高中英语语法精简篇Word版

1、第一专题：名词性从句(Noun Clause)名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。（学完之后别忘记了读它几遍）The Noun subordinate clause includes subject clause, predicative clause, object clause and appositive clause.一、主语从句38 / 381 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：(1) 从属连词that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the

2、 facial resemblance between them.很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。(2) 从属连词whether。如：Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事

3、怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。1 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：It is certain that she will do we

4、ll in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。C. It+be+过去分词(said, rep

5、orted, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：It seems that Alice is not co

6、ming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。E. It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中

7、时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！2注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whic

8、hever等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。二、表语从句1 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1) 从属连词

9、that。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的位置丢了。(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago, but it

10、s as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question

11、 is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。1 连词because可引导表语从句。如：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。2 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow

12、. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。三、宾语从句1 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：(1) 从属连词that。如：He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。1 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，

13、that不能省略。)大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。2I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。3That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. (that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。)我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。4 We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would adm

14、it him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。)鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。(2)从属连词if/whether。如：I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：Who or what

15、he was, Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。(1) 介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over

16、 to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。有时介词可以省略。如：I dont care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。1如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后

17、置。如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。2作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。You may re

18、ly on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：Are you sorry for what youve done?你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？3某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。Im afraid you dont unders

19、tand what I said.恐怕你没领会我说的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。4连词whether (or not)或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。用i

20、f引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用wheter。试比较：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。5宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：I dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。

21、I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。I dont suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？6 宾语从句的时态变化规律：(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳运行。四、同位语从句1 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。2 用法：同位语从句的先行词

22、多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息

23、一大早就传来了。注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到

24、哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。1that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别that引导的同位语从句that引导的定语从句句法功能上that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。意义上从句是被修饰名词的内容。从句起限定作用，是定语如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省。

25、)李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。)他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。2一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如：This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。第二专题：状语从句(Adverbial modifier Claus

26、e)定义：在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语（包括非谓语动词）、定语或状语，或是整个句子。状语从句通常由一个连词引起，也可以由一个起连词作用的词组引起，有时甚至不需要连词直接和主句连接起来。状语从句一般分为九大类（见下表）：状语从句类 别时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句条件状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句让步状语从句1时间状语从句：在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致，一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。可以引导时间状语从句的连词很多，根据意义和主从句之间的时间关系，又可分类如下：(1) 表示同时性，即主从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎

27、同时发生。其连词有：when （当的时候）, while（当的时候）, as（当的时候）, as soon as（一就）, once（一旦）等。如：Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。While I am washing the floor, you can be cleaning the windows.（while含有对比的意思）我洗地板的时候，你可以擦窗户。As / When I came home, I met an old schoolmate of mine.我回家的时候遇到了我的一位老同学。Ill ring you up as soon as I

28、get an answer from him.我一有他的答复就给你打电话。Once you see him, you will never forget him. 你一旦见过他，就不会忘了他的。 (2) 表示先时或后时，即主句的谓语动作发生在从句之前或之后，主要连词有：after（在之后）, before（在之前）, when(=after)等。如： After / When the children had gone to bed, she began to prepare her lessons.（从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前，所以从句用了过去完成时） 孩子睡觉了以后她开始备课。 He

29、had learned English for three years before he went to London.（主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，所以主句用了过去完成时） 他去伦敦之前已学了三年英语。 It was not long before I forgot it all.(It is / was / will be before是常用句型) He ran off before I could stop him.（主句和从句的动作几乎同时发生，时态一致） 我还没来得及阻止他他就跑掉了。(注意before在汉语中的译义)(3) 表示习惯性、经常性，即从句描述的不是一次性动作，而是

30、经常发生的习惯性动作。主要连词有every time（每次）, each time（每次）, whenever（每当）等。例如：Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.每当我们遇上困难的时候，他们就来帮我们。Each time he came to town he would visit our school.他每次进城，总要来看看我们的学校。Every time I went to his house, he was out.我每次去他家，他都出去了。（4）表示持续性或瞬间性，主要连词有：since（自从）, ever

31、since（自从）, until（直到才/为止）, till（直到才/为止）等。如： It is just a week since we arrived here.（It is /was since是常用句型） 我们到这儿刚刚一星期。(主句的动作或状态持续时间较短，不能用ever since) You have been reading to me ever since James went out.（ever 放在since之前是用来表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长） 自从James走后你一直在给我朗读。 The big clock which used to strike the

