《新编简明英语语言学教程》ppt课件(PPT 277页)

1、A Course on Linguistics戴炜栋新编简明英语语言学教程（网络下载，调整修改中）.第1页，共277页。The Goals for this CourseTo get a scientific view on language;To understand some basic theories on linguistics;To understand the applications of the linguistic theories, especially in the fields of language teaching & learning (SLA or TEFL)

2、, cross-cultural communication;To prepare for the future research work. .第2页，共277页。The Requirements for this courseClass attendanceClassroom discussionFulfillment of the assignmentExamination .第3页，共277页。Reference Books戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社。胡壮麟，(2001)，语言学教程，北京大学出版社。刘润清，(1995)，西方语言学流派，外

3、语教学与研究出版社。Fromkin,V. & R. Rodman, (1998), An Introduction to Language the sixth edition, Orlando, Florida: Holt, Ranehart & Winston, Inc.第4页，共277页。Chapter 1. Introduction.第5页，共277页。1. What is language? .第6页，共277页。Language can meanwhat a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions) the way of speakin

4、g or writing (e.g. Shakespeares language, Luxuns language)a particular variety or level of speech or writing (e.g. language for special purpose, colloquial language) the abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community (e.g. Chinese language, first language) the

5、common features of all human languages (e.g. He studies language)a tool for human communication. (social function) a set of rules. (rule-governed) .第7页，共277页。Sapirs definition (1921)“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of volunt

6、arily produced symbols.”.第8页，共277页。Halls definition (1968)Language is “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.”.第9页，共277页。Chomskys definition (1957)“From now on I will consider language to be a set of (finit

7、e or infinite) sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”.第10页，共277页。Language can be generally defined asa system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.第11页，共277页。Language is a systemSystematic- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged acco

8、rding to certain rules; cant be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat.第12页，共277页。Language is arbitraryArbitrary- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.第13页，共277页。Language is symbolic in natureSymbolic- w

9、ords are associated with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”-Shakespeare .第14页，共277页。Language is primarily vocalVocal- the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form. .第15页，共277页。Language is human-speci

10、fic Human-specific- different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.第16页，共277页。The design/defining features of human language (Charles Hockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCultural transmission.第17页，共277页。Arbitr

11、ariness -No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, . Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang )Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-m

12、aker, air-conditioner, photocopy.第18页，共277页。Productivity/creativity -Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “ A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a

13、 common happening in the world.A gibbon call system is not productive for gibbon draw all their calls from a fixed repertoire which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. The bee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direction. B

14、ut food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance; bees do not “talk” about themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people, animals, hopes or desires .第19页，共277页。Duality (double articulation) Lower level-sounds (meaningless)Higher level-meaning (larger unit

15、s of meaning)A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rear

16、ranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that language.第20页，共277页。Displacement -Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-aw

17、ay places. A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last yearThere is something special about the bee dance though. Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of

18、displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate about future discoveries.第21页，共277页。Cultural transmission-Language is culturall

19、y transmitted (through teaching and learning; rather than by instinct).Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. All cats, gibbons and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats, gibbons and bees.A Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligib

20、le. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. That is, it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.The story of a wolf child, a pig child shows that a human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human language. .第22页，共277页

21、。Functions of language Phatic: establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact.Directive: get the hearer to do something. Informative: give information about facts. Interrogative: get information from others.Expressive: express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. Evocative: create certai

22、n feelings in the hearer (amuse, startle, soothe, worry or please) Performative: language is used to do things, to perform actions. .第23页，共277页。The origin of language The divine-origin theory- Language is a gift of God to mankind. The invention theory- imitative, cries of nature, the grunts of men w

23、orking together. The evolutionary theory- the result of physical and psychological development.第24页，共277页。许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨.他对语言的定义做了如下概括:语言是一种符号系统.当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达相互反应的中介;当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认知事物的工具;当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体.第25页，共277页。2. What is linguistics? -Linguistics is the scientific

24、 study of language. -A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist. .第26页，共277页。Four principles of linguistic studiesExhaustiveness/adequacy Consistency Economy Objectivity .第27页，共277页。The scope or major branches of linguisticsTheoretical linguisticsPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemant

