语法第25讲：比较等级和比较结构课件

1、Lecture25.Comparative Degree and Comparative Structure比较等级和比较结构第1页，共29页。25.1 形容词和副词的比较等级25.2 形容词和副词的比较结构25.3关于比较结构用法的补充说明第2页，共29页。25.1形容词和副词的比较等级 形容词和副词的比较等级有三种形式：原级（Positive Degree）、比较级（Comparative Degree）和最高级(Superlative Degree).第3页，共29页。1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成方法两种：（1）综合形式（Synthetic Form）：即由原级加后缀-er和-e

2、st构成。例：younger ,youngest; cleaner ,cleanest等。（2）分析形式（Analytic Form）：即在原级前加more和most构成。例：more beautiful ，most beautiful; more complicated, most complicated等。第4页，共29页。a.一般来说，单音节形容词和副词的比较级和最高级多采用综合形式，即加 er 和 est 的形式。例如：adj.high higher highestcold colder coldestlong longer longestadv.hard harder hardest

3、early earlier earliestquick quicker quickest第5页，共29页。在加词尾时应注意规则情况加法举例一般情况直接加词尾smaller smallest以e结尾的词加-r或-stlarger largest 以辅音加y结尾的词变y为i，再加词尾busier busiest以一个辅音字母结尾的词双写该辅音字母，再加词尾bigger biggest第6页，共29页。b.三音节或多于三音节的形容词和副词，其比较级和最高级通常采用分析形式，即在原级前加more和most。原级 比较级 最高级important more important most importan

4、tuseful more useful most usefulamiable more amiable most amiableStrongly more strongly most stronglyheavily more heavily most heavilyWarmly more warmly most warmly(以-ly结尾的副词以及某些频度副词多采用分析形式)第7页，共29页。c.双音节的形容词和副词的比较级通常既可以采用综合形式，也可以采用分析形式。例：tender tenderer/more tender tenderest/most tenderest clever cl

5、everer/more clever cleverest/most cleverd.形容词、副词比较级和最高级的一些不规则变化 bad worse worst much more most well better best little less least第8页，共29页。25.2形容词和副词的比较结构比较结构（Comparative Construction）:当形容词和副词比较等级用于句子当中便形成比较结构。比较结构最主要的三种形式：asas结构morethan结构the most 结构 第9页，共29页。1.as（so）as结构,即“和一样”(1)as+形容词或副词原级+as-clau

6、se.例如：John is nearly as tall as his father now.He is as energetic as a young man.Diana sings as sweetly as her sister.He can speak English as fluently as an Englishman.英语中有大量这样的成语 as busy as bees as proud as a peacock as greedy as a wolf as light as a feather as cheerful as a lark as slippery as an

7、eel第10页，共29页。(2)not as (so) as (否定形式)，即“不像那样”。He isnt as diligent as Tom.I am not so experienced as you think.I cant jump so (as) high as you.He doesnt work as hard as me.在这种句子中，也可有一个表示程度的状语She can read twice as fast as he does.I dont speak half as (so) well as you. 由上述诸例可以看出，在带有asas结构的句子中，通常是主句主语和a

8、s-clause主语不同，而比较项目相同。第11页，共29页。（3）此外，有带asas结构的句子也可能主语相同，而比较项目不同。即表示”既又”.He was as sensitive as he was obstinate.Martin was as impatient as he was stubborn.(4)还有的句子可能两个主语和两个比较项目都不同，即两个不同的人或物就不同方面进行比较。This swimming pool isnt twice as wide as that one is long.His uncle was as base and unworthy as his f

9、ather had been upright and honourable.由以上例子可以看出，当主句主语和as-clause主语不同而比较项目相同时，as-clause总是有所省略，即通常用不完全句。但若两个主语相同而比较项目不同或主语和比较项目都不同，as-clause便不能用省略句，而必须用完整句。第12页，共29页。(5)asas结构的另一种模式:as much / many +名词+as-clause,这时many和much是限定词。We ll give you as much help as we can.You can have as much as you like. 否定形式

10、即not as much/many +n. +as-clauseHe didnt take as much as butter as he needed.She hasnt written as many essays as her brother (has).(6)asas结构还有一个变体形式as+形容词原级+名词词组+as-clause.例如George is as efficient a worker as Jack.I dont want as expensive a car as this one. 第13页，共29页。以上所提到的基本形式和变体形式含义基本相同，只是读起来强调的地方

11、不同。用变体形式，强调的是名词的意义；用基本形式，强调的则是形容词的意义。例I havent seen as old a car as this for years.I havent seen a car as old as this for years.因此，asas结构的基本形式和变体形式尽管可以相互转换，但在语义上有一定差别。另需注意，嵌入asas结构中的名词词组通常是“不定冠词+单数名词”或者“零冠词+不可数名词”。至于“零冠词+复数名词”作如此用法较罕见。I dont smoke cigarettes as expensive as these.I dont smoke as exp