32、hours day and night was damaged during the war and has been silent ever since.( ever since可以放在句末， since则不能)这只一向日夜不停打点报时的大钟在战争中损坏了，从此就一直不响了。 My uncle went to Tibet in 1951. He has been living there ever since.我叔叔于1951年去了西藏，从那以后他一直生活在那里。Things went well until / till one night an accident happened.事情一切

33、正常，直到有一天晚上发生了意外。 I knew nothing about it until / till he told me.(但Until he told me, I knew nothing about it. “till”不位于句首。)他告诉我了我才知道。2 地点状语从句地点状语从句是由where（在的地方）, wherever（无论哪里）引导的：Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。Youd bett

34、er make a mark where you have any questions.(这里where引导的从句不是定语从句)哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。He would keep in touch with us wherever he was .他无论在什么地方，总是与我们保持了解。3 原因状语从句 表示原因的状语从句可以由as（由于）, because(因为), since（既然）, now (that) （既然）, considering that（顾及到）, seeing that（由于）等连词引导：I do it because I like it.因为我喜欢我才干。(be

35、cause不能与 so连用)He couldnt have seen me, because I was not there.他不可能见过我，因为当时我不在那儿。Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会。Now that/Since you are all here, lets try and reach a decision.既然大家都来了，咱们就设法做出一个决定吧。As she was ill, she didnt come to th

36、e party.由于病了，她没来参加晚会。Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。4 目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的主要连词有:that, so that（以便）, in order that（为了）, for fear that（以便）, in case（万一）等，从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如：can, could, may, might, should等。如：Lets take the front seats (so) that we m

37、ay see more clearly. 我们坐前排吧，这样我们看得更清楚些。School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.早点儿放学是为了让孩子们在暴风雨到来之前回家。He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.他把名字写下省得忘了。（该从句中一般用情态动词should+动词原形，或省略should）Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

38、最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。5 结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连词有：that, so that（从句中不带情态动词）, sothat(如此以致), suchthat(如此以致)等。What has happened that you all look so excited? 发生了什么事，使你们都显得如此兴奋？He didnt plan his time well, so that/so he didnt finish the work in time.他没把时间计划好，结果没按时完成这项工作。We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock th

39、e door. 我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。（such是形容词，后接名词）The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。（so是副词，后接形容词或副词）Jenny is such a clever girl that all the teachers like her very much = Jenny is so clever a girl that.Jenny是如此聪明的女孩，以至老师们都非常喜欢她。但是，当名词前有many, much, few, little(少)修饰时，要用so,不

40、能用such。例如：I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块，紫一块。He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。I had so little money then that I couldnt afford a little present.我当时囊肿羞涩，连一份小小礼物都买不起。6 条件状语从句表示条件的状语从句可以由if（如果）, unless（除非）, in case（万一）, so /as l

41、ong as（只要）, as/ so far as（就而言）, on condition that（条件是）, suppose（假设）, supposing（假设）（仅用在问句中）等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。As/So long as we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcome the difficulty.只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。If you le

42、ave at 6 oclock tomorrow morning, youd better get to bed now.如果你明早6点钟走，你最好现在就上床。Well let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.只要你能保持整洁，我们可以让你使用这个房间。As/So far as I know, he is an expert on DNA.据我所知，他是一个DNA专家。Hell accept the job unless the salary is too low/ if the salary is n

43、ot too low.他会接受这项工作的，除非薪水太少/如果薪水不太少的话。Suppose/Supposing we cant get enough food, what shall we do?假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎么办？7 方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as（与一样）, as if（仿佛）, as though（仿佛）等词引导： Do in Rome as the Romans do.入乡随俗。 Leave things as they are.让一切顺其自然。She stood at the door as if (=as though) she were waiting fo

44、r someone.她站在门口，仿佛在等人似的。（由as if或 as though引导的从句中可用虚拟语气）8 比较状语从句比较状语从句常由than（比）, as（与一样）等词引导：It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing.上海下的雨比北京的多。Our country is as big as the whole of Europe.我们的国家同整个欧洲一样大。The result was not as/so good as I had expected.结果不如我预料的那么好。The busier he is, the happier

