形容词和副词

1、形容词和副词一、形容词作补语和状语 1. 形容词作主语补足语和宾语补足语时, 可以 表示“现状, 状态”; 也可以表示某一动作的结果, 常用在表示“认为, 看待”等动词后, 如believe, prove, consider等。知识梳理形容词和副词 2. 形容词作状语时, 可以看作是“being形容词”结构或when, if, because等从句的省略, 表示时间、方式、原因、伴随、让步、条件等, 也可以表示对主语进行解释, 说明主语是什么情况, 或进行强调, 其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。如: Hungry and tired, he had to stop working. Ripe

2、(When they are ripe), the oranges taste sweet. 二、表语形容词 表语形容词是一般只用于系动词后作表语的形容词, 这类动词常见的有remain, stay, stand, keep, lie, grow, turn, get, become, run, come, seem, sound, appear, look, smell, taste, feel等。常见的表语形容词有: 1.某些以a开头的形容词: afraid “害怕的”; alive “活着的”; alone “单独的”; ashamed “羞愧的”; asleep “睡着的”; awak

3、e “醒着的”等。 这类形容词除afraid和ashamed可用very修饰外, 一般不用very修饰, 但可用其他表示程度的副词修饰, 如very much。常用搭配: wide awake 完全清醒sound/fast asleep 酣睡quite alone 非常孤独 still alive 仍然活着much alike 非常相似 full/well/quite aware of 充分意识到; 对非常清醒; 完全知道 表语形容词还可用作后置定语。如: He is the most famous scientist alive in the world today. 2. 某些与健康状况有

4、关的形容词: well “健康的”; fine “健康的”; poorly “不适; 不舒服”; unwell “不舒服的”; ill “有病的”; faint “头晕的”等。如: Im feeling well today. He is ill today. 注意: ill不作“生病”讲时, 可用作前置定语, 如ill luck(霉运)。3. 某些描述感觉或心情的形容词: glad “高兴的”; pleased “高兴的”; content “满意的”; sorry “难过的”; upset “难过的”等。如: I am glad/pleased to hear that you are o

5、ffered a good job.4. 其他表语形容词: certain “确认的”; sure “确信的”; fond “喜欢的”; ready “准备好的”; unable “不能的”等。如: Im certain/sure that he will succeed.三、复合形容词 1. 副词词干分词, 如: hardworking 勤劳的 2. 名词词干过去分词, 如: manmade 人造的 3. 名词词干现在分词, 如: timeconsuming 耗 时的 4. 名词词干形容词, 如: worldfamous 世界 闻名的 5. 数词词干名词, 如: fivestar 五星级的

6、6. 数词词干名词ed, 如: threelegged 三条腿 的7. 数词词干名词形容词, 如: fiveyearold 5岁的8. 形容词词干过去分词, 如: readymade 现成 的9. 形容词词干名词ed, 如: kindhearted 好心 的10. 形容词词干现在分词, 如: ordinarylooking 相貌一般的11. 形容词词干形容词, 如: redhot 炽热的四、副词 1. 派生副词 (1) 最常用的后缀是ly, 即“形容词后缀ly”构 成副词。 (2) 还有加后缀ward(s), ways, wise等构成副 词。如: backwards, northwards,

7、 sideways, crossways, clockwise等。 2. 复合副词和短语副词 复合副词是指由两个词共同组成的副词。如anyhow, meantime, nowhere, somehow, therefore等。 短语副词是指用连词把副词连接起来的短语。如back and forth(前后), here and there(到处), now and then(不时)等。一、形容词和副词比较等级的构成 1. 形容词的比较级和最高级 单音节词和少数双音节词, 一般在词尾加er, est来构成比较级和最高级。构成法原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加er, esttall

8、cheaptallercheapertallestcheapest以不发音的e结尾的单音节词只加r, stnicelargenicerlargernicestlargest形容词和副词的比较等级以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词, 双写结尾的辅音字母, 再加er, estbigthinbiggerthinnerbiggestthinnest以辅音字母加y结尾的双音节词, 变y为i, 再加er, estbusyangrybusierangrierbusiestangriest少数以er, ow结尾的双音节词末尾加er, estclevernarrowcleverernarrowercleveres

