医学英语写作教学课件

1、医学英语写作医学英语的特点：大量使用专业术语大量使用名词和名词短语被动句多 (常使用物作主语)难句、长句较多文章结构程式化生物医学研究的三种研究类型求证性论著 Hypothesis-Testing Paper （以研究工作验证假说）描述性论著 Descriptive Paper （单纯描述某种现象）方法性论著 Method Paper （创新或改进研究方法）生物医学论著的科学内涵创新性重要性合理性Requirements of a good paper- Good science- Clear (Precise, Concise, Good logical structure)Conceptu

2、ally novelTechnically convincingExtremely well-writtenImportant to the fieldInteresting to a broad readership主体部分前置部分致 谢参考文献IMRAD常见格式科技论文格式 Structure of a Scientific Paper文题作者和单位摘要、关键词引言方法结果讨论The IMRAD structurefor Scientific Papers Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion Introduction - why wa

3、s the study undertaken? What was the research question, the tested hypothesis or the purpose of the research? Methods - when, where, and how was the study done? What materials were used or who was included in the study groups (patients, etc.)? Results - what answer was found to the research question

4、; what did the study find? Was the tested hypothesis true? Discussion - what might the answer infer and why does it matter? How does it fit in with what other researchers have found? What are the perspectives for future research?Sample PapersGeneral English WritingCriteria in Judging a Composition(1

5、)本题满分为15分。(2)阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。各有标准评卷1-2份。(3)阅卷人根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分）。但不得加或减半分。(4)评分标准：2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或绝大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。思想表达不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重的语言错误。8分基本切题。思想表达比较清楚，文章尚连贯，但语言错误较多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。思想表达清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。思想表达清楚，

6、文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。注：白卷、所写的内容与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分11分和14分两个档之间区别在什么地方？在于用词上，你的用词是不是准确，所以这是一大档。下面是8分和5分这两个档可以构成一个大档，这个叫内容基本切题，注意“基本”这两个字，叫基本切题。下面分开了，8分与5分之间在条理清楚上，你写文章条理清楚不清楚，在清楚上就出现变化，8分的是条理比较清楚，5分是条理不清楚，8分和5分是内容基本切题，只要你没有完全切题就可以给你打到8分这个档，只要你内容完全切题就可以给到11分以上这个档，这是评们的标准问题。那么下面的第三大档，也

7、就是说第五个小档是2分档，这2分档它就不提内容切题，没有内容切题这一说了，也就是说只要你不切题，你也没有达到基本切题，没有达到完全切题他可能就给你打到2分档，切题相当重要。2分档下面条理也不清楚，用词也不准确等等。所以我们从评分标准上可以看到，只要你做到内容切题，文字连贯，文字连贯主要指的句子和句子之间是不是连贯，然后条理清楚，只要达到这三点，我们说及格分应当是没有问题的。如何达到内容切题，首先每一段的主题句要切题，在三段当中每一段主题句都要切题。那么主题句怎样保证切题？8分14分5分11分2分作文中存在的主要问题第一、英语底子太薄底子太薄. 主要表现为对语法知识掌握不牢及对基本词汇记忆不清。

8、它包括定冠词和不定冠词的滥用，主谓不一致，单复数搞不清楚（例如：a people等），时态和语态混乱及词语的各种形式掌握不牢。有的学生文章写得很长，字迹也很工整，但是读完之后只觉得思路紊乱，支离破碎，没有一个完整的句子，所以也就只能得两三分以慰劳苦。第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。除了底子太薄这个历史原因之外，学生词汇量太小也是一个不容忽视的原因。有的学生汉语功底很好，用汉语作文，他们就会思如泉涌，下笔千言，但是一到用英语作文就好像被缚住了手脚，不知如何下手。 第三、缺乏思想，深度不够。很多学生虽然已是大二的学生，甚至是大三大四的学生，但是他们在作文当中所表现出的智力水平与阅历似乎只相

9、当于一个初高中生。写出的文章着眼点低，视野狭窄。 第四、缺乏应试技巧。主要表现为有些学生在篇首或篇尾有喊口号倾向（如Dear Friends, lets not hesitate to say“No”）,或画蛇添足,本来文章该结束了却偏要罗罗嗦嗦再来两句多余的话。1.开头1）Now it is commonly believed that They argue that But I wonder现在一般认为 他们认为 但是我认为2) Few things are more foolish than which is widely accepted by没什么比更愚蠢了，这个观点是被所广泛接受的

10、3）Never in China has the issue of been more influential than在中国，没有比更具备影响力了。4）It is high time we freed ourselves from the illusion about是我们不再对抱有幻想的时候了5）Perhaps it is about time to take a fresh look at the idea that也许是时候对的想法重新审视的时候了6) Nowadays, has become a serious problem we have to face.今天，已经成为我们必须面

