英语长句的处理

1、English Long Sentences 英语长句的翻译英语长句的翻译 3. Embedding 内嵌法n Embedding means placing the modifiers before the word being modified.nCongress had made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spent it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and na

2、mes and salaries of their representatives.国会已制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱，怎样花的，款项的总额以及来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。 nThere is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged, without distinction of race, creed, or party.n这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰，不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全

3、体成员国无不参加的战争。 Now you try:nA molecule may be considered as the smallest particle of matter that can exist without changing its nature.n可以认为，分子是在不改变物质性质的情况下能够存在的物质的最小微粒。nIn 1970, he was placed under house arrest when he refused to use massive force in suppressing worker riots on the seacoast.n1970年他因拒

4、绝使用武力大规模镇压沿海城市的工人骚乱而被软禁。4. Dividing 切分法n By means of dividing, we may break up a long English sentence into different parts according to its sense groups, and then translate each part one by one into Chinese.n有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。nHuman

5、 beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.n人类把自己和其他动物区别开来。与此同时，人类还具有观察和了解周围环境的能力。他们要么适应环境，要么控制

6、环境，或根据自身的需要改造环境。人类就这样一代代地生存下来。5. Splitting 拆分法n By splitting we mean taking certain elements out of a sentence and treating them separately.nThe number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.n没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。n 大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。n

7、An outsiders success could even curiously help two parties to get the agreement they want.n说来也怪，一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望得到的协议。6.Inserting 插入法插入法n By inserting here we mean putting some additional punctuation marks such as dash, parenthesis, colon, etc., in a long and complex sentence so as to make

8、 the Chinese version both clear and smooth.nThe second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.n第二个方面是全体社会成员（从政府官员到普通公民）都使用科学家们在他们工作中所采用的那种特殊的思考方法和行为方法。nIf

9、 you go to visit Nobels old residence, the house in which the great chemist remained a bachelor throughout his life, you will catch sight of a shelf laden with experimental records.n如果你参观诺贝尔的故居在那座房子里，这位伟大的化学家过了一辈子的独身生活你将看到一个堆满实验记录的书架。 7. Recasting 重组法/综合法n在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析,

10、 或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。 n 例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. 分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C: 警察也

11、和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。 Now you try:nDr. Smith resumed the activities of anti-cancer experiment begun in 1975 and financed by the Federal government as soon as he snapped from his original disappointm

12、ent at repeated failures, which had resulted in their forced suspension.n史密斯医生于1975年开始着手由联邦政府资助的抗癌实验。他由于屡遭失败而感到沮丧，被迫终止了实验工作。现在他又重新振作起来，恢复了抗癌实验活动。Now you try: n Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with ne

13、w ideas, observations and discoveries.n大对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。 n Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity,

14、 business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.n大到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。 定语从句的翻译Attributive Clausesn I. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive.nII. Translation of Restrictive Attributive Clauses nIII. Tra

15、nslating Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses nIV. Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials I. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive StructuresnThis is the cat. 这就是那只猫。nThis is the cat that killed the rat.n这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。n This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.n *

16、这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。nThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house.n* 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。nThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.n* 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。II. Translation of Restrictive Attributive

17、 Clauses nCombination: 把从句译为带把从句译为带“的的”的定语短语，放在被修的定语短语，放在被修饰词前，将复合句译成汉语单句。又称饰词前，将复合句译成汉语单句。又称“前置法前置法”。n The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.n在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。nPollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.n污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。 nJuly and August are the months when the weath

18、er is hot.n七八月是天气很热的月份。nIn the room where the electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all.n在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点儿灰尘。 2.Division n如果从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，往往译成后置的并列分句。可以译成并列分句，重复英语先行词，如：nBetween these two tiny particles, the proton and the electron, there is a powerful attraction t

19、hat is always present between negative and positive electric charges.n在质子和电子这两个微粒之间有一个很大的吸引力，而这个吸引力总是存在于正负电荷之间。 n还可以译成并列分句，省略英语先行词，如：nNewton invented a paper lantern illuminated by a candle which he carried with him to light his way to school on dark winter mornings.n牛顿发明了一只点蜡烛的纸灯笼，在昏暗朦胧的冬天早晨上学时带着灯笼

20、照路。2.DivisionnHe managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weight up to two pounds each.n他种出了200个大得惊人的西红柿，每个重达两磅。 nA fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.n燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。nThey worked out a new method by which production has now been rapi

21、dly increased.n他们制定出一种新方法，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。nThey are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.n 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。3. Mixture n 溶合法是把原句中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立的句子的一种翻译方法。（Ther

22、e be 结构句子往往这样处理）nThere were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.n在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.n楼下有人要见你。nFortunately, there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.n幸好有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。nThere are some metals which posses the powe

23、r to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.n某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化。 nThere are many people who want to see the film.n许多人要看这部电影。3. Mixturen 还有一些定语从句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。n“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist.n一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。” n

24、We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.n我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志。nGood clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes.n好的钟摆可以自动补偿温度变化造成的误差。III. Translating Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses n 1. 在译文中把原文从句后置，重复关系

25、词所代表的汉译，译成并列分句。nI told the story to John, who told it to his brother.n我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的兄弟.nThis is a college of science and technology, the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists.n这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。 2.前置法：一些较短的具有描写性的从句也可译成带“的”的前置短语，放在被修饰词前面nTransistors, which are sma

26、ll in size, can make previously large and bulky radios light and small.n采用体积较小的晶体管可以使先前那种大而笨的收音机变得又轻又小。nThe sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.n整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了.n The emphasis was helped by the speakers mouth, which was wide, thin and hard set.n 讲话人那又阔又薄又紧绷绷的嘴巴，帮助他

27、加强了语气。n But Miggles laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.n 密格尔的富有感染力的笑声打破了静默。3. 译成独立句译成独立句nOne time there was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective.n有一次是暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实为我平生所仅见。这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。nNevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which sh

28、owed that the computations were accurate.n不过，问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算很准确。 IV. Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials n1.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Cause n2. Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Result n3. Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Concession n4.Translat

29、ing into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Condition n5. Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 1.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Cause nWe know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.n我们知道,由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看的

30、很清楚。nYou must grasp the concept of “work” which is very important in physics.n你必须掌握“功”的概念，因为它在物理学中很重要。 2. Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Result nThere was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.n这个方案富于创造性，独具一格，很有魄力，因此他们都很喜欢。nCopper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity, offers very little resistance.n铜的电阻很小，所以广泛地用来传输电力。 3. Translating into Chinese Adverbi