《化学入门专业英语》课件专英第二章（无机化学）

1、无机物质的命名Nomenclature Of Inorganic Chemicalselementcompound Inorganic Chemistry is the chemistry of all of the elements and their compounds, with the exception of compounds of carbon with hydrogen and of their derivatives. Inorganic chemistry is the study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and

2、 organometallic compounds. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industryincluding catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medicine, fuel, and agriculture. Inorganic chemists are employed in fields as diverse as the mining and microchip industries, environmental

3、science, and education. 一. 元素和单质的命名 “元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。triply charged ion 三电荷离子 AZA = Z + N (neutrons number)S-block ElementIAHydrogenLithiumSodiumPotassium RubidiumCesiumFranciumIIABerylliumMagnesiumCalciumStrontiu

4、mBariumRadiumIIIAboronAluminiumGalliumIndiumThalliumIV ACarbonSiliconGermaniumTinLeadV ANitrogenPhosphorusArsenicAntimonyBismuthVIAOxygenSulfurSeleniumTelluriumPoloniumVIIAFluorineChlorineBromineIodineAstatine0HeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadonP-block Element二化合物的命名 化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表

5、示原子个数时使用前缀：mono-di -tri- tetra -penta- hexa- hepta- octa-，nona-, deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。cover1 化合物正电荷部分的读法直呼其名，即读其元素名称。 如CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去) 对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。如 FeO: iron

6、(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide Names of Cations（阳离子的命名） 1)Monatomic Cations（单原子阳离子）： 元素名称 + ion 2)Polyatomic Cations（多原子阳离子）： 原子团名称 + ion 例：Na+：sodium ionAg+：silver ionCa2+：calcium ionAl3+：alumin

7、um ion Fe+：iron（I）ionFe2+：iron（II）ionFe3+：iron（III）ionNH4+：ammonium ion化合物负电荷部分的读法2.1 二元化合物Binary Compounds 2.2 非金属氢化物Metalloid (Nonmetallic) Hydride2.3 无氧酸Hydrogen acid2.4 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子Oxyacid (Oxacid)2.5 盐SaltsnameNames of Anions（阴离子的命名） 1） Monatomic anions（单原子阴离子）：元素名称的词干 + -ide + ion例：F-： fluoride

8、 ion （F：fluorine）； Cl-： chloride ion （Cl：chlorine）； Br-：bromide ion （Br：bromine）； I-： iodide ion （I：iodine）* 氰根（CN-）和氢氧根（OH-）视同单原子阴离子。 CN-：cyanide ion；OH-：hydroxide ion2） Oxyanions 含氧阴离子(酸根离子)例：CO32-：carbonate ion（C：carbon）； SO42-：sulfate ion（S：sulfur）； SO32-：sulfite ion； NO3-：nitrate ion（N：nitrogen

9、）； NO2-：nitrite ion ； 非氧元素名称的词干 + -ate + ionClO-：hypochlorite ion；次氯酸根离子ClO2-：chlorite ion；ClO3-：chlorate ion；ClO4-：perchlorate ion；高氯酸根离子PO43-：phosphate ionMnO4-: permanganate ion 高锰酸根离子* 如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧阴离子，则按以下规则： a. 高(过)* 酸根离子：per- + 非氧元素名称的词干 + -ate + ion b. * 酸根离子：非氧元素名称的词干 + -ate + ion c. 亚 *

10、酸根离子：非氧元素名称的词干 + -ite + ion d. 次 * 酸根离子：hypo- + 非氧元素名称的词干 + -ite + ion 3）Anions containing hydrogen（含氢阴离子）：hydrogen + 去掉氢的离子名称例：HCO3-：hydrogen carbonate ion HPO42-: hydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4-: dihydrogen phosphate ion HPO32-: hydrogen phosphite ion HSO4-: hydrogen sulfate ion HSO3-: hydrogen sulf

11、ite ion2.1二元化合物 常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide，如：fluoride， chloride， bromide， iodide， oxide ，sulfide ，nitride, phosphide, carbide，hydride; OH -的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide， 非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见。）；非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀， 如O22-: peroxide O2- : superoxide举例：NaF: sodium fluoride AlCl3:

12、aluminium chloride Mg2N3: magnesium nitride Ag2S： silver sulfide CaC2: calcium carbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II) hydroxide 有些物质常用俗称，如 NO nitric oxide N2O nitrous oxide二。22.2 非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。 举例： HF hydrogen fluoride HC

13、l hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride 对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀ane，氮族还可加-ine 举例： PH3: phosphine或phosphane； AsH3: arsine或arsane；SbH3: stibine或stibane； BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane ；SiH4: silane ；B2H6: diboran

14、e二。22.3 无氧酸命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid 举例： HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosufuric acid二。22.4 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子化学专业英语用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代举例：HClO4 perchloric acid ClO

15、4- perchlorate ionHClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ionHClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ionHClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ionH2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acidHNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acidHPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion二。22.5 盐正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。如FeSO4

