机械工程材料复习资料详解

1、机械工程材料（双语）复习资料词汇（一）绪论introduction 绪论 properties 性能 materials 材料 structures 组织，结构 phase 相 substance 物质 internal structure 内部组织，内部结构 convention ceramics 传统陶 瓷 fined ceramics 精细陶瓷 engineering materials 工程材料polymer 聚合物ceramic 陶瓷 composite 复合材料 ferrous metal 黑色金属 nonferrous metal 有色金属 alloy 合金 light meta

2、ls 轻金属 heavy metals 重金属 noble metals 贵金属 metalloid 类金属 , 半导体 rare metals 稀有金属 aluminum 铝 magnesium 镁 copper 铜 nickle 镍 polymeric materials 聚合材料，高分子材料molecular 分子 strength 强度 ductility 延展性 conductor 导体 insulator 绝缘体 density 密度softening 软化 decomposition 分解 over time 随着时间的推移 bronze 青铜 earth s crU地t壳 第

3、1 章 Properties of Materials 材料的性能 chapter 章mechanical properties 机械性能plasticity 塑性hard ness硬度brinell hardness 布氏硬度 rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度 vickers hardness 维氏硬度 impact tough ness?中击韧性 fatigue f?ti?g 疲劳 tensile tensa?l testing 拉伸试验 specime n 试样 stress应力 strain 应变 stress-strain curve应力-应变曲线 mild steel

4、低碳钢 elastic deformation 弹性变形 application 应用 hook s law胡克定律 elastic modulus 弹性模量，杨氏模量 plastic deformation 塑性变形 yield 屈服 yield strength 屈服强度 offset 偏移；平移offset yield stress条件屈服应力strain strengthening 应变强化 ultimate tensile strength . 抗拉强度 brittle 脆性percent elongation （S） 伸长率percent reduction in area （书

5、） 断面收缩率indenter 硬度计压头impress 压痕tungsten 钨carbide 碳化物fracture 断裂ductile 延展性（塑性）transition 转变ductile-to-brittle transition 韧脆转变，韧性向脆性转变fatigue strength 疲劳强度stiffness 刚度第 2 章 Crystal Structures of Metals and crystal 金属的晶体结构与结晶 crystal structures 晶体结构defects 缺陷imperfection 缺陷crystal 晶体（结晶）crystalline so

6、lids 晶体amorphous solids 非晶体long-range order 长程有序space lattice 晶格（空间点阵）interstitial solid solution 间隙固溶体substitutional solid solution 置换固溶体unit cells 晶胞lattice constants 晶格常数coordination number 配位数atomic packing factor （apf） 致密度（原子堆积因数） face-centered cubic 面心立方 body-centered cubic 体心立方 hexagonal clos

7、e-packed crystals 密排六方晶体 crystal orientation 晶向 crystallographic direction indices 晶向指数 coordinate 坐标miller indices 密勒指数（晶面指数） crystallographic planes 晶面 crystalline imperfections 晶体缺陷 point defects 点缺陷 linear defects 线缺陷 planar defects 面缺陷 vacancies 空位 interstitial atoms 间隙原子 dislocation 位错 edge di

8、slocation 刃型位错 free surface in crystal 晶体表面 grain boundaries of crystals 晶界 surface tension 表面张力 metallurgy 冶金（学）rare-earth metals稀 土金属 precipitation 析出（沉淀） heat treatment 热处理 substance 物质 ferritic steels 铁素体钢 crystal structures 晶体结构 categorize 分类atom原子第 3 章 Phase Equilibrium and Phase Diagrams 相平衡和

9、相图 solidification 凝固 phase diagram 相图the iron-iron carbide （fe-fe3c） phase diagram 铁渗碳体相图 supercooling 过冷 supercooling degree 过冷度homoge neous nu cleatio n均质形核（自发形核） heteroge neous nu cleatio n非均质形核（异质形核） critical size 临界尺寸 nucleus 晶核 embryo 晶坯 grain 晶粒 polycrystalline 多晶体 allotropy 同素异晶 critical poi

