选择题重点,英美文学选读

1、英国文学Chapter1 The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶文艺复兴 1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。3.Renaissance humanists found in then classi

2、cs a justification to exalt hu man nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures ca pable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that th e world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, a nd enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到

3、人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑,探索以及享受。5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。6.The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and ass imilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。7.The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, for

4、ce of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in whi ch meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined t o frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用,语言的力度与气概,而最重要的是发展了修辞模式,即将格律,韵脚(式,组织结构,意象(比喻,描述与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题,并将其极为鲜明生动的

5、表现出来。(IEdmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞 10. the theme of Redcrosse is not“Arms and the man,”but something more romantic-“Fierce wars and faithful loves.”仙后的主题并非“男人与武器”,而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。11. It is Spensers idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody t hat make him known as“the poets poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想

6、主义,对美的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”。(IIChristopher Marlowe克利斯朵夫.马洛12. As the most gifted of the“University Wits,”Marlowe composed six pla ys within his short lifetime. Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才华的人,在他短暂的一生中,他完成

7、了六部剧本的创作。其中最负盛名的是:帖木尔,浮士德博士的悲剧,马耳他岛的犹太人以及爱德华二世。13.Marlowes greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗,并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。14. Marlowes second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance her o for English drama.

8、马洛的第二项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。15. His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of English drama.他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的,为此,它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。 16. The passionate shepherd to his love 激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in En glish literature

9、.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。 (IIIWilliam Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: He nry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four co medies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Tami ng of the Shrew, and Loves

10、Labours Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段,他创作了五部历史剧:亨利六世,理查三世,泰托斯.安东尼以及四部喜剧:错误的戏剧,维洛那二绅士,驯悍记和爱的徒劳。18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, H enry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Lik e I

11、t, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段,他写了五部历史剧:理查三世,约翰王,亨利四世,亨利五世以及六部喜剧仲夏夜之梦,威尼斯商人,无事生非,皆大欢喜,第十二夜,温莎的风流娘儿们,还有两部悲剧:罗密欧与朱丽叶和裘利斯.凯撒。19. Shakespeares third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The

12、tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, Ki ng Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Corio lanus. The two comedies are Alls Well That Ends and Measure for Meas ure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧(或悲喜剧,悲剧有:哈姆雷特,奥赛罗,李尔王麦克白安东尼与克利奥佩特拉特罗伊勒斯与克利西达及克里奥拉那斯。两部喜剧是终成眷属和一报还一报。 20. The last

13、 period of Shakespeares work includes his principle ro mantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winters Tale and The Te mpest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧:伯里克利辛白林冬天的故事与暴风雨。他最后两部剧是亨利八世与鲁克里斯受辱记。21. Shakespeares sonnets are the only direct expression

14、of the poets own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。22. Shakespeares history plays are mainly written under the principle tha t national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题:在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家,统一是非常必要的。23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude to w

15、ard love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中,莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春,并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。24. The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧罗密欧与朱丽叶,颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。25.Shakespeares

16、greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays som e noble hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是:哈姆雷特奥赛罗李尔王麦克白 26. “The Kings government must be carried on”but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”-但

17、是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的,而不是只为国王自己服务。27. Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the onl y thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comf ort in his dream.正因如此,他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药,最后,他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实,从梦幻中找安慰。28. He holds that literature should b

18、e a combination of beauty, kindness a nd truth, and should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合,应该反映天性与现实。29. Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来,没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美,他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。30. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him eith er

19、 in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点,文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。31. Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。(IVFrancis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根32. The most import works of his first group include The Advancement ofLearning, Wri

20、tten in English; Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin versio n of The Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分为三类:第一类中最重要的作品有学术的进展(用英文著述新工具(是学术的进展的拉丁文增补版33. One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other i s the knowledge from the workings of human mind.他将知识分为两种:一种是通过神的启示获得的知识,另一种是通过人类用脑思考而

21、获得的知识。34. According to Bacon, mans understanding consists of three parts: hist ory to mans memory, poetry to mans imagination and creation, and phil osophy to mans reason.培根认为,人类的认识与学问分为三部分:基于人类回忆的历史学,基于人类想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理性的哲学。35. Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes tow a

22、rd truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist.作为人文主义者的培根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实验主义态度,并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。36. Bacons essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfu lness.培根的散文以简洁,紧凑,有力度而著名。37. The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, meta phors and

23、cadence.这些散文不仅结构巧妙还大量使用了圣经的典故,隐喻和基调。 38. Of Studies论学习Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智。(VJohn Donne约翰.邓恩39. The imagery is drawn from the actual life.诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取的。40. His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibitinga se

24、emingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free r ange of feelings and moods.他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性,展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念,以及漫无边际的情感与心境。41. The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, cont ains most of his early lyrics.歌与短歌是邓恩最有名的诗集,囊括了他早期大多数爱情诗作。42. In his gloomy poem“Farewe

25、ll to love,”we can see his disillusionment.在忧伤的诗作告别爱情中,我们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破灭。43. With the brief, simple language, the argument is continuous througho ut the poem.议论依附于一种简洁平白的语言,并贯穿于整首诗作。 (VIJohn Milton约翰.弥尔顿44. he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human free dom.他头脑中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。4

26、5. Miltons literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the e arly poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类:早期诗作,中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。46. Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作:失乐园复乐园和力士参孙。4

27、7. The theme of Paradise Lost is the“Fall of Man”. In the fall of man Ad am discovered his full humanity.失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中,亚当发现了自己身上的人性。48. Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造出的世界,其中也包括罪恶。49. It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ w

28、hich showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开辟了道路,这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。50. In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Miltons pass ionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy a t the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中,整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样

