英语专业四级语法 TEM4(语法讲座)

1、TEM 4Grammar&VocalbuularyGrammar and Vocabulary 1.大纲要求 1.1 语法 1.2 词汇 2.考题归纳 2.1 语法 2.2 词汇 3.复习思路 3.1 语法 3.2 词汇1.大纲要求大纲要求 1.1 语法语法 教学大纲教学大纲对英语专业语法的总体描述是：能识别词类；对英语专业语法的总体描述是：能识别词类；区分名词的可数性和不可数性，可数名词的单、复数形式；区分名词的可数性和不可数性，可数名词的单、复数形式；基本掌握各种代词的形式与用法、基数词和序数词、常用基本掌握各种代词的形式与用法、基数词和序数词、常用介词和连词、形容词和副词的句法功能、比较

2、级和最高级介词和连词、形容词和副词的句法功能、比较级和最高级的构成及基本句型、冠词的一般用法；了解动词的主要种的构成及基本句型、冠词的一般用法；了解动词的主要种类、时态、语态及不定式和分词的基本用法、句子种类、类、时态、语态及不定式和分词的基本用法、句子种类、基本句型和基本构词法。掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、基本句型和基本构词法。掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型、直接引语和间接宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型、直接引语和间接引语的用法、动词不定式和分词的用法、各种时态、主动引语的用法、动词不定式和分词的用法、各种时态、主动语态、被动语态和构词法。其中对四级的要求

3、是：除掌握语态、被动语态和构词法。其中对四级的要求是：除掌握上述内容外，还应该熟练掌握主语从句、同位语从句倒装上述内容外，还应该熟练掌握主语从句、同位语从句倒装句和各种条件句。句和各种条件句。 1.大纲要求大纲要求 1.2 词汇词汇 教学大纲教学大纲对英语专业词汇的总体描述是：认知词汇不对英语专业词汇的总体描述是：认知词汇不少于少于2，000个；掌握个；掌握1，200个左右的常用词和一定数量个左右的常用词和一定数量的习惯用语及固定搭配，并能在口语中运用；认识的习惯用语及固定搭配，并能在口语中运用；认识740个个左右的单词和一定数量的习惯用语及固定搭配，能根据上左右的单词和一定数量的习惯用语及固

4、定搭配，能根据上下文的提示理解其含义。通过基础英语课、阅读课和其他下文的提示理解其含义。通过基础英语课、阅读课和其他途径认知词汇达途径认知词汇达4，0005，000个（其中含中学已学的个（其中含中学已学的2，000个），正确而熟练地使用其中的个），正确而熟练地使用其中的2，0002，500个及其最基本的搭配。其中对四级的要求是：通过基个及其最基本的搭配。其中对四级的要求是：通过基础英语课、阅读课和其他途径认知词汇础英语课、阅读课和其他途径认知词汇5，500 6，500个（含第二级要求的个（含第二级要求的4，0005，000个），正确而熟练个），正确而熟练地运用其中的地运用其中的3，0004，0

5、00个及其最基本的搭配。个及其最基本的搭配。1.大纲要求大纲要求 测试时间为测试时间为15分钟，题型为多项选择题，共分钟，题型为多项选择题，共30道题，每道题，每题有四个选择项，其中题有四个选择项，其中50%为词汇、词组和短语的用法，为词汇、词组和短语的用法，约约50%为语法结构。为语法结构。 测试学生运用词汇、短语、语法结构以及基本语法概念的测试学生运用词汇、短语、语法结构以及基本语法概念的能力。能力。 该题在总分中虽占分不多该题在总分中虽占分不多,但作为测试考生英语水平之基但作为测试考生英语水平之基础础,它对于它对于TEM4中所有题项影响之大是众所周知的，因中所有题项影响之大是众所周知的，

6、因为任何一门外语的学习均始于词汇和语法，且对于词汇数为任何一门外语的学习均始于词汇和语法，且对于词汇数量及其深度的掌握程度在一定意义上反应一个人的英语水量及其深度的掌握程度在一定意义上反应一个人的英语水平。平。2.考题总结考题总结 2.1 语法语法 1语法考题的涉及面宽，近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类；三种动词的非谓语形式；各种从句及关系词的用法；动词时态、虚拟语气、情态动词的用法；独立主格，主谓一致，倒装，强调、并列结构等基本语法知识。 2语法考试的重点突出，语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现，如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。2.考题总结考题总结