12、ensive cigarettes as these.(?)第14页，共29页。2.more than 结构(1)基本形式:形容词或副词比较级+than-clauseHelen is taller than Nancy.My room is smaller than yours.They arrived earlier than usual.She lives closer to the museum than I do.(2)(否定形式)less than(使用没有not as as频繁，有时lessthan听起来不自然，在这种情况下也可用原句中形容词或副词的反义词的比较级+than-cla

13、use来表示，但意义略有差异。)例Bill speaks French less well than he writes it. Bill speaks French worse than he writes it.第15页，共29页。(3)more /less/fewer+名词+than-clause.I have done more work this moring than he.There are fewer visitors today than yesterday.(4)不定冠词/零冠词+形容词比较级+名词+than-clause.My brother has a larger h

14、ouse than mine.John is a more efficient worker than Jack.这些例子都可以转换成名词词组+more than结构作后置修饰语。例John is a worker more efficient than Jack.还有一种词序虽偶尔可见但并不普通。John is more a efficient worker than Jack.第16页，共29页。(5)另一种变体形式“定冠词+形容词或副词比较级+of-词组”John is the brighter of the two boys.Of the two boys John behaves (

15、the) more politely .有上述两例子可以看出，用这种变体形式进行比较都只用于两者之间的比较，在第一例中比较级前的定冠词不可省，而在第二例中比较级前的定冠词可省。这两句分别相当于：John is brighter than the other boy.John behaves more politely than the other boy .more/less还可用作代词，与某些可等级名词搭配构成比较结构。He is more /less of a sportsman than his brother.=He is more/less sportsmanlike than hi

16、s brother.第17页，共29页。3.(the) +形容词/副词最高级+比较范围如果是三个或三个以上的人或物进行比较，就要使用形容词和副词的最高级，并且句中常有一短语表示比较范围。例如：Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.That church is the oldest building in our city.对于副词而言，其最高级都修饰动词，都不加the.They work hardest.They all came early but she came earliest of all.第18页，共29页。有些最高级结构并不是和其他事

17、物相比，因而也不须把比较范围表示出来。例Please accept my deepest gratitude.I shall do it with the greatest pleasure.表示最高级的相反意义可用the least结构。This is the least difficult book Ive ever read.He behaved the least politely of the three.the least结构在实际使用上常为原句中的形容词或副词的反义词的最高级所取代。第19页，共29页。在一定上下文中，最高级含义也可用其他结构来表示，比如用morethan 结构表

18、示：George did more work this morning than anyone else.(=George did the most work.)也可用asas结构来表示：Nothing in my life shook me so deeply as my first visit to China.(=My first visit to China shook me the most deeply.)还可用“否定词+比较级”来表示I like nothing better.It cant be worse.第20页，共29页。25.3关于比较结构用法的补充说明( 1 ) mo

19、rethan结构的其他用法 morethan 结构除在两个人或物之间作同一方面的比较以外，还可在同一个人或物的本身作不同方面的比较。试观察： 1 The concert was more enjoyable than the lecture. 2 The living-room is larger than the dining-room. 3 John is more daring than quick-witted. 4 George is more intelligent than aggressive.第21页，共29页。上述 1 2 两句是morethan结构的一般用法，即在两个不同

20、事物之间就某一方面比较，而 3 4 两句则是就同一个的两个不同方面作比较。值得注意的是，morethan结构在 1 2 两句中，其比较级既可用more形式，也可用-er形式；morethan结构用于上述 3 4 两句的意义时，比较级只能用more形式而不能用-er形式。morethan结构用于上述 3 4 两句意义时，还可连接两个名词词组。例如：The present crisis is much more a political than an economic crisis.第22页，共29页。He was more lucky than clever.Music is more a wa

21、y of life than an interest.She was more surprised than angry.( 2 ) not soas与not soLondon isnt so large as Tokyo.It wasnt so much his appearance I like as his personality.前一例是一般的比较结构，后一例相当于上述的lessthan含义。第23页，共29页。（3）not more/ -er than与no more / -er than试比较以下两句： John is not better than Tom. John is no

22、 better than Tom. 前一例表示“约翰不比汤姆好”，属于普通比较结构；后一例用了no情况就不同了，no better than相当于as bad as，含义是两人一样坏。这里，“no + 形容词或副词比较级 + than”所表示的可以说是该形容词或副词的反义。又例如： no rich than = as poor asno bigger than = as small asno later than = as early as第24页，共29页。同样地：I have not taken more than six courses this semester.I have take

23、n no more than six courses this semester.前一句的含义是本学期选的课不多于六门；后一句的含义是只选了六门，表示很少的意思。上述结构与no more than(=not any more than )又有所不同。A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.这句话是说鲸和马同样不是鱼，即鲸不是鱼，如同马不是鱼一样。在某些结构中，单独使用more than 也能表示否定概念。That is more than I can tell.(简直不)第25页，共29页。（ 4）the morethe more与more and more