9、tnarrowest部分双音节词和多音节词, 在其前加more, most来构成比较级和最高级importantmore importantmost important注意:有些形容词的比较级和最高级可采用在词尾加er和est的形式, 也可采用在单词前加more和most的形式, 这类形容词有clear, common, cruel, free, handsome, lively, often, pleasant, polite, pretty, quiet, secure, solid, stupid等。2. 副词的比较级和最高级 (1)大多数以ly结尾的副词在其前加more和most来构成

10、比较级和最高级。 quicklymore quicklymost quickly carefullymore carefullymost carefully (2)单音节词及少数双音节词在词尾加er构成比较级, 加est构成最高级。 hardharderhardest fastfasterfastest earlyearlierearliest原级比较级最高级good, wellbetterbestbad, ill, badlyworseworstmany, muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther, furtherfarthest, furthestoldo

11、lder, elderoldest, eldest3. 几个特殊的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级二、形容词和副词原级的常见句型 1. as形容词/副词as 如: He is as tall as his father. He speaks English as fluently as an Englishman. 注意: 在否定句或疑问句中可用so.as, 即 not as/so.as。如: He cant run so/as fast as you. Its not as/so warm as yesterday. 2. “as形容词a(n)单数名词as”或“as many/much名词as”

12、。如: This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can. There are as many students in your class as in ours.三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的常见句型 1. more原级/名词than原级/名词, 意为“与其说是不如说是”。如: He is more diligent than clever. 2. “比较级and比较级”和“more and more多音节词原级”, 表示程度递增。这种结构后不可接than引导的从句。如: Th

13、ings are getting better and better. She plays the piano more and more beautifully.注意:from bad to worse/worse and worse 越来越糟 make matters worse/what was worse/worse than all/worse than ever 更糟的是 如: Things are getting from bad to worse/worse and worse. The car broke down when I was driving home from w

14、ork, and to make matters worse it was pouring with rain.any other + 单数名词all (the) other + 复数名词anyone elseany of the other + 复数名词the rest of + 复数名词或不可数名词比较级than3. 如果比较的对象不能相互包容时, 常见的句型有:4. “the比较级, the比较级”表示两种情况同时变化。这个句型中的第一句相当于状语从句, 不能用将来时态。如: The more medicine I take, the worse I seem to feel.5. “n

15、o比较级than.”意为“都不”, 是对两者的共同否定, 侧重前者; “not比较级than.”意为“不及”, 表示前者不如后者, 隐含对两者的肯定, 侧重后者。如: He is no taller than I. My handwriting is not better than yours.6. “the比较级of the two(名词)”, 表示“两者中较的一个”。如: The taller of the two boys is my brother.7. the最高级of/in比较范围 形容词和副词的最高级表示在一定范围内某类事物或某人在性质、高低或大小等方面程度最高或最低。本结构意为

16、“之中最”, 用于三者或三者以上的比较。同类范畴用of, 不同类用in。 He talks (the) least and does (the) most in his class. He is the fastest runner of the three boys.8. “not/never比较级”意为“最不过”。 本结构是在比较级前加上否定意义的词, 表达最高级的含义。如: His work couldnt be worse. He has never spent a more worrying day.9. “nothing/nobody.比较级than”意为“没有更/最”。如: No

17、thing is better than a hot drink on a cold winter day. 在寒冷的冬季没有什么比一杯热饮更好了。四、形容词和副词的比较等级的修饰语 1. almost, exactly, half, just, nearly, quite, twice, three times, a third time等用于原级 之前, 表示程度。如: He is almost as tall as his brother. This line is twice as long as that one.2. a bit, a little, rather, any, mu

18、ch/many, far, a great/good deal, a lot, still, even等用于比较级之前, 表示确定的程度。分数或有关长度、时间、重量等名词短语通常放在比较级前, 也可由by引出而置于比较级之后。如: Its a little colder today than it was yesterday. This shirt is much more expensive than that one. He is two years older than me. He is older than me by two years. 注意: 修饰可数名词的比较级不用much,