11、对的严峻问题。7) With the development of , more and more people are concerned about the problem of随着的发展，越来越多的人开始关注的问题。8) Today, has become an important issue.今天，已经成为一个重要的问题。9) Although has brought convenience to us, many people have begun to realize that it is the source of trouble as well.尽管给我们带来了便利，但是许多人

12、已经认识道它也会制造麻烦。10) Recently, the problem of has aroused ( /captured /drawn/caught) worldwide attention.近来，问题已经引起了全世界的注意。11) In recent years, many cities (/nations/people) have been faced (/troubled) with the serious problem of近年来，很多城市（国家/人）已经面临的问题（受到的侵扰）。12) Nowadays more and more people come to reali

13、ze the importance of现在越来越多的人开始意识到的重要性。13) has become a heated topic among people today. Opinions vary from person to person.今天，已经成为人们讨论的热门话题，不同的人对此有不同看法。14) There is no consensus of opinions (much disagreement / an argument) among people concerning (/over /as to/ on)关于，人们的看法没有一致意见。2.文章主体1）On one han

14、d, On the other hand, For example,一方面,另一方面，,例如2）However, others think that The result, sometimes is that然而其他人认为结果，有时是中3）Many people consider In fact, they will choose很多人认为 实际上，他们会选择4）Why is so important? First, Second, Third,为什么变得如此重要？首先， 其次， 第三5）There are numerous examples supporting this statement

15、. A case in point is that有无数证据来证明这个观点。其中一个恰当的例子是6）I think this question should be probed in depth. On one hand, the first group is not totally correct because On the other hand, the second group seems because我认为这个问题应该更透彻地去讨论。一方面，第一组的人不是完全正确，因为，第二组的人看起来因为7) For my part (/as to me/as far as I am conce

16、rned), Id like to agree to the former (/latter) opinion.就我而言，我赞同前（后）一种观点。8) I am in favor of/ I am on the side of我赞成9) In my opinion, both sides are partly right (/there is some truth in both sides)我认为双方都有一定道理。10) Only after we have taken into consideration all aspects of the problem can we make the

17、 right decision.只有当全面考虑这个问题之后，我们才能做出正确的决定。11) From my point of view, 在我看来12) In case of myself, I prefer就我而言，我更喜欢13) To me, the former opinion is more attractive in that我认为，前一种观点更吸引人，因为3.文章结尾1）Taking the above mentioned factors into consideration, I may conclude that 把以上因素考虑在内，我可以总结出2）In conclusion,

18、 最后3）In short, if done correctly, It will become an important part of pour life.简而言之，如果采取了有利的方法， 它会成为我们生活中重要的一部分。4）All in all总之，5）Therefore, as stated above, 因此，以上的叙述6） will undoubtedly have tremendous effect on society.将毫无疑问的给社会带来巨大的影响。7) Only when we can we只有当我们才能够8) We do not have a perfect solut

19、ion at present, but as long as we do it with our brains and hands, we will resolve the problem eventually.虽然目前我们仍没有完美的解决方案，但只要我们用脑动手，我们终将解决这个问题。9) As this problem is very complicated, people can hardly rely on one way to solve it completely.由于这个问题很复杂，依靠一种方法难以彻底解决。10) I am confident (positive/sure) t

20、hat a perfect solution will be found in future.我相信将来会找到一个完美的解决方案。11) I am looking forward to a day when people can live together with more harmony.我期待有一天，人们可以更和谐地生活在一起。应用好模板，是否就一劳永逸？NO!模板只能帮你到一定程度，而且往往是较低英语水平的考生能从中获益；决定作文分数的，不是模板，永远是英语实际水平。英语句子的写法1. 确定句子主干成分，即主、谓、宾、定、状、补等成分要清晰。平时练习时，写完作文后要养成检查的习惯。2.

21、熟悉单词词性，不可将汉语与英语单词词性一一对应！3.平时阅读中注重对单词内涵的把握句子评改实例误 After graduated from the university, Mr Liu decided to be a Internet-tranlater, while others interest in finding a big compong enable to earn more expenses.正 After graduated from the university, Mr. Liu decided to be an translator, while others were i

22、nterested in finding jobs in big companies.原因：将汉语词性与英语单词一一对应，全然不顾英语语法。句子评改实例误 Mr. Liu has a dream but not just a dream. His successed tell us that the most important thing is you must set a gobal.正 Mr. Lius story tells us that everybody should has a goal in life .原因：将汉语意思与英语单词一一对应，追求结构和意义上的绝对对等。句子评改