45、he feels.（常见句型）他越忙越开心。9 让步状语从句让步状语从句由although（尽管）, though（尽管）, however（无论怎样）, whatever（无论什么）, whoever（无论谁）, whomever（无论谁）, whichever（无论哪个）, whenever（无论何时）, wherever（无论哪里）, whether（是否）, no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) （无论）, even if（即使）, even though（即使）等词引导。如：We wont be discouraged even if(=ev

46、en though) we fail ten times.我们就是失败十次也不泄气。It was an exciting game, though / although no goals were scored.那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。(though, although不能与 but连用)Whether you believe it or not, its true.不管你信不信，这是真的。However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, Ill take it.无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。Dont let them in, whoeve

47、r(=no matter who) they are.不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks Im wrong.无论我说什么或怎么说，他总认为是我错。连词as也可以引导让步状语从句，但从句中要用特殊语序。如：Young as he is, he knows a lot=Though he is young 或Young though he is, he.他虽然年轻，但懂得很多。(though 也有这种用法，可以替换as,但although没有这种用法)though还可以用作副词，放在句末。如：It

48、 was hard work; I enjoyed it, though=It was hard work, but I enjoyed it.那工作很苦，但是我喜欢干。1 as, when, while的区别as, when, while都表示主、从句的动作或状态同时发生，但三者意义不尽相同。as和when引导的从句既可表示一点时间，也可表示一段时间，从句中的谓语动词既可以是持续性动词，也可以为短暂性动词，经常可以互换使用；while引导的从句通常表示一段时间，从句中宜用持续性动词作谓语。当从句中的谓语动词为持续性动词时，这三者可以通用（前面例句中已有体现），再如：Mother was wo

49、rried because little Alice was ill, especially as / when / while father was away in France.妈妈担心，因为小艾丽思病了，特别是当父亲远在法国的时候。如果从句和主句要表示一个人的两个动作交替进行或同时完成时，则多用as，可译为“一边.，一边.”。例如：He looked behind from to time as he went.他一边走，一边不时地往后看。As time goes on, its getting warmer and warmer.随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖了。I thought

50、of it just as you opened your mouth.你一张嘴我就知道你要说什么。（若表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生时，用as的场合多于when.）当主从句之间表示转折或对比关系时，多用while, 不用as或when。如：She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact, I was talking about my daughter.她以为我在谈论她女儿，而事实上，我在谈论我的女儿。 如果表示从句的动作在主句的动作“之前”或“之后”发生时，多用when（=after）, 不用as或 while。此外，wh

51、en还含有“at that moment”的意思（= and then），引起的句子不能放在句首，也不能用as, while来替换。例如：He was about to leave when the telephone rang.他正要离开，忽然电话铃响了。We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went out.我们正在看电视，突然灯灭了。They had just arrived home when it began to rain.他们刚到家，天就开始下雨了。2 until与till及 notuntil / till的用法（1）until

52、和till都可表示“直到为止”，与持续性动词的肯定式连用。如：He waited until / till we finished our meal.他一直等到我们吃完饭。（2）当until和till表示“直到才”时，通常与短暂动词的否定式连用，这时，until和till也可用before代替。如：I didnt leave until / till / before she came back.直到她回来，我才离开的。(3) be动词的肯定式和否定式都可以和until或till连用。(4) until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till从句一般不放在句首。如：Until he t

53、old me, I knew nothing about it.他告诉我了我才知道。当not until位于句首时，主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序：Not until she came back did I leave.在强调句型中一般用until，不用till。如：It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.( It is /was that是常见的强调句型结构 )直到这位大明星摘下墨镜，我才认出她。4 有时，the time（当的时刻）, the mom

54、ent（当的时刻）, by the time（到时候为止）, next time(下次), the first time(第一次的时候), the last time(上次的时候)，immediately（一就）, instantly（一就）, directly（一就）等词或词组以及hardly /scarcelywhen（刚就）, no soonerthan（刚就）等关联词也可引导表示时间的状语从句，例如：Be sure to call on us next time you come to town.下次你进城一定来看我们。By the time he was fourteen, Eins

55、tein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself. (by意为“到为止”，引起的从句中为一般过去时，主句中用过去完成时)爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。She rushed into the room immediately / the moment she heard the noise.她一听到这声音，就冲进房间。He left me a good impression the first time I met him.我第一次见他时，他给我留下了好印象。He had no sooner arrived there than he fell ill.他刚到达那里就生起病来。He had hardly finished when someone rose to refute his points.他还没全说完，就有人起来反驳他的论点。She had scarcely fallen asleep w