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1、 Chapter 8 History of Britain The beginning of Britain The Early settlers (-55B.C.) Roman Britain (55B.C.-410A.D.) Anglo-Saxon Britain (410- 871) Viking Britain (871-1042) Norman Conquest (1066)The Early Settlers (-55 B.C.)8,000 years ago Great Britain became an islandNatives of Britain Iberians (30

2、00BC-2000BC) The first settlers of Britain from the Mediterranean area Stonehenge in Southwest England Built between 3000 BC and 1000 BC The most famous prehistoric monument and tourist attractionThe Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. tall and golden-haired from Central Europe farmers warli

3、ke peopleRoman Britain (55 B.C.- 410)British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.Roman InvasionInvasionTimeInvaders155 and 54 B.CRoman GeneralJulius Caesar243 A.D.Roman EmperorClaudiusRo

4、man Civilization The month “July” is named after Julius Caesar himself. Christianity to Britain Extraordinary achievement in building roads “All Roads Lead to Rome” Hadrians Wall Englands great wall 2000 years agoRoman influence on Britain was limited. First, the Romans always treated the Britons as

5、 a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.Anglo-Saxon Britain (410-871)Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-SaxonsThe Angle, Saxon, and Jute tribes in

6、vaded in 5th and 6th centuriesThe Anglo-Saxons left their home in northern Germany and Denmark. The Heptarchy: seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria contended for hegemony St. Augustin The first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601 He built the Cante

7、rbury Cathedral. He introduced Christianity to England. The founder of the English churchKing ArthurThe best-known English legendThe 5th century Story King Arthur united the BritishHis famous round table knightsDrove the Saxons back with his magical swordA hero of British, who leads the defense agai

8、nst the Anglo-Saxon invaders in the early 6th centuryViking(871-1042) Invasion time In the late 8th century From Denmark Norsemen, “people from the North” From 1017 to 1041 England was ruled by Danish kings.Alfred the Great The king of Wessex The father of British navy A capable military leaderand a

9、dministratorWestminster Abbey In 1042 By Edward, King of England, a faithful Christian One of the oldest buildings in London A living monument to British history Almost all English kings have been crowned there.Influences of the Danish Invasion Many Danish words became a part of the British vocabula

10、ry. Such as: sky, they, their, them, bank, gate, guess etc. British system of counting was adopted from the Danes. Like: dozen, penny, foot. Many names of English towns are borrowed from the Danes.Norman Conquest The last foreign invasion in England The best-known event in English history Duke Willi

11、am of Normandy, from northern FranceWilliam is often referred to as William the Conqueror.On October 14, 1066William and his army defeated the English army in the battle of Hastings.William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey, known as William I of England.This invasion is called Norman

12、 Conquest.Influences of Norman Conquest Language- French replaced English as the language of the ruling classes.-The period of Middle English began. Architecture The Tower of London (The most famous castle) England became a land of castlesDoomsday Book- the base for future taxation- a useful source

13、of information for the monarchsRobin Hood Englands best-loved legend Heroic Saxonnoblemen oppressed by the Normans “Merry men” robbed from the rich to give to the poor.British Invasion HistoryInvasion TimeInvaders43 A.D.The Romans5th centuryThe Angles and Saxons8th centuryThe Viking1066The NormansPa

14、rt II The Feudal Britain (1066-1485)Key Points:1. Common Law2. The Magna Carta3. The beginning of Parliament4. The decline of feudalismFeudal Britain Norman Conquest marked the establishment of feudalism in England1. After the Norman Conquest, feudalism was established in England.2. The nobility gra

15、dually gained power.3. State mechanism was gradually established such as the parliamentary system and the common law.The succession of monarchsKings: William I(1066-1154)-(grandson)-Henry II(1154-1189)-(son)-Richard I(1189-1199)-(brother)-King John(1199-1216)-(son)-Henry III(1216-1272)-Edward III-Ac

16、hievements:Norman conquest-the common law-crusades-the Magna Carta-the beginning of parliament- the establishment of parliamentary system.The beginning of the parliament When?-1264, The nobles defeated the king Who?-Simon de Monfort VS Henry IIIHow?Simon de Monfort made changes in the formation of t