7、 2.1 语法语法3具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法，不常用的情况1）虚拟语气的考点为：would ratherthat从句一般过去时：It is vital necessary important urgent imperative desirable advisable natural essentialthat动词原形；It is timeabout timehigh timethat一般过去时：proposalsuggestionthat动词原形；lestthatshould动词原形；if onlythatwould动词原形。2）状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多

8、用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if；由even ifso，now that，forall等引导的让步状语从句；justhardly.when引导的时间状语从句；more than，as.as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。3）独立主格结构多以逻辑主语分词的形式出现。4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。5）定语从句重点考查介词关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。2.考题总结考题总结 2.2 词汇词汇专业四级考试的词汇部分要求考生能灵活正确运用教学大纲语法结构表一至四级

9、的全部内容，熟练掌握教学大纲词汇表中一至四级规定的50006000个认知词汇及其最基本的搭配。其考查重点为：1动词、名词与介词的搭配如：popularpatientwith；yieldsolutionadapttransferaccessto；accuserequireof；chargefor；underdiscussion等等。2习惯用法如：confess toset aboutbe used todoing；be supposed tohavemake sbdo等。3由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。4单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义

10、词的形式出现。5介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，nonenothingbut等词在考题中的出现。3. 复习思路复习思路 3.1语法策略语法策略 1全面掌握基本语法点，重点记住各个项目中的“偏，特，难”点 2掌握常用习惯用法和词组。 3. 注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语篇层次上培养的语感往往可以直接帮助答题 4研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习记住典型题例 3. 复习思路复习思路 3.1 词汇词汇 怎么办？A.扩大词汇量B.了解重点词汇细微区别A.如

11、何扩大词汇量？如何扩大词汇量？ 1. 词根、词缀记忆法 2.通过比较音形辨别识记法记忆单词 3.组合搭配记忆法 4. 阅读记忆法 5. 联想记忆法A.1前缀记忆法前缀记忆法 前缀(prefix),就是附加在词根前面的部分,具有一定的含义,通常改变词的意义而不改变词类。前缀prefix这个词本身就是由前缀pre- (前)加词根fix(固定,缀)构成的。前缀在构词中的地位和作用仅次于词根。同一前缀pre-可以在许多不同的词中出现。A.1 前缀记忆法前缀记忆法1、表示时间顺序关系的前缀,如:ante-(前),ex-(前任),post- 后),pre-(前,先),re-(又,再),fore-(预先)。

12、 ante-war(战前的),ex-president(前任总统),postwar(战后的), pre-fabricate(预先构思),recall(召回),foretell(预言)2、表示否定意义的前缀 (1)纯否定意义的前缀有in-,dis-,non-,un-等,表示“无,非,不”之意, informal(非正式的),dishonest(不诚实的),non-effective(无效力的),uncomfortable.(不舒服的)等。 (2)表示错误意义的前缀有mis-,(误,恶),mal-(坏)等 mis-understand (误解),malediction(诽谤)等。 (3)表示相反动

13、作的前缀有dis-(否定,相反),de-(离开,除去),un-(不,无)等, disconnect(拆开,割断),decentralize(分散), unpack(打开包裹)等。A.1前缀记忆法前缀记忆法3、表示程度差别的前缀有super-(超过),out-(超过),sub-(次,亚,低),over-(过度),extra-(超出),ultra-(外,极)。 supermarket(超级市场),outlive(比长寿), subatomic(亚原子的),overburden(负担过度), extraordinary(非凡),ultramodern(极现代的)等。4、表示空间,方面,位置关系的前缀

14、有in-(向内),trans-(转移,横过),inter-(在之间,相互),sub-(在下)等。 例词:inside(内部),transplant (移植),interact(相互作用),subway(地 铁)等。5、表示数量关系的前缀有bi-;di-(双),tri-(三),multi-(多),uni-;mono-(单),semi-(半), quadr- (四),pent (a)-；quin-（五）, deca-等。 例词:bilingual(两种语言的),dilemma(进退两难)triangle(三角形), multilateral(多边的), unicycle(独轮车),monologu