29、,以生命为代价,与敌人同归于尽。 51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master p oet and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798新古典主义1.In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergenc

30、e of values.总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。2.The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighten ment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代,或曰理性时代。3.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern p hilosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。4.Enlightener

31、s held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。5.As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizin g, became a very popula

32、r means of public education.其实,当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。7.In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a r evival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域,启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。 8.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrai ned emoti

33、on and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序,逻辑,确切及情感控制的基础上,而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。9.Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅,充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost ever

34、y genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中,新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rh ymed in two lines; the three unities of time, space and action should be st rictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than

35、 individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧(抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗写就;时间,地点,事件三要素必须要遵循;写作的规矩必须要遵守,而作品中的人物要代表一类人,而不是个性化。12. But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. (套话但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。13. The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified struc

36、ture, clarity and conciseness of language developed in t his period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质,如秩序,优美的格式,统一的结构,简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。17. Gothic novels-mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说-主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。19. As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and f

37、irmly believed insalvation through spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清教徒,他认真学习圣经,并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。20. he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pl easure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.他的语言具体生动,情节鲜明真实,连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。21. Bunyans oth

38、er works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinne rs, The Life and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrims P rogress, Part II.班扬其他的作品还有罪人头目的赦免,拜得门先生生死录,圣战以及天路历程第二部 22. The Vanity Fair.名利场(节选天路历程第一部The Pilgrims Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the En glish language

39、. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrin es and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils.天路历程是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教教义,并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。(IIAlexander Pope亚历山大.蒲伯23. Pope, a very sensitive man, would strike back h

40、ard, and in the constan t verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire.蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人,自然要用笔墨来反击,在此期间,他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。24. For him the supreme value was order-cosmic order, political order, s ocial order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression i n all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价

41、值-宇宙秩序,政治秩序,社会秩序,美学秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。25. Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.1711年,他出版了散文论批评,从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年,他又出版了夺发记,一部极妙的讽刺史诗。 26. Pope was the greatest poet of his tim

42、e. He strongly advocated ne oclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classica l rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗人,他大力提倡新古典主义,强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度,理性,逻辑,情感的克制,高雅的品位以及是否体面,正派来衡量。 27. He worked painstakingly on his poems, develop

43、ed a satiric, con cise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于诗歌创作,发展了讽刺,简练,通顺,优雅,平衡的风格。 (IIIDaniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福28. His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智,充沛的精力,旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。29. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure

44、 story very much in the spirit of the ti me, is universally considered his masterpiece.鲁宾逊漂流记是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说,是笛福的代表作。30. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study mi ddle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate po or.在他大部分作品中,他都表达了对勤劳,坚强的中产阶级的赞誉,以及对破

45、落不幸的穷苦人的同情。 31. Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。32. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narrati on.他的语句时而短小干脆,朴素直白,时而又气势磅礴,泼墨如水,为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。33. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial a

46、nd mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化,有时甚至是俗语方言。34. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at itsbeat.他的语言毫无造作,完全是大众英语。35. Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts.鲁宾逊漂流记:整部小说分为三个部分The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-hande dly

47、 against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此,鲁宾逊是真正的英雄:一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。(IVJonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特36. In 1704 he published two powerful satire

48、s on corruption in religion and learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which establishe d his name as a satirist.1704年,他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品,一为桶的故事,一为书籍的战斗。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。37. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日,斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。38. In his opi

49、nion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵,为了使人的生活更美好,人们需要启蒙。39. In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中,他提倡的不是谴责,而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。40. His“A Mode

50、st Proposal”is generally taken as a perfect model.他的一个温和的建议被认为是一篇完善的典范。41. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。 42. He defined a good style as“proper words in proper places.”Clear , simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy an d conciseness

51、of language mark all his writings-essays, poems and nove ls.他创立了一种良好的文风,即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散文,诗歌,还是小说,简洁,具体,精确,没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。43. Swifts chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapiers Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias, Gullivers Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有桶的

52、故事,书籍的战斗,德拉皮尔的信,格列佛游记和一个温和的建议。 44. Gullivers Travels: Jonathans best fictional work, the book con tains four parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into hu man nature profound.格列佛游记:是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说,全书分为四卷,它具有重大的社会意义,同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。(VHenry Fielding亨利.费尔丁45. During his career as a

53、 dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里,费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式46. Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1 736.他的作品中最有名的要数咖啡屋的政治家,悲剧中的悲剧,巴斯昆,1736历史年鉴。47. a“com

54、ic epic in prose,”whose subject is“the true ridiculous”in human nature.“散文体喜剧史诗”,主题是人类本性中的荒唐,对人性进行了真实的讽刺。48. The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portra yal, timely entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty hu mor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画,及时的出场退场,笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默

55、。49. “The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangst er”-The History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说,伟大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒-伟大的乔纳森怀尔德。50. The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human na ture.费尔丁的代表作汤姆.琼斯:一个弃儿的故事主题是对人性的讽刺。51. the purpose of the novel was not just

56、 to amuse, but to instruct, the obj ect of novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of hu man manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners. ,小说不仅供娱乐,而且更有教育意义,他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活,使之成为“

57、人类态度的完整拷贝”,并将说教巧妙的引入作品,教导人们认识自己,寻求适宜的人生态度。52. Fielding has been regarded by some as“Father of the English novel,”f or his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”,因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。53. he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write sp

58、ecifi cally a“comic epic in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structur e and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”,并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。54. He“thinks the thought”of all his characters, so he is able to present no t only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their mind s.作者以角色的口吻去“想”,因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为,还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。55. Fieldings language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vi vid and vigo