17、he Great Council- added some commoners into the council Significance?- laid the foundation for the development of the English parliamentThe decline of FeudalismRoot:the foundation of the manor system was shakenSeveral events shook the foundation of the feudal society.The Hundred Years WarThe Black M

18、outhTylers RebellionThe War of the RosesThe Hundred Years WarTime: 1337-1453 Event A series of wars between England and France Unexpected benefits The ruling Normans began to regard England as their home. English was reestablished as the official language.Joan of Arc A famous peasant girl Under Joan

19、 of Arc, French won a number of victories. Regarded as a national French heroine.The War of the Roses A series of civil wars between supporters of Lancaster and York. The badges a red rose Vs. a white one Reason In 1455 the Duke of York tried todisplace the Lancaster king, Henry VI. Result In 1485,

20、Henry Tudor, as Henry VII,founded the Tudor Monarchy.The Beginning of the Modern WorldFrom the 16th to the 20th centuryRuling HousesRuling PeriodHouse of Tudor1485-1603House of Stuart1603-1649House of Stuart(restored)1660-1714House of Hanover1714-1910 Part III House of TudorKey points: The Enclosure

21、 Movement Geographical Discovery The Renaissance The Reformation Henry VIII Bloody Mary The Elizabethan Age1.The Enclosure MovementIn the 16th century, the development oftextile industry pushed up the price of wool.Landlords began to turn large areas ofarable land into sheep grazing land.2. Geograph

22、ical Discovery Why?- A shortage of gold & silver caused by the increasein production & the expansion of trade in Europe. When? In the 15th century How?rush for gold -rush for spice-geographical discovery Who?- Portugal, Spanish, BritainBritish expansion In 1497,John Cabot sailed to New-found land in

23、 North America Sir Francis Drake, the first Englishman who sailed round the world. Chartered Companies.- The East India Company3. The Renaissance When? late 14th C the early 16th C Where? Italy-the rest of Europe What?The rebirth of interest in classic cultures of ancient Greece and Rome which were

24、neglected by the Europeans in the Middle Ages.Who?- many literary figuresWilliam ShakespeareThomas More,Edmund Spencer,Francis Bacon,Christopher MarloweWhat do they have in common?- praised life and attacked feudal cruelty, ignorance and destruction of human rights- promoted education and reform- vo

25、iced enduring ideas4. The Reformation When? 1517-1646 Who? Martin Luther Where? West Europe What?A great revolution in the Christian church Results?- it ended the supreme power of the Pope of the Christian church- two religious camps were formed: Catholic and ProtestantThe English Reformation Who? K

26、ing Henry VIII Why? Henry VIIIs divorce Results? Married six times- the King declared himself as thesupreme Head of the Church of England- the religious authority was transferred successfully from the Pope to the king.Bloody Mary Who?- Mary Tudor,a sincere Catholic Why bloody?- she persecuted truePr

27、otestants and executedmore than 300 peopleElizabeth I (1553-1603) The last Tudor monarch The Golden Age The English navydefeated the SpanishArmada in 1588 The flourishing of English drama Part IV House of StuartKey points The Divine right of Kings Charles I The Civil War Cromwell Restoration The Glo

28、rious RevolutionCharles I (1625 - 1649)BeliefBelieved in the old theory “Divine right of Kings”The kings power came directly from God, not from the people.Dismissed parliament for 11 yearsThe Civil War (1642-1649) Event Charles I burst into the Houses of Parliament to arrest leading members of the P

29、arliament. Between The Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) The Cavaliers (supporters of the King)Result of the Civil War The execution of Charles I Oliver Cromwell formed republicanEngland, the Commonwealth of England. English monarchy was abolished.Restoration Who? Charles II When? 1661,4,23. How

30、?- politically, restore the old social order- religiously, reestablished a new system- economically, established Englishcolonies in AmericaThe Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) The industrial Revolution refers to themechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organiza

31、tion in Britain in the late18th and early 19th centuries.Consequences of the industrial Revolution1 Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”;2 Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth.3 Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appallingconditions.4 The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led