15、e(独白)semi-circle(半圆), quadrilateral (a.)四边的, pentameter (n.)五音步诗行， quintuplets五胞胎, decade (n.)十年等。6、表示态度的前缀有com-(共同),co-(共同),anti-(防),counter-(反), pro-(亲)等。 例词:compatriot(同胞),collaborate(合作),anti-fascist(反法西斯),counteract(抵抗),pro-British(亲英的)等。A.1前缀记忆法前缀记忆法7、其他可引起词类改变的前缀有en-,a-,out-等 (1)前缀en-可以加在名词或形

16、容词前构成动词 例词:enslave(奴役),endanger(危害),enlarge(扩大)等。 (2)前缀a-加在动词、名词前可构成形容词或副词 例词:asleep(睡着的),aboard(在船上),aside(旁边),ashore(岸上)等。前缀记忆法前缀记忆法 (3)前缀out-加在一些不及物动词前可构成及物动词或名词 a、构成及物动词如:outshine(照得比更), outweigh(重过), outrun(比.跑得快)等。 b、构成名词,如:outcome(结果),outlet(出口),outlook(眼界)等。8、一些次要的前缀,如:with(后,背离),hemi- (半),m

17、ono-(单,一)poly-(多,复) centi-(百分之一,一百),milli-(毫)等。 例词:withdraw(撤回),hemisphere(半球),monosyllable(单音节词), polygamy(多配偶制),centimetre(厘米),milligram(毫克)等。A.2 识别记忆同音异形异义词识别记忆同音异形异义词bear(熊)bare (裸露的), been (be的过去式)bean(蚕豆), meetmeat, blew (blow的过去式)blue, cellarseller, higherhire (雇用), writeright ,breadbred (bre

18、ed的过去式),deardeer(鹿), fined (fine的过去式)find, flour(面粉)flower , hallhaul(拖,曳), fir(冷却)fur(毛皮),Grown (grow的过去分词)groan(呻吟),hairhare(野兔),him(宾格他)hymn (圣歌), knowsnose, mainmane(动物的鬃毛), mare(母驴)mayor(市长), planeplain(朴素的), rootroute(路线),warn-worn, salesail(航行), whole(全体的)hole(洞), pastpassed, throughthrew (th

19、row的过去式), weightwait ,weekweak, theirthere , wastewaistA.2识别记忆同形同音异义词识别记忆同形同音异义词They charged me five dollars for a cup of coffee.He was charged with bribery.She advised me not to buy the house. We advised her that she (should) wait. The garage advised me that my car was ready. Please advise us of an

20、y change in your plan. 你们的机会倘有变更,请告诉我们。 A.2识别记忆异音异义形相似的词识别记忆异音异义形相似的词file(归档)fill(填充), cane(手杖)can- crane, mate(配偶)mat(垫子) through(穿过)thorough(彻底的), conserve(保存)converse(谈话) , stripe(鞭痕)strip(剥皮),allusion(暗示)illusion(错觉), tape(磁带)tap(轻拍),bare (使裸露)bar(棒,条), holy(神圣的)holly(冬青), fury(愤怒)furry(毛茸茸的), l

21、ater(迟,晚)latter(后面)wonder(诧异)wander(徘徊), stare-star, robe(长袍)rob (抢劫) vanish(消失)varnish(粉饰),rage(狂暴)rag(破布),bare-barA.3组合搭配记忆法组合搭配记忆法1、单词组合搭配成名词:(1)名词+名词如: silkworm, blood-test(2)形容词+名词如: shorthand, double-dealer (3)动名词+名词如: waiting-room, sleeping-pills(4)动词+名词如: pickpocket, break-water(5)名词+动名词如:ha

22、ndwriting, sun-bathing(6)动词+副词如: get-together, break-through(7)副词+动词如: downfall, outbreak (8)其他特殊的方式如:good-for-nothing, by-product, 蚕蚕; 验血验血 速记速记; 两面派两面派 候车室候车室; 安眠药安眠药扒手扒手; 防波堤防波堤 书法书法; 日光浴日光浴 联欢会联欢会; 突破突破垮台垮台; 爆发爆发无用之人无用之人; 副产品副产品A.3. 组合搭配成形容词组合搭配成形容词:(1)形容词+名词如: high-class, long-term(2)名词+形容词如: a