23、实例误 It is always a success from ancient to modern time, not open around the topic, from the success of the flowers, is the common pursuit of numerous living being.正 Since ancient times, peoples common pursuit has always been a better life.原因：汉语思维都十分混乱，英语表达就更不必说了。解决办法：下笔前，首先要把汉语按照英语的语序摆放好，并剔除不必要的意义表达

24、。句子评改实例误 Indeed, one must has strong courage if he wants to from his own destiny.正 Indeed, one must be brave/ have courage if he wants seize his own destiny.原因：用汉语思考的时候，出现了意义空缺。句子评改实例误 Furthermore, its universally acknowledged that ambition can lead us dare to take the risk of trying something new.正

25、 Furthermore, its universally acknowledged that ambition encourages us to take the risk of trying something new.原因：词语使用错误。句子评改实例误 In my opinion, it can be argumentative that it will be more chances.正 In my opinion, it is not certain that there will be more chances.原因：典型的中式英语，只习得了英语单词的汉语意义，还没能正确使用。句子

26、评改实例误 First of all, it is a new business that less people developing or doing on it. So there would be a lot source you can get. 正 First of all, new business brings opportunities. So there would be less competition ahead. 原因：意义的表达显得较为累赘，想传递的信息过多。请翻译如下句子：（1）这个问题，我也不知道答案。I dont know the answer to this

27、 question.（2）你家这条狗，恐怕命不长了。Im afraid your dog can not survive for long.结果：作文中出现无主语的句子。请改进如下句子误 In my opinion, if you want to success, you not only are persistent but also have a far-sight. 正 In my opinion, if you want to succeed, you not only need persistence but also far-sightedness. 原因：将汉语“成功”=succ

28、ess，“坚持”=persistent，造成英语和汉语的畸形对应。解决办法：背单词时候，同时背句子，背课文更好。success n.succeed v.successful adj.persistence n.persist v.persistent adj.If you want to be successful, you must have persistence.If you persist long enough, you will succeed one day.Success is the result of persistent hardwork.请改进如下句子误 Not all

29、 the people can be success. But if you work hard and keep going on a new thing, success is by your side. Come on, youngers! 正 Not all people can be successful. But if you work hard and keep on working hard, success is not far away.原因： 英语词语使用错误。 文章结尾千万不要喊口号！请改进如下句子误 The most important thing is risk.

30、写作如此困难，使无数脑细胞付诸东流。在用汉语作为主要思维工具的考生心中，到底该如何用汉语思考呢？Directions: Write a composition on the topic: A Way to Success. Read the following article in Chinese, then write according to the outline given below. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180

31、 words.大学毕业时，小刘决定不找工作。他默默地从事起了网络翻译工作。当时几乎没有人看好他，大家认为，大学刚毕业，最好找一个好单位，学点本领、积累点经验，然后才能有好出路。5年过去了，虽然我们很多人毕业时都信誓旦旦地说，一旦在单位里学到本领，积累够经验，就出去打拼一番属于自己的事业，但大多数人在单位这个避风港里，已经失去了面对大风浪和新环境的勇气，辞职创业逐渐成了空谈。可小刘已经开了公司，成为了一名成功的企业主。在一次同学会上，小刘说出了他的“秘密”。他说，“成功往往取决于你敢不敢往人少的地方走，这可能会有风险，但因为没人或很少有人走过，留给你 的可能是硕果累累。走别人开辟的老路，虽然看起

32、来很安全，但因为走的人太多，财富与资源大多已被人占有。即使幸运地发现了一小部分，也必然会被蜂拥而至的 人群争抢与瓜分。”1. 根据以上文章写一篇读后感；2. 你如何看待小刘的成功之道；3. 关于成功你有什么经验和建议？成功之路开头：读完这个故事，我被小刘的故事感动了。每个人都应该为自己设定人生目标，再为之努力。只有人生目标明确了，人才有可能成功。成功之路第二段：成功的方式有很多，设立目标是实现成功的第一步。只有设立了目标，我们才有努力的方向。其次，我们需要毅力和勇气。我们需要毅力去坚持所做的事情，需要勇气去克服成功路上的困难。最后，我们需要不断学习，并抓住机会。不断学习意味着不断提高自己，这样

33、才能抓住机会。成功之路第三段：综上所述，成功是不容易的。但是只要自己尽了自己最大的努力，也算是成功了。2016年12月六级作文一题目：发明创造Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on innovation/creation/invention. Your essay should include the importance of innovation and measures to be taken to encourage innovation/creation/inventi

34、on. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. 2016年6月六级作文一题目：机器人论文WritingDirections：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the use of robots. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more robots take the place of human beings in indust

35、ry as well as peoples daily lives. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.【2016年6月六级作文二题目：在线教育WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on e-learning. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more people study online instead of attending school. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.2016年6月六级作文三题目：虚拟现实WritingFor this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on living in the virtual world. Try to imagine what