25、icsUse of linguisticsApplied linguisticsSociolinguisticsPsycholinguistics .第28页，共277页。Theoretical linguisticsPhonetics-speech sound (description, classification, transcription): articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics.Phonology-sound patterns of languagesMorphology-the form of

26、 wordsSyntax-the rules governing the combination of words into sentence.Semantics-the meaning of language (when the meaning of language is conducted in the context of language use-Pragmatics).第29页，共277页。Use of linguisticsApplied linguistics-linguistics and language teaching Sociolinguistics- social

27、factors (e.g. class, education) affect language use Psycholinguistics-linguistic behavior and psychological process Stylistics-linguistic and literature .第30页，共277页。Some other applications Anthropological linguisticsNeurolinguisticsComputational linguistics (e.g. machine translation).第31页，共277页。Some

28、 important distinctions in linguistics .第32页，共277页。Descriptive vs prescriptiveDescriptive - describe/analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use (modern linguistic)Prescriptive -lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar).第33页，共277页。

29、Synchronic vs diachronicSynchronic study- description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study- description of a language through time (historical development of language over a period of time) .第34页，共277页。Speech vs writingSpeech - primary medium of languageWriting -

30、 later developed.第35页，共277页。Langue vs parole (F. de Saussure)Langue - the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community.Parole - the realization of langue in actual use.Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social convention

31、s.第36页，共277页。Competence and performance (Chomsky)Competence - the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language Performance - the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of

32、the mind of each individual.第37页，共277页。Traditional grammar vs modern linguisticsTraditional grammar - prescriptive, written, Latin-based framework Modern linguistics - descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based framework .第38页，共277页。Chapter 2 Phonology Language is primarily vocal. The primary

33、medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds-sounds that convey meaning in human communication. .第39页，共277页。Phonetics -A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classif

34、ication and transcription, e.g. p bilabial, stop. .第40页，共277页。Three branches of phonetics Articulatory phonetics-from the speakers point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”Auditory phonetics-from the hearers point of view, “how sounds are perceived”Acoustic phonetics-from the physical way

35、or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. .第41页，共277页。Articulatory phonetics .第42页，共277页。Speech organs: three important areas Pharyngeal cavity - the throat; The oral cavity - the mouth; Nasal cavity - the nose. .第43页，共277页。The diagram of speech organsLipsTeethTeeth ridge (alveol

36、ar)Hard palateSoft palate (velum)UvulaTip of tongueBlade of tongueBack of tongueVocal cordsPharyngeal cavityNasal cavity .第44页，共277页。Orthographic representation of speech sounds - A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA

37、). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.Broad transcription - used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear l , pit Narrow transcription - used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark l , aspirated

38、 p .第45页，共277页。Some major articulatory variables - dimensions on which speech sounds may vary:Voicing- voiced & voicelessNasality - nasal & non-nasal Aspiration - aspirated & unaspirated .第46页，共277页。Classification of English speech sounds - English speech sounds are generally classified into two lar

39、ge categories: Vowels Consonants Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.第47页，共277页。Classification o

40、f consonants - English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions:The manner of articulation The place of articulation.第48页，共277页。The manner of articulationstops/plosives: p, b, t, d, k, g;fricatives: f, v, s, z, W, T, F, V, h;affricates: tF, dV; liquids: l(lateral), r; nasals: m, n, N

41、; glides/semivowels: w, j. .第49页，共277页。The place of articulationbilabial: p, b, m, w;labiodental: f , v;dental: W, T;alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, l, r;palatal: F, V, tF, dV, j ;velar: k, g, N; glottal: h.第50页，共277页。The place of articulationBilabial;Labiodental;Dental or interdental;Alveolar;Palatoalveol

42、ar;Palatal;Velar;Uvular;Glottal.第51页，共277页。The description of English consonantsPlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelar Glottal Stops or plosivesVL p t k VD b d g Frica-tivesVL f W s F hVD v T z V Affri-catesVL(tF )tFVD(dV)dVNasalsVDmn N LiquidsVDl, rGlides VDw j .第52页，共2

43、77页。Classification of vowels - English vowels can be divided into two large categories:Monophthongs or pure/single vowelsDiphthongs or gliding vowels .第53页，共277页。Monophthongs or pure/single vowels-According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be d

