englishreadersayfeelpuzzledabuttheeaningandanntunderstandhyabrkenirrranbe“hleagain.sashrtnteisneeded:inthenrthernandsutherndynastieshenthestatefhen(a.d.557589)asfaingitsdeise,xudeyan,husbandfthepriness,brkeabrnzeirrrinthalves.eahfthekep