16、iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。如NaHCO3: sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 sodium bicarbonate NaH2PO4: sodium dihydrogenphosphate二。22.5 盐二。2复盐：同正盐的读法，并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。如 KNaCO3: potassuim sodium carbonateNaNH4HPO4: ammonium sodium hydrogenphosphate水合盐：结晶

17、水读做water或hydrate如AlCl3.6H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4) 212H2O aluminium potassium sulphate 12-water 3. Coordination Compounds Complexes配位化合物 Central Metal ion or atom(中心离子或原子): the metal ion or atom in a complexLigand(配位体): the group attached to the it. It may

18、 be either ions or neutral molecules.Donor atom(配位原子): within a ligand, the atom that attaches directly to the metal by a coordinate covalent bond(配位键).Coordination sphere(配合物内界)Coordination number(配位数)The most common CNs are 2, 4, and 6. CNs of 3, 5, 7, and 8 do occur, as well as, though much less

19、commonly, 9, 10, 11, and 12.CN is the number of donor atoms bonded to the central metal. For example:Ag(NH3)2+2Cu(NH3)42+4Fe(CN)63-6AlF63-6When a ligand attaches itself to a central metal ion by bonds from two or more donor atoms, it is referred to as a polydentate ligand, or a chelating ligand. The

20、n the CN doesnt simply equal to the number of ligands, it should be: CN= No. of ligands Dentate No. For example: Cu(H2NCH2CH2NH2)22+ (Cu(en)22+) CN=22=4; CN of EDTA is 6 HOOCH2CNaOOCH2CCH2COOHCH2COONaN-CH2-CH2-NStructure of EDTAOOOONNThe nomenclature of complexes is patterned after a system suggeste

21、d by Alfred Werner, a Swiss chemist and Nobel laureate. The following rules are used for naming complexes.If a complex is ionic, name the cation first and the anion second, in accord with usual nomenclature. Name the ligand first, followed by the central metal. Name the ligands alphabetically. (An o

22、lder system names negative ligands alphabetically, then neutral ligands, and finally positive ligands.) Negative ligands (anions) have names formed by adding o to the stem name of the group, for example: F- fluoro Cl- chloro Br- bromo I- iodo CN- cyano NO2- nitro ONO- nitrito NO3- nitrato OH- hydrox

23、o O2- oxo NH2- amido C2O4- oxalato CO32- carbonatoFor most neutral ligands the name of the molecules is used. The four common exceptions are aqua(H2O), ammine(NH3), carbonyl(CO), and nitrosyl(NO).If more than one ligand of a given type is present, the number is indicated by the prefixes di-, tri-, t

24、etra-, penta-, and hexa-. Sometimes the prefixes bis-, tris-, and tetrakis- are used when the name of the ligand contains numbers, begins with a vowel, is for a polydentate ligand, or includes di-, tri-, or tetra-.When the complex is either a cation or a neutral molecule, the name of the central met

25、al atom is spelled exactly as the name of element and is followed by a Roman numeral in parentheses to indicates its oxidation number. When the complex is an anion, the suffix ate is added to the stem for the name of the metal (or sometimes to the stem for the Latin name of the metal), followed by t

26、he Roman numeral designation of its oxidation number.Some Examples Examples in which the complex is a cationCo(NH3)6Cl3Hexaamminecobalt(III) ChloridePt(NH3)4Cl22+Tetraamminedichloroplatinum(IV) ionAg(NH3)2+Diamminesilver(I) ionCr(H2O)4Cl2ClTetraaquadichlorochromium(III) ChlorideCo(en)32(SO4)3Tris(et

27、hylenediamine)cobalt(III) SulfateExamples in which the complex is a neutralPt(NH3)2Cl4Ni(en)2Cl2Co(NH3)3(NO2)3Diamminetetrachloroplatinum(IV)Dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)nickel(II)Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)Examples in which the complex is an anionK3Co(NO2)6PtCl62-NaSnCl6Potassium hexanitrocobaltate

28、(III)Hexachloroplatinate(IV) ionSodium hexachlorostannate(IV) 化 学 方 程 式 Chemical Equations1、 反应名称：Combination reaction化合反应Decomposition reaction分解反应Displacement reaction取代反应double displacement复分解(metathetical reaction)redox reaction氧化还原（Reduction-Oxidation）nonredox reactionPrecipitation沉淀Dissociatio

29、n分裂Photochemical reaction光化学Disproportionation歧化反应neutralization; hydrolysis中和反应（水解）exothermic reaction放热反应 endothermic reaction吸热反应 reversible reaction可逆 forward reaction正向 reverse reaction逆反应 spontaneous reaction自发反应 nonspontaneous reaction; catalystic reaction 非自发（催化）2、反应条件 heat ; burn ignite/ignition electrolyze/electrolysis under/at ambient/room temperature under standard pressure with/in the presence of catalyst 3、 读 法3.1 Nitrogen reacts with