44、istinguished as:front vowels: I:, I, e, Z, A, B;central vowels: E:, E, Q;back vowels: u:, u, C:, C, B:. .第54页，共277页。According to the openness of the mouth Close: I:, I, u:, u.Semi-close: e, E:; Semi-open: E, C;Open: A, B, C, B:, Q;.第55页，共277页。The diagram of single vowel classification by applying th

45、e two criteria so far mentioned: .第56页，共277页。According to the shape of the lips orthe degree of lip rounding rounded: u:, u, C:, C;unrounded: I:, I, e, Z, A, B, E:, E, Q, B:. .第57页，共277页。According to the length of the vowels long: I:, E:, u:, C:, B:short: I, e, Z, A, E, Q, B, u, C. .第58页，共277页。Dipht

46、hongs/gliding vowels ei, ai, aU, EU, Ri, iE, ZE, UE.第59页，共277页。Exercises: underline the words that begin with a sound as required.A bilabial consonant: mad sad bad cad pad had ladA velar consonant: nod god cod pod rodLabiodental consonant: rat fat sat mat chat vat patAn alveolar consonant: nick lick

47、 sick tick kick quickA palato-alveolar consonant: sip ship tip chip lip zipA dental consonant: lie buy thigh thy tie ryeA glide: one war yolk rush.第60页，共277页。Underline the words that end with a sound as required:A fricative pay horse tough rice breath push sing wreathe hang cave messageA nasal train

48、 bang leaf limbA stop drill pipe fit crab fog ride laugh rack through tipAn affricate: rack such ridge booze.第61页，共277页。Underline the words that contain the sound as required:A central vowel: mad lot but boot wordA front vowel: reed pad load fate bit bed cook A rounded vowel: who he bus her hit true

49、 boss bar walkA back vowel: paid reap fool top good father.第62页，共277页。Describe the underlined consonants according to three dimensions: vd/vl place manner LetterBrotherSunnyHopperItchingLodgerCallingSingingRobbereither.第63页，共277页。PhonologyPhonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, t

50、he ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.第64页，共277页。Phonetics & phonologyBoth are concerned with the same aspect of language-the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds use

51、d in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meani

52、ng in linguistic communication. .第65页，共277页。Phone, phoneme, allophone .第66页，共277页。PhoneA phone- a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some dont, e.g. bI:t & bIt , spIt

53、& spIt.第67页，共277页。PhonemeA phoneme- is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in pIt, tIp and spIt. .第68页，共277页。Allopho

54、neAllophones - the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.第69页，共277页。Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution and minimal pair.第70页，共277页。Phonemic contrastPhonemic contrast-different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast, e.g. /b/ and /p/ in bIt and pI

55、t.第71页，共277页。Complementary distributionComplementary distribution-allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They do not distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts, e.g. dark l & clear l, aspirated p & unaspirated p. .第72页，共277页。Minimal pairMinimal pair-whe

56、n two different forms are identical (the same) in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair, e.g. beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat.第73页，共277页。Some rules of phonology Sequential rule

57、sAssimilation rule Deletion rule .第74页，共277页。Sequential rulesSequential rules - the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, e.g. in English, “k b i I” might possibly form blik, klib, bilk, kilb.If a word begins with a l or a r, then the next sound must be a vowel.第75页，共

58、277页。Sequential rulesIf three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules, e.g. spring, strict, square, splendid, scream. a)the first phoneme must be /s/, b)the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/, c)the third phoneme must

59、 be /l/ or /r/ or /w/. * N never occurs in initial position in English and standard Chinese,but it does occur in some dialects, e.g. in Cantonese: “牛肉，我， 俄语”.第76页，共277页。Assimilation ruleAssimilation rule-assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the

60、 two phones similar, e.g. the prefix in is pronounced differently when in different phonetic contexts:indiscreet alveolar Ininconceivable velar IN input bilabial Im.第77页，共277页。Assimilation in Mandarin好啊 hao wa海啊 hai ya看啊 kan na唱啊 chang Na跳啊 tiao wa .第78页，共277页。Deletion ruleDeletion rule- it tells us