23、irsick; duty-free (3)形容词+名词+-ed如:good-tempered, noble-minded(4)形容词+现在分词如:easy-going; good-looking(5)副词+现在分词如: far-reaching; hard-working(6)副词+过去分词如: well-known, widespread (7)名词+现在分词如: peace-loving; heat-retaining(8)名词+过去分词如: heartfelt; state-owned (9)其他方式的组合搭配如:over-all; out-and-out;face-to-face高级的

24、；长期的高级的；长期的晕飞机的；晕飞机的； 免税的免税的 脾气好的；高尚的脾气好的；高尚的好说话的；好看的好说话的；好看的深远的；勤劳的深远的；勤劳的著名的；广泛流传的著名的；广泛流传的热爱和平的；保温的热爱和平的；保温的由衷的；国营的由衷的；国营的总的；彻头彻尾的；面对面的总的；彻头彻尾的；面对面的A.3. 搭配组合成动词搭配组合成动词: (1)名词+动词如: sleep-walk (2)副词+动词如: overthrow；undergo (3)形容词+动词如: blacklist；white-wash 梦游 推翻；经历 列入黑名单；粉刷4.搭配组合成副词和代词搭配组合成副词和代词 mayb

25、e(或许), myself(我自己), everything(一切), moreover(而且), forever(永远), nevertheless(尽管如此)5. 组合搭配成混合词组合搭配成混合词把两个词各取一部分合在一起,构成新词如:smoke+fogsmog(烟雾), Europe+AsiaEurasia(欧亚大陆)Television+broadcasttelecast(电视播送), motor+hotelmotel(汽车旅馆)A.4通过阅读来扩大词汇量通过阅读来扩大词汇量 To read well, you need a strong vocabulary. To build a

26、strong vocabulary, you need to read well. Nation & Waring (1997)的调查结果显示：在阅读中通过语境学习词汇，是外语学习者词汇量增加的主要手段。 A.5建立建立词与词之词与词之间的关联间的关联记忆记忆Weather A.5建立词与词之间的关联记忆建立词与词之间的关联记忆 T-Storms 雷暴雨 Clear 晴朗 Cloudy 多云 Drifting Snow 飘雪 Drizzle 毛毛雨 Fog 雾 Haze 薄雾 Hail 冰雹 Heavy Rain 大雨 Heavy Rain Icy 大冰雨 Heavy Snow 大雪 Heav

27、y T-Storm 强烈雷雨 Isolated T-Storms 局部雷雨 A.5建立词与词之间的关联记忆建立词与词之间的关联记忆 Light Drizzle 微雨 Light Rain小雨 Light Rain Shower 小阵雨 Light Rain with Thunder 小雨有雷声 Light Snow 小雪 Light Snow Grains 小粒雪 Light Snow Shower 小阵雪 Lightening 雷电 A.5建立词与词之间的关联记忆建立词与词之间的关联记忆 Mist 薄雾 Rain Shower 阵雨 Scattered Showers 零星阵雨 Scatte

28、red Snow Showers 零星阵雪 Scattered Strong Storms 零星强烈暴风雨 Scattered T-Storms 零星雷雨 A.5建立词与词之间的关联记忆建立词与词之间的关联记忆 Showers 阵雨 Showers Early 早有阵雨 Showers Late 晚有阵雨 Showers in the Vicinity 周围有阵雨 Snow and Fog 雾夹雪 Snow Shower 阵雪 Snowflakes 雪花 A.5建立词与词之间的关联记忆建立词与词之间的关联记忆 Sunny 阳光 Thunder 雷鸣 Thunder in the Vicinit

29、y 周围有雷雨 T-Storms Early 早有持续雷雨 T-Storms Late 晚有持续雷雨 Windy 有风 Windy Rain 刮风下雨 Wintry Mix 雨雪混合 B了解重点词汇细微区别 1. 形似词 2. 同义词assure，ensure，insure，reassure Practice Makes Perfect Jimmy needed to _ that his safe was properly locked. Sara _ed her motorcycle before she rode it. No matter how bad you feel about

