定语从句讲析

1、PAGE PAGE 6Grammar and usageI. 定语从句讲析（The attributive clause）一、关键词1. 定语从句：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 2. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。 3. 关系词：关系词用来引导定语从句。关系词有关系代词和关系副词之分。关系代词有that, which, who，whom，whose，as等；关系副词有when，where，why等。关系词可以1) 代替先行词；2) 引导定语从句； 3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： The car which my uncle had

2、just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.句中，the car为先行词；which是关系词引导是定语从句which my uncle had just bought，同时代替先行词the car在定语从句中作主语。二、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。 The number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250,000. In 1519 another traveler who went to America from Europe discovered tomato

3、es.The competitor who won the most gold medals was David Beckham.2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。The boy (whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor.The person whom you should ask is Mr. Ball.The athlete whom I liked most was Carl Lewis.The boy (whowhomthat) we saw yesterday was Johns brother.3.which指

4、物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。Fruit trees which once grew only in China can be found in many parts of the world.The gold medal which she won has been given to her old school.4.that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。The woman that I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.Corn i

5、s a very useful plant that can be prepared in many different ways. The report that Mr. Turner handed in was about the motor race.5.whose 通常指人，有时也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。 I know the person whose company produces computers. This is the person whose story surprised everybody. I once lived in the house whose roof

6、 has fallen.Note: whose指物时，常用of which结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom, the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.三、关系副词引导的定语从句 1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? The time when my father worked was a hard time.There we

7、re times when I didnt know what to do.2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。This is the city where I was born.He helped his father on the small farm where they lived. The farm where we picked cotton was nine kilometers away.3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。These are the reasons why we do it. I dont know the reason why he look

8、s unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如： Ill never forget the day whenon which I joined the army.Kentucky is the state wherein which Lincoln was born.The reason whyfor which he refused the invitation is quite clear.四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别1.限制性定语从句在形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是先行词不

9、可缺少的定语，如去掉,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。翻译时译成先行词的定语“的”。Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.All the books that have pictures in them are well written.2. 非限制性定语从句在形式上用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是对先行词意义的补充说明，如去掉，主句仍能表达完整的意思，通常译成主句的并列句。 Her brother，who is now a soldier，always encourages her to go

10、 to college.All the books，which have pictures in them，are well written.3. 关系词的使用：1) 关系词作宾语在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。2) 限制性定语从句可用that引导,而非限制性定语从句不用that引导。3)在限制性定从句中可用who代替whom，而在非限制性定语从句中不可用who代替whom。The book（thatwhich） I bought yesterday is Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix. The book，which l

11、bought yesterday，is Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix.The engineer (whowhomthat) I met in the office worked very hard.The engineer，whom I met in the office，worked very hard.His mother，who loves him very much，is strict with him.五、特别提示 1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。This is one of the books wh

12、ich were written by Charles Dickens.He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.注意：which和as引导非限制性定语从句时，有时并没有特定的先行词，而是代表前面说的整个情况。这时which和as 被看作单数，译作“这一点”，其后的谓语动形式用单数形式。 如： He said he was a Frenchman，whichas was not true.但须注意，as引导的这种定语从句可置于主句之前，which引导的这种定语从句只置于主句之后。如：As is know

13、n to all，China is a socialist country. China is a socialist country, as/which is known to all. 2.介词+关系代词 1)根据动词选择介词。I dont know the foreigner with whom my teacher shook hands.（或I dont know the foreigner whom my teacher shook hands with.）Note: who和that不能直接位于介词后作宾语；有的短语动词是不能拆开的，常见的这类短语有：look for，look

14、after等。This is the pencil that Ma Lili is looking for. (R) This is the pencil for which Ma Lili is looking. (W)2)根据先行词选择介词。介词和先行词之间构成习惯搭配，介词一般位于关系代词之前，和从句中的动词不存在逻辑或意义上的关系。He stood by the window，through which he could see what was happening outside. (the window是介词through的逻辑宾语) 3)介词+关系代词有时可转换为关系副词when

15、，why，where等。This is the house in which /where Chairman Mao once lived.Everyone knows the reason for which/why the High Dam was built. I still remember the day on which/when we visited the temple.高考链接He was educated at the local high school, _he went on to Beijing University. (2007江苏)A. after which B

16、. after that C. in which D. in that答案与解析：A 从此题语境不难看出两个动作之间具有前后的先后关系，由于后一句为非限制性定语从句，故用after which. 原句相当于He was educated at the local high school. After it he went on to Beijing University.3.选用定语从句的关系词时，要看先行词在从句中充当什么成分。The evening that people spent singing and playing music was exciting. (不用when，因为先行词

17、在从句中充当spent的宾语。) The reason that he told us is unbelievable. (不用why，因为先行词在从句中充当told的宾语。) The islands of Britain that we visited last year are made up of four parts. (不用where，因为先行词在从句中充当visited的宾语。)4.被关系词所代替的部分不可在从句中复现。The factory where he works there is a large one. (应去掉there) This is the factory wh

18、ich we visited it last Sunday. (应去掉it)5. 常用that引导定语从句的情况：1)当先行词中有“人”又有“物”时，关系词用that不用which。They are talking about the factory，the leaders and the workers that they visited yesterday.We meet up on the last Friday of every month to talk about poems and poets that we like.They often talk about the work

19、s and the writers that interest them.The house and its owners that you mentioned just now are what 1 want to know about.2)先行词本身是all, few，little，much，any，everything，anything，nothing等不定代词时，关系词多用that。Dont throw away anything that may be of some use.3)先行词指“人”或“物”，并被形容词最高级、序数词或all，no ,any，every，little，mu

20、ch, little, the only，the very等修饰时通常用that引导定语从句。This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.This is the first step that we should take.You are the very man that can do the job well. Mary is the only girl that likes playing football.Everyone who/that knows him thinks highly of him.Nobody t

21、hat/who has been there will ever forget the beauty of the place.Those who/that want to go raise your hands please.All that must be done has been done.I read something in todays morning paper (that/which) you may be interested in.介词 + whichwhom引导的定语从句。 关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，介词可提至关系代词前，构成“介词+whichwhom从句”结构。此时应注意以下几个方面的内容：(1)介词提前时，关系代词不可省略。(2)介词提