10、nt 临界点 liquidus 液相线 solidus 固相线 binary isomorphous diagram 二元匀晶相图 cooling curve 冷却曲线 equiaxed grains 等轴晶 columnar grains 柱状晶 ferrite 铁素体 austenite 奥氏体 cementite 渗碳体 equilibrium diagram 平衡相图 pure iron 纯铁 eutectoid steel 共析钢 hypoeutectoid steel 亚共析钢 hypereutectoid steel 过共析钢金属的塑性变形与再pearlite 珠光体 ledeb

11、urite 高温莱氏体 transformed ledeburite 变态莱氏体，低温莱氏体 liquidus line 液相线 solidus line 固相线 peritectic line 包晶线 eutectoid line 共析线 carbon steels 碳钢 cast iron 铸铁 hypoeutectic cast irons 亚共晶白口铸铁 eutectic cast iron 共晶白口铸铁 hypereutectic cast irons 过共晶白口铸铁 surface fine grain zone 表面细晶区 chill zone 激冷区 equiaxed grai

12、ns 等轴晶 columnar zone 柱状晶区 columnar grains 柱状晶 central equiaxed zone 中心等轴晶区 cast ingot 铸锭 第 4 章 Plastic Deformation and Recrystallization of Metals 结晶 plastic deformation 塑性变形 recrystallization 再结晶 recovery 回复 deformation 变形 plastic deformation 塑性变形 slip 滑移 twinning 孪生 slip plane 滑移面shear band 剪切带 sl

13、ip system 滑移系 close packed plane 密排面 close packed direction 密排方向 fine-grain strengthening 细晶强化 rolling 轧制 deformation texture 变形织构 preferred orientations 择优取向 stress-relief annealing 去应力退火 cold working 冷加工 hot working 热加工 flow lines 轧制流线、锻造流线、流纹 nonmetal inclusion 非金属夹杂物 第 5 章 Heat Treatment of Plai

14、n-Carbon steel 碳钢的热处理 isothermal 等温的 continuous-cooling transformation 连续冷却转变 annealing 退火 normalizing 正火 quenching 淬火 tempering 回火 heat treatment 热处理 overall heat treatment 整体热处理 surface heat treatme nt 表面热处理surface quench 表面淬火 flame quench 火焰淬火 sensing quench 感应淬火 chemical heat treatme nt 化学热处理 ce

15、mentation 渗碳nitriding 渗氮 nitrocarburizing 碳氮共渗 luminium 铝chromium kr?umi?m铬, molybde num m?bdi n?m钼, vanadium v? neidi?m钒 tungsten 钨.low-alloy steels 低合金钢 austenitizing ?:st?n ? taizi? 奥氏体化 supercooled auste nite 过冷奥氏体 isothermal transformation diagram (it) 等温转变曲线 pearlite 珠光体 sorbite :baist? 索氏体 tr

16、oostite tru:stait 托氏体 bainite beinait 贝氏体 upper bainite 上贝氏体 lower bainite 下贝氏体 continuous-cooling transformation 连续冷却转变 cct diagram连续冷却曲线 ttt diagram 等温冷却曲线 martensite 马氏体 secondary troostite 回火托氏体(二次托氏体氏体) solid solution 固溶体 solute溶质 solve nt 溶剂 melting-point 熔点interstitial solid solution 间隙固溶体 di

17、ffusion 扩散 vaca ncies 空位interstitial atoms 间隙原子sub-gra in boun dary 亚晶界 binary alloy 二元合金 grain refiment 晶粒细化 solidus固相线solvus固溶线Stress Relief Anneal 去应力退火 第 7 章 Cast Irons 铸 铁 white cast iron 白口铸铁 gray cast iron 灰口铸铁 Ductile Cast Irons 球墨铸铁 Malleable iron 可锻铸铁 blackheart cast irons 黑心铸铁 carb on ste

18、el 碳素钢 mild steel 低碳钢 medium carb on stee I 中碳钢 sulphor 硫 phosphor 磷第 8 章 Nonferrous Metal Material 有色金属材料 nonferrous metal material 有色金属 wrought alloys 形变合金 cast alloys铸造合金 sand casting 砂型铸造 permanent-mold casting 金属型铸造 die casting 压力铸造 precipitation strengthening (hardening) 析出强化，沉淀强化 natural agin