30、your breakup, you can be _ed by the fact that your ex feels even worse. _ your son that his piano playing sounds wonderful. _ that your daughter practices her dance routine.assureassure用来表示向某人保证某事将要发生，既可以用来确证某事，也可以表示使某人确信（If you ASSURE a person of something，you promise them or tell them that）。assure

31、的宾语通常是人或人称代词，所以不能直接搭用that clause。其常用结构为：assure sb. of sth.。 He assured us of his ability to solve the problem他向我们保证他有能力解决这个问题。 We booked early to assure ourselves of（getting）good seats我们及早订座以保证我们能得到好座位。 ensure 1. ensure的意思是使某行为或某件事的结果得以保证，即确保某事发生（to make sure that sthhappens）。ensure后可以直接跟 that-claus

32、e，并可以用复合宾语。常用结构为：ensure sth. ; ensure that clause To ensure the childs quick recovery，the doctor gave him an antibiotic为使这个孩子尽快恢复，医生给他打了一剂抗生素。 Registration ensures delivery of mail挂号寄邮件保证会送到。2. ensure也可以表示确保安全，免遭伤害。 To ensure freedom against tyranny反对暴政，维护自由 insure insure 意思是为防不测向保险公司付钱投保（to pay mon

33、ey to an insurance company against future disaster）。 My house is insured against fire我的房子保了火险。 Are you insured for all risks？你是不是给自己保了综合险？reassurereassure 表示安慰忧虑不安的人，使其安心，放心，恢复信心（to comfort someone who is anxious and make him her free from fear or worry；to bring back confidence to）。常用结构为： reassure s

34、b（about sth）reassure sb that-clause I was worried that my work wasnt good enough，but the teacher reassured me（about it）我担心我的作业不够好，可是老师却让我放心。 The captain reassured the passengers about the strength of the ship那位船长向乘客保证船很坚固，要他们安心。insure, ensure, and assureTo help you remember when to use each word, ke

35、ep the following three hints in mind: You assure a person. You insure your car. You ensure everything else.Again, it is okay to swap ensure for insure unless it relates to protecting people or property against risks like floods, death, hurricanes, and the like. Assure cannot be used in place of eith

36、er insure or ensure, and is the only word which should be used to relate to a persons feelings.Practice Makes Perfect Jimmy needed to _ that his safe was properly locked. Sara _ed her motorcycle before she rode it. No matter how bad you feel about your breakup, you can be _ed by the fact that your e

37、x feels even worse. _ your son that his piano playing sounds wonderful. _ that your daughter practices her dance routine.ensureassureensureAssure/reassureinsurespinning shiveringshaking staggering同义词同义词 She was standing outside in the snow, _ with cold. A. spinning B. shivering C. shaking D. stagger

38、ingLesson 9 The Dill PicklequakeHe stood there quaking with fear.The earth was quaking.The boughs quaked at every breath.他站在那里吓得发抖。他站在那里吓得发抖。大地在大地在颤抖颤抖 。树枝在风中摇曳。树枝在风中摇曳。Examples:v. to shake violently from shock or instabilityLesson 9 The Dill PicklequiverHis voice/fingers quivered uncontrollably.The

39、 blades of grass quiver in the wind.His lips were quivering with emotion. Leaves quiver in the breeze.Examples:他的他的声声音音/手指不自觉手指不自觉地地颤颤抖抖。草草叶叶在风中颤动。在风中颤动。由于激动他的由于激动他的嘴唇嘴唇在颤抖在颤抖。树叶在微风中颤动。树叶在微风中颤动。v. to shake with a slight but rapid motion, close to tremble. 作这作这一动词主语的多是表示人体某个部位的名词（如：声音、嘴唇、双手等）。树一动词主语的

40、多是表示人体某个部位的名词（如：声音、嘴唇、双手等）。树枝、树叶或旗帜等物受外界因素影响而产生的轻微摇动也可用枝、树叶或旗帜等物受外界因素影响而产生的轻微摇动也可用quiver表达。表达。 Lesson 9 The Dill PickleshakeExamples:By that time the building is shaking violently. We could not even stand up. The house shakes when the train goes by.He shakes with emotion.He was so angry that his who