19、 而用 many, 如many more books; 修饰不可数 名词的比较级用much, 如much more work, “更多的工作”; much more necessary, “更有必要”。 除quite better外, quite不可修饰比较级。3. by far, much, the first/second用于形容词的最高级前。如: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. This is by far the best. This is much the most important.五、比较级相关习语1

20、. more than (1) more than数词 多于, 超过 (2) more than名词 不仅仅是 (3) more than形容词非常, 很 (4) more than含有情态动词的从句超过 了的范围 (5) more A than B与其说倒不如说2. no more than(only)仅仅, 只有3. not more than(at most)不超过, 至多4. less than不到, 少于5. no less than(as much as)多达, 不少于6. not less than(at least)至少7. more or less(almost, nearl

21、y, about) 基本上, 差不多; 或多或少8. sooner or later 迟早, 早晚, 总有一天9. whats more 而且, 此外10. no sooner.than.一就考点归纳 近几年高考对形容词、副词的考查以形容词、副词的词义辨析为主，其次是它们的搭配、比较等级以及表示衔接手段和表示频率、方式、程度等副词的用法。因此，本版我们将结合历年高考真题具体讲解各考点的解题策略。一、考查形容词、副词词义辨析 解这类题时, 首先要弄清楚各选项词义, 然后再去理解题意, 最后结合题意选出符合语境的选项。【考例1】Be _ you cant expect me to finish a

22、ll this work in so little time. (山东 2012) A. reasonable B. confident C. creative D. grateful【分析】选A。本题考查形容词辨析。各选项词义为: reasonable合理的, 理智的; confident自信的; creative有创造性的; grateful感激的。结合破折号后的内容“你不能期望我在如此短的时间里把这项工作全部做完”可知, 破折号前是说“要讲道理”, 故A项正确。【考例2】Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should b

23、e _ respected. (福建 2012) A. especially B. equally C. naturally D. normally【分析】选B。本题考查副词辨析。各选项词义为: especially特别, 尤其, 格外; equally同样地, 平等地; naturally自然地; normally 通常, 正常地。结合题意“任何人, 无论是政府官员还是公交车司机, 都应该受到同样的尊重”可知, B项正确。二、考查形容词、副词的搭配 做这类题时, 要辨别清楚每个选项在词义和搭配上的细微差别。【考例1】When Mom looked back on the early days

24、 of their marriage, she wondered how they had managed with _ money. (上海 2011) A. so few B. such few C. so little D. such little【分析】选C。由money可知, 其前用little修饰, 不能用few; 且当名词前有many, much, few, little等词修饰时, 要用so而不用such, 所以C项正确。【考例2】The result is not very important to us, but if we do win, then so much _.

25、(2012 新课标全国卷) A. the best B. best C. better D. the better【分析】选D。so much the better是固定短语, 意为“甚至更好”。三、考查形容词、副词的比较等级 1. 比较级与最高级 一般情况下，这类考题题干中没有明显的比较等级形式。做这类题时，首先看选项，如果选项中有比较等级，那么就挖掘题干的深层含义，判断其中是否需要使用比较等级的某种具体形式。【考例1】Many people have donated that type of blood; however, the blood bank needs _. (北京 2012)

26、 A. some B. less C. much D. more【分析】选D。由选项特点初步判断本题考查比较等级。根据have donated和however可知题意为“很多人都捐献了那种血型的血液, 但是血库需要更多(more)”。more后省略了blood of that type。【考例2】Next to biology, I like physics _. (2012 大纲全国卷II) A. better B. best C. the better D. very well【分析】选B。从选项特点可知, 本题考查比较等级。解本题的关键在于理解next to的含义。next to意为“仅

27、次于, 紧接着”, 故题干应表达“我最喜欢生物, 其次是(最喜欢)物理”之意, 故用best。2. 比较级的修饰语 比较级前面可用不同的程度副词修饰, 常见的程度副词有: a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, much, even, far等。【考例】The film is, I have to say, not a bit interesting.Why? Its _ than the films I have ever seen. (江西 2011)A. far more interestingB. much less interestingC. no