19、g 自然时效 artificial aging 人工时效Multiple choice (单项选择)The ratio of stressto strai n,(/ in the lin ear elastic regi on is called a .(a) Young s Modulus (b) tensile strength (c) hardness (d) elasticAtomic arrangements in crystalline solids can he described by referring the atoms tothe points of intersecti

20、on of a network of lines in three dimensions. Such anetworkis called b .(a) You ng s Modulu(b) Space Lattice (c) Unit Cells (d) Lattice Con sta ntsAn atom lies at each corner of the cube and one in the center. This is thea .(a) body-centered cubic structure (b) face-centered cubic structure(c) Hexag

21、 onal Close-Packed CrystalsThis structure has an atom at each corner plus an additi on atom at the cen ter of eachface. This is b 二(a) body-centered cubic structure (b) face-centered cubic structure(c) Hexag onal Close-Packed CrystalsThere are six atoms at the corners of the top ancbottom planes, ea

22、ch shared by sixunit cells; one atom in the cen ter of the upper and lower basal pla nes, each sharedby two cells. This is the c .(a) body-centered cubic structure (b) face-centered cubic structure(c) Hexag onal Close-Packed CrystalsThe aare the vector comp onents of the directi on resolvedal ong ea

23、chof the coord in ate axes and reduced to the smallesntegers.(a) crystallographic direct ion in dices (b) Lattice Con sta nts(c) Space Lattice (d) surface tensionA certain positions, there are missing atoms ( a normally occupied position isvacant) while in other places atoms are in“wrong” positions

24、(atoms are locatedin no rmally uno ccupied positi on s). The former are called b and the latterare termeda .(a) interstitials(b) vacancies (c) dislocation (d) imperfectionWhy are free surface con sidered to be defects? Surface atoms have fewer n earest n eighbors, and therefore higher en ergy, tha n

25、 atoms in side the crystal. The extra en ergy associated with the free surface is called d(a) interstitials (b) grain boundary (c) dislocation (d) surface tensionMost techniques for the production of crystalline materials result in the formation of large numbers of small, randomly oriented crystals,

26、 called b . The boun dary betwee n adjace nt crystals is called a c(a) phase (b) grain (c) grain boundary (d) phase boundaryc in a liquid melt occurs whe n the metal itself provides the atoms n eeded to form a nu clei.(a) phase boundary (b) nucleation (c) homogeneous nucleation(d) phase boun darySol

27、idified metal containing many crystals is said to be a ,.(a) polycrystalli ne (b) polymer (c) grain (d) grain boun daryIf the nucleation and growth conditions in the liquid metal during solidification are such that the crystals can grow about equally in all directi ons, b will be produced.(a) column

28、ar grains (b) equiaxed grains (c) grain (d) grain boundaryThe eutectoid mixture of fine plate-like lamellar mixture of ferrite and cementite is called b(a) ceme ntite(b) pearlite(c) ledeburite(d) auste niteThe eutectic mixture of auste nite and ceme ntite is calledd.(a) ceme ntite(b) pearlite(c) fer

29、rite(d) ledeburiteIn the Fe-FesC system, there is a eutectoid point at approximately 0.77wt% C,727 C. The phase just above the eutectoid temperature for plain carb on steels is known asd.(a) cementite (b) pearlite (c) ledeburite (d) austeniteWhen a sufficient load is applied to a metal or other stru

30、ctural material, it willcause the material to cha nge shape. This cha nge in shape is called b(a) slip (b) deformati on (c) twinning (d) plastic deformatio nWhen the stress is sufficient to permanently deform the metal, it is calledd.(a) slip (b) deformati on (c) twinning (d) plastic deformatio nPro

31、cess which an metal material is heated to a suitable temperature and held at thistemperature for a sufficie nt len gth of time, fin ally cooled in a particular manner to alter its internal structure for obtaining desired degree of physical and mechanical properties. It is called b(a) quenching (b) h

32、eat treatment (c) Continuous-Cooling Transformation(d) Isothermal TransformationIf a sample of a 0.8% plain carb on steel is heated to about 750 C and held for asufficie nt time, its structure will become homoge neous auste nite. This process is calledd.(a) quenching (b) heat treatment (c) Annealing