41、le body shook . v. to make lots of quick small movements up and down, or side to side1）由过分紧张的心情或十分激昂的情绪而引起的颤抖。就词义而言，）由过分紧张的心情或十分激昂的情绪而引起的颤抖。就词义而言，shake重于重于tremble。2）由年迈体弱等自然因素所引起的颤抖。）由年迈体弱等自然因素所引起的颤抖。 Lesson 9 The Dill Pickleshiverv. to tremble mostly because of coldness, fear, or excitement n. a sh

42、aking movement that your body makes when you are cold, frightened, or excited 多指受寒后快速、相当轻微的颤抖多指受寒后快速、相当轻微的颤抖The night in the desert was cold. We were all shivering. she gave a slight shiver. He still had the shivers when he passed the spot where the murder case took place. 沙漠里的夜晚很冷，我沙漠里的夜晚很冷，我们冻得浑身发

43、抖们冻得浑身发抖.她微微颤动了一下。她微微颤动了一下。走过当年凶杀案事发现走过当年凶杀案事发现场，场， 他仍然会不寒而栗。他仍然会不寒而栗。Lesson 9 The Dill PickleshiverLesson 9 The Dill Pickleshudder v. to tremble with sudden and brief, momentary, convulsive movement; more intense shaking, usu. because of fear, cold, horror, disgust, worry, disapproval, etc. It sugg

44、ests movement less noticeable to on-lookers. 主要指由于恐惧、恐怖或心情的突变引起的骤发性震主要指由于恐惧、恐怖或心情的突变引起的骤发性震动动Lesson 9 The Dill PickleshudderAt the sight of the blood-stained knife, she shuddered to screech.She shuddered at the sight of snake.I shudder to think of tension. 一看到那把沾血的刀，她一看到那把沾血的刀，她就尖叫起来就尖叫起来。她一看到蛇就惊恐万状

45、她一看到蛇就惊恐万状。我怕得不敢想压力我怕得不敢想压力。Translation Lesson 9 The Dill PickletrembleHe trembled/shook with anger when he heard that news.To tell you the truth, I was so frightened that I trembled like a leaf.The old bridge trembled under the train.Examples: v. It implies slight or quick movement, for uneasy or n

46、ervous reasons. It does not go with violent movement. 意指迅速、相当意指迅速、相当轻微的运动，由于激动、虚弱或生气引起：轻微的运动，由于激动、虚弱或生气引起：虚拟语气 一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意考点考点1. 与现在事实相反与现在事实相反从句谓语动词用did(be用were)，主句谓语动词would(should,could,might)+do；考点考点2. 与过去事实相反与过去事实相反 3从句谓语动词用had done，主句谓语动词用 would(should,could,might)+ hav

47、e done；考点考点3.与将来事实相反，与将来事实相反， 10从句谓语动词用：should+do或were + to do，主句谓语动词用：would(should,could,might)+do。考点考点4. 时态的交叉现象，也就是主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段时态的交叉现象，也就是主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段例如：If you had gone to see the doctor，you would be all right now.你要是早去看病,你现在就没事了。考点考点5.虚拟条件句虚拟条件句if可以省略，但从句的语序要用到装，即将可以省略，但从句的语序要用到装，即将wer

48、e,had或或 should移至主语的前面形成倒装，但否定词移至主语的前面形成倒装，但否定词not不前移。不前移。 5 考点考点6. insist(一个坚持）；一个坚持）；order command(两道命令）；两道命令）；suggest， advise, propose（三条建议）；（三条建议）；ask, require, request, demand(四点要求）四点要求） 及相应及相应的名词的从句，谓语要使用：的名词的从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形动词原形或动词原形8 考点考点7.It is +advisable, essential important, imper

49、ative, incredible,等等相等等相关的从句关的从句; 如果句中主语的中心名词是如果句中主语的中心名词是suggestion, proposal, order, request, recommendation等，那么后面的表语从句一般要使用虚拟语气等，那么后面的表语从句一般要使用虚拟语气His motion is that we should hold another session to discuss the problem.My proposal was that we cancel the examination and assign the students to wri

50、te term papers instead.谓语要使用：谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形动词原形或动词原形考点考点8.it is high(about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式的结构中，从句使用一般过去式 4考点考点9.much as尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句，从句中用尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设，可以是说话人的语气变得十分委婉，真诚。表示假设，可以是说话人的语气变得十分委婉，真诚。考点考点10. if only表示要是表示要是就好了相当就好了相当 与与wish, as if/as though 的用法。的