28、 more interestingD. any less interesting【分析】选A。根据Why?可知, 应答者和发话者持相反的观点, 故应答者认为电影有趣。而选项中只有A项表示有趣。far用在比较级前表示程度。四、考查表示衔接手段的副词 对于这类试题，考生首先要理解前后两个分句或句子的意思，然后再选择相应的副词。 常见的表示衔接手段的副词: however,otherwise, though, nevertheless, instead, besides,meanwhile, therefore, thus, yet, afterwards,eventually等。【考例1】Quee

29、n Elizabeth II is often thought to be the richest woman in the world. _, her personal wealth seems rather small. (安徽 2012) A. Besides B. Otherwise C. However D. Altogether【分析】选C。第一句意为“伊丽莎白二世经常被认为是世界上最富有的女性”, 第二句却说“她的个人财产似乎相当少”, 故however(然而)符合语境。【考例2】Bicycling is good exercise; _, it does not pollute

30、 the air. (湖南 2012) A. nevertheless B. besides C. otherwise D. therefore【分析】选B。前一分句意为“骑自行车是一项很好的运动”, 后一分句意为“它不污染空气”, 由此可知, besides(而且)符合语境。【考例3】The young man couldnt afford a new car. _, he bought a used one. (天津 2011) A. Besides B. Otherwise C.Instead D. Still【分析】选C。根据“这位年轻人买不起新车”及“他买了辆旧车”可知, inste

31、ad(作为替代)符合语境。五、考查表示频率、方式、程度等的副词 对于这类副词，考生要分清每个词的一般用法和特殊用法，而且要特别注意具体的语境。 1. 表示频率的副词，如occasionally,sometimes, seldom, never, regularly, usually, rarely等。【考例】We used to see each other _, but I havent heard from him since last year. (辽宁 2012) A. especially B. regularly C. particularly D. approximately【分

32、析】选B。根据“但是自从去年以来我没有收到过他的信”可以判断, 我们过去经常(regularly)见面。 2. 表示方式的副词, 如anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, angrily, happily, slowly等。【考例】“Perhaps we need to send for Dr. Smith to see what we can do about it,” Father suggested _ to his neighbor who had come to discuss the problem. (湖北 2012) A. t

33、entatively B. thoughtlessly C. definitely D. rudely【分析】选A。根据Perhaps可知, 父亲只是试探性地(tentatively)向邻居提出建议。 3. 表示程度的副词，如so, very, too, rather, fairly, pretty, enough, quite等。【考例】It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is _ another to play it well yourself. (2011 大纲全国卷II) A. quite B. very C

34、. rather D. much【分析】选A。题意为: 喜欢听好音乐是一回事, 但是你自己能演奏好完全是另一回事。quite意为“完全地, 十分地”, 符合题意。真题再现1. He didnt selfishly keep for himself the money inherited from his uncle. Instead, he made a _ contribution to help the community. (湖北2013)A. commercial B. generousC. comparable D. profitable2. Mary worked here as

35、a _ secretary and ended up getting a full-time job with the company. (浙江2013)A. pessimistic B. temporaryC. previous D. cautious3. The Forbidden City attracts a _ stream of visitors every day, especially during national holidays. (福建2013)A. constant B. mainC. powerful D. shallow4. There are a small n

36、umber of people involved, possibly _ twenty. (江西2013)A. as few as B. as little asC. as many as D. as much as 5. It may not be a great suggestion. But before _ is put forward, well make do with it. (2013新课标全国卷II)A. a good one B. a better oneC. the best one D. a best one6. If we leave right away, _ we

37、ll arrive on time.(浙江2013)A. hopefully B. curiouslyC. occasionally D. gradually7. Everything seemed to be going _ for the first two days after I moved to New York. (辽宁2013)A. vividly B. generallyC. frequently D. smoothly8. What a terrible experience! _, youre safe now thats the main thing. (江西2013)A

38、. Anyway B. BesidesC. Otherwise D. Therefore9. Dont defend him any more. Its obvious that he _ destroyed the fence of the garden even without apology. (湖北2013)A. accidentally B. carelesslyC. deliberately D. clumsily10. A society cannot be successful if it throws tradition away, but it cannot be successful _ if we do something to stop progress. (福建2013)A. either B. neitherC. too D. also巩固练习1. Excuse me, do you have any rooms _ this evening? Sorry, sir. All the rooms are full. A. recyclable B. valuable C. comfortable D. available2. My grandfathe