33、 (d) austenitizingThe reheati ng treatme nt that softe ns a cold-worked metal is called b(a) que nching(b) Ann eali ng (c) Normaliz ing(d) Temperi ngCis a heat treatme nt in which the steel is heated in the auste niticregi on and the n cooled in still air.(a) que nching(b) ann eali ng(c) no rmaliz i

34、ng(d) temperi ngDis the process below the eutectoid transformation of heating amarte nsitic steel temperature to make it softer and more ductile.(a) que nching(b) Ann eali ng (c) Normaliz ing(d) Temperi ngAgi ng the alloy at room temperature is calleda .a) n atural agi ng b) artificial agingAgi ng a

35、t elevated temperatures is called b .a) n atural agi ng b) artificial aging短句翻译1. Solids may becategorized broadly into crystalline and amorphous solids.The formation of stable nuclei in the melt (nucleation)The growth of nuclei into crystalsThe formation of a grain structureThe solidification of me

36、tals and alloys is an important industrial process since most metals are melted and then cast into a semifinished or finished shape.Columnar grains are long, thin, coarse grains created when a metal solidifies rather slowly in the presence of a steep temperature gradient.Ferrite is the in terstitial

37、 solid solutio n of carb on ina iron.Auste nite is the in terstitial solid soluti on of carb on in iron.丫Plastic deformation is due to the motion of a large number of dislocations.Dislocations allow deformation at much lower stress than in a perfect crystal.Each heat treatment process needs heating,

38、 preserving and cooling.The heating speed, highest heating temperature, preserving time and cooling speed are the four factors of heat treatment process.Flame hardening consists of hardening the surface of the component by heating it above the transformation temperature using a high temperature flam

39、e or high velocity combustion products and then quenching it in water or oil.Plain-carbon steels have low corrosion and oxidation resistance.Medium-carbon plain-carbon steels must be quenched rapidly to obtain a fully martensitic structure.Plain-carbon steels have poor impact resistance at low tempe

40、ratures.In this book low-alloy steels containing from about 1 to 4 percent of alloyingelements will be considered alloy steels.The way in which alloy elements distribute themselves in carbon steels depends primarily on the compound- and carbide-forming tendencies of each element.The carbide-forming

41、elements such as tungsten, molybdenum, and titanium raise the eutectoid temperature of the Fe-Fe3C phase diagram to higher values and reduce the austenitic phase field. These elements are called ferrite-stabilizing elements.Cast irons have often significant amounts of silicon, as well as smaller amo

42、unts of other elements.The range of carbon content gives cast irons a high fluidity. Also the materials when solidifying show no significant volume contraction.However, if there is very slow cooling, the Cm is not stable and graphite flakes can form.Moderate and slow cooling rate favor the formation

43、 of graphite. The solidification rate also affects the type of matrix formed in gray cast iron.Moderate cooling rates favor the formation of a pearlitic matrix, whereas slow cooling rates favor a ferritic matrix.Gray cast iron is formed when the carbon in the alloy exceeds the amount that can dissol

44、ve in the austenite and precipitates as graphite flakes.Since silicon is a graphite stabilizing element in cast irons, a relatively high silicon content is used to promote the formation of graphite.Cast irons have relatively low impact resistance and ductility, and this limits their use for some app

45、lications.The wide industrial use of cast irons is due mainly to their comparatively low cost and versatile engineering properties.Annealing is used with grey cast iron to provide optimum machinability and remove stresses.To produce a fully ferritic matrix in a gray iron, the iron is usually anneale

46、d to allow the carbon remaining in the matrix to deposit on the graphite flakes, leaving the matrix completely ferritic.In the blackheart process, white iron casting in a non-oxidising atmosphere to 900C and soaked at that temperature for two days or more.In permanent-mold casting the molten metal is poured into a permanent metal mold under gravity, low pressure, or centrifugal （sentrifjug?l 离心力 ）pressureonly.分析题(1)根据Fe-Fe3C相图，图中可以分为若干单项区和双向区，根据下面要求分别写出相组成。(注：liquid为液相、austenite为奥氏体相、ferrite为铁素体相、cementite 为渗