51、用法。 5与现在事实相反：动词过去式与现在事实相反：动词过去式与过去事实相反与过去事实相反: had + done与将来事实相反：与将来事实相反： could/would + do 考点考点11. would rather或或would sooner后跟宾语从句，从句中使用一般过去式后跟宾语从句，从句中使用一般过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟，表示或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟，表示“宁愿某人作某事宁愿某人作某事”考点考点12.用于用于lest,for fear that引导的状语从句。在引导的状语从句。在lest, for fear that等引导的等引导的状语从句中，通

52、常用状语从句中，通常用“(should +)原形动词原形动词”这一虚拟语气形式这一虚拟语气形式*在在If I were you 这一分句中，这一分句中，were不能换成不能换成was,应当特殊对待。例如：应当特殊对待。例如：Were I to do it (If I were to do it), I should rely on you.考点考点13.含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气1)由介词或介词短语引起由介词或介词短语引起 without, but for, in the absence of, under.Without the leadership of the Part

53、y, we could not live a happy life.But for the atmosphere we would die.But for their help ,we wouldnt have succeeded.His progress wouldnt have been made without arduous work.2)由表示转折语气的词语引起：由表示转折语气的词语引起：I was too busy yesterday. Otherwise I would have been here to see you.3)根据上下文判断：根据上下文判断：Anyone in h

54、is position would have done the same. 倒装句：倒装两大类，全倒部分倒；主倒从不倒; 全部倒装：将整个谓语部分全部放在主语之前全部倒装：将整个谓语部分全部放在主语之前 （1）以介词开头的地点状语置于句首。e.g. 1. From the window came sound of music. 2. On the ground lies a man whose leg is broken. 3. By his side sat his faithful dog.（2）副词 out, in, along, then, now, up, down, away, h

55、ere, there 等位于句首。e.g. 1. Here comes the bus. Here comes Tom. Here he comes. (如果主语是代词就不需要倒装) 2. Down came the hammer and out flew the sparks. (3) such 位于句首.Such will be my future dreams. 2. Such is my whole story. (4) 表语置于句首Blessed is the person who is too busy to worry in the daytime and too sleepy

56、to worry at night. 2. Gone are the days when we had no food to eat.部分倒装：只将谓语的一部分（如助动词或系动词）放在主语前面，其余部分部分倒装：只将谓语的一部分（如助动词或系动词）放在主语前面，其余部分仍在主语之后。仍在主语之后。（1）句首有否定词或否定短语时，句子要部分倒装。）句首有否定词或否定短语时，句子要部分倒装。A 常见的否定词有：常见的否定词有：never, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, not, not until, rarely, no soonerthan, nowhere

57、, etc.e.g. 1. Nowhere in the world can you find a man who is more foolish than John. 2. No sooner had I taken a bath than the bell rang. 3. Not a word did he say at the meeting. 4. Never before have I heard such a story. 5. Not until he came back did I leave.（ 注意：主句中主谓结构部分倒装）注意：主句中主谓结构部分倒装） 6. Not o

58、nly did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives. (前倒后不倒前倒后不倒).常见的否定短语有：常见的否定短语有：in no way, in no case, at no time, by no means, in no sense, on no account, under no circumstances 放句首表示强调，放句首表示强调，译为译为“决不。决不。” e.g. 1. In no way do I blame you for what happened. 2. On no accou

59、nt will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees.C. 如果否定词不是修饰整个句子，而只是限定句子主语，则句子不用倒状。如果否定词不是修饰整个句子，而只是限定句子主语，则句子不用倒状。e.g. Not only I but also he has been there.(2) “so +形容词或副词形容词或副词”及及“to the extent/ degree” 放在句首，表示程度，句子要放在句首，表示程度，句子要倒状倒状. e.g. 1. To such an extent did his death deteriorate t

60、hat he was forced to retire. 2. So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.(3) 在含有在含有were, had, should 虚拟语气中省去虚拟语气中省去“if”,需要倒装。需要倒装。e.g. 1. If he were to leave today, he would get there by Monday.= Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday.2. If I should win the lot