英语词汇学考前串讲

1、英语词汇学考前串讲第一讲： 1.考试题形式分为：.选择题(30分)：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是Theory和Example的结合。.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考简单的ExamplesTheory而是考Exceptions.（10分）考试内容：.Typesofmeaningchanges:词意变化的种类.Typesofmeaning:词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。.Languagesbranches:语系与语族,语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。.Feathersofidioms:习语的特点.(1

2、0分)考试内容：.TypesofBoundMorphemes:粘着词素的种类.TypesofWordFormations:构词法的种类.TypesofMeaning:词义的种类.TypesofMeaningofIdioms:习语涵义的种类.名词解释(10分)：.简答题(12分)：.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题，如:AffectedMeaning名词解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为：WhatisAffectedMeaning,brieflye

3、xemplifyit.Optional:可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子.分析题(18分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。二.串讲内容：Introduction部分：Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1) Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics4)Etymology5)Lexicography研究lexicology的两大方法:1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学e.

4、g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization第一章部分：Whatisword?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;2)Asoundunityoragivensound;3)aunitofmeaning;4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classificationofaword）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词

5、根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1)simplewords2)complexwords单音节词例子：e.g.Manandfinearesimple多音节词例子：e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次划分为manage和-mentmisfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortuneblackmail次划分为black和mailWhatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?1) Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.

6、dog.cat2) Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.2)T

7、hisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish3)Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?1)TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoe

8、snothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.2)Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.3)Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlys

9、cribes.4)Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1)influencedbyRomans2)Pronunciationchanged3)earlyscribes4)borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是soundandform不一致。Whatisvocabulary?V

10、ocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.ClassificationofWords(本课的一个重点,年年考试都考)Whatistheclassificationofwords?Ho

11、wtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?Threecriteria:1)Byuseoffrequency2)Bynotion3)ByoriginByuseoffrequency可划分为：1)Thebasicwordstock2)Non basicwordvocabularyBynotion可划分为：1)Contentword2)FunctionalwordContentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.(Contentwords的别称)Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.(F

12、unctionalwords的别称)Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stabilityAccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal(1957),* theninefunctionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,youWhatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?1)Allnationalcharacter2)Stability3)Productivity4)Polysemy5)Collocabi

13、lity要把握住Allnationalcharacter的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g.man,woman,fire,watere.g.machine,video,telephonee.g.bow,chariot,knightStabilityisrelative,notabsolute.根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1)Terminologye.g.sonata,algebra2)Jargone.g.Bottomli

14、ne(Jargon)3)Slange.g.smoky,bear(Slang)4)Argote.g.persuader5)Dialectalwordse.g.station(AusE=ranch)bluid(ScotE=blood)6)Archaismse.g.wilt(will)7)Neologismse.g.email(Neologisms)beaver是girl的slang表达方式，但是二者之间存在着StylisticdifferenceWhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentwordsorfunctiona

15、lwords?Answer:ContentwordsWhatisnativewords?Answer:(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.(2)NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,am

16、ountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage什么叫borrowedwords?Answer:(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvo

17、cabulary(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.什么叫Denizens?DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,suchasportfromportus(L).Denizens的例子都要记：P

18、ortfromportus(L),cupfromcuppa(L),shiftfromskipta(ON),shirtfromskyrta(ON),changefromchangier(F),porkfromporc(F).什么叫Translation-loans?Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchaslongtimenoseefromhaojiumei

19、jian(Ch)什么叫Semantic-loans?wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,Buttheirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeantjoyandmusic,anditsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.第二章：Thedevelopmento

20、ftheEnglishvocabularyTheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyItisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.(重点：语系划分的标准）Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?Theanswer:1.thebasisof

21、similaritiesintheirbasicwordstock2.grammar(重点)TheBalto-Slaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesas(选择题内容：)Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.Indo-European两大分支：1.Easternset2.WesternsetEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanianWesternset:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,German

22、ic.InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.Celtic：Scottish,Irish,Welsh,BretonThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,RoumanianallbelongtotheItalic.TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegen

23、erallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.WithVikingsinvasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodernEnglish.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.Itwasahighlyinflectedlan

24、guagejustlikemodernGerman.重点句:ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts)古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了(earlyscripts)Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期？.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin(ModernEnglishperiod)如果从词汇变化的角度而言，ModernEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,modernperiod.*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时

25、期（重要的选择或填空内容）EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissanceModernEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入？TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom(Colonization)TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetot

26、hepresentanalyticlanguage(重要选择或填空内容)GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabularyThreemainsourcesofnewwords:1)Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology2)Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage2.4ModesofVocabularyDevelopment1)creation2)semanticchange3)borrowing2)Seman

27、ticchange（还包括外来词的Semanticloans）Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此又可以被称作.重点句：borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmeri

28、canEnglish.英语从syntheticlanguage发展到presentanalyticallanguage是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？答案：ModernEnglishperiod文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?答案：EarlyModernEnglishperiod在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiodeasel,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？答案：MiddleEnglish,Dutch在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了25

29、00个词汇，这种语言是什么？答案：Dutch(前年考题)据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?答案：50,000to60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxontongue)第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Maojackets,blackbelt,kongfu,这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present-dayEnglishVocabulary注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。OldEnglish和MiddleEnglish最大的strikingdistinction存在于哪一个方面?答案：OldEnglishwasalanguageo

30、ffullendings,MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响?答案：Greek,Romanculture某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?答案：ModernEnglish十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?答案：Printing这导致soundandform出现concord,出现standardization.第三章复习:ThesmallestunitintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(morphemes)Them

31、inimalfreeformintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(word)Inthepluralformchanging,someofthewordswilltakeinternalvowelchange,thisinternalvowelchangeiscalled(allomorphs)Deer复数没有变,还是deer,sheep复数没有变,还是sheep,因此,这种变化被称作(zeroderivation)名词解释:Morphemes:Theminimalmeaningfulunitsinalanguageareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwor

32、ds,themorphemesisthesmallestfunctioningunitincompositionofwordsAllomorphs:Thealternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs,e.g.themorphemeofplurality-shasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incatsinbags,matchesItcanberealizedbythechangeofaninternalvowelasinfoot-feet,man-men,goose-geeseorbyzeromor

33、phsasindeer-deer,fish-fish简答题：whatarethetypesofmorphemes?(答简答题时,名词解释)答案：FreemorphemesandboundmorphemesFreemorphemes:1)Freemorphemesareindependentofothermorphemesandareconsideredtobefree.2)Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.3)Theyareidenticalwi

34、throotwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreerootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot4)freemorphemesarefreeroots.boundmorphemes:1)Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.2)Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.3)Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffixaffix分为两类:inflectionala

35、ndderivationalaffixes.Inflectionalaffixes:Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Derivationalaffixes:1)derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenowwords.2)Derivationalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesands

36、uffixes.root:1)arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.2)theroot,whetherfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword3)arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremovedstem:1)astemmayconsistofasingler

37、ootmorphemeasinironoroftworootmorphemesasinacompoundlikehandcuff.2)Itcanbearootmorphemeplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemesasinmouthful,underestimate.3)Therefore,astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.问题：Stem和root有一个最大的区别在哪里?(连着两年没有考过)答案：astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanyki

38、ndcanbeadded.问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation,dict请加以理论的分析?Bothnationanddictbelongtoroots,nationisfreeroot,whichcanfunctionaloneinasentence,Nationasafreeroot,hascompletemeaning,whenbothprefixesandsuffixesattachedtoitareremoved,nationasafreeroot,stillremainsDictisaboundroot,whichcannotfunctionalonegrammatical

39、ly,dictcarriesthefundamentalmeaningofwords,dicthastocombinewiththeothermorphemestocreatenewwords,forexample,dictionary,contradiction.Heismuchclevererthananyotheroneinthevillage;tooheadsarebetterthanone.请从构词角度分析以上的例子,cleverer,bettercleverer(-er:inflectionalaffixes)better(good,well的特殊变化)Itisallomorpho

40、fgoodandwell.第四章:问题：在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种?答案：有七种:1)Affixation2)Compounding3)conversion4)shortening5)clipping6)acronymy7)blending有三种最常用:affixation,compoundingandconversion问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种?答案：Extension问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式?答案：Narrowing问题：Affixation又被称为什么?它分为哪两类？答案：Affixationisalsoknownasderivati

41、onAffixationfallsintotwosubclasses:prefixationandsuffixation要点:有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别:a-,non,ir:negativeprefixesde-,dis-(既属于negative,也属于reversativeprefixes)mal-,pseudo-,mis-:pejorativeprefixessuper,sur-,extra：prefixesofdegreeorsizeanti-,contra-,counter-,pro-:prefixesoforientationandattitudetrans-,fore-tele-:

42、locativeprefixesfore-,post-:prefixesoftimeandorderbi-,uni-,semi-:numberprefixespan-,vice-:miscellaneousprefixessuffixation:1.Nounsuffixes1)Denominalnouns2)Deverbalnouns3)De-adjectivenouns:ity,-ness,4)Nounandadjectivesuffixes注意Compounding,acoronymy,blending,conversion,clipping的名词解释.要点:复合词分为哪三类:1)soli

43、d2)hyphenated3)open简答题:whatarethecharacteristicsofcompounds?Whatarethedifferencebetweencompoundsandfreephrases?答案：1)phoneticfeatures2)Semanticfeatures3)Grammaticalfeatures最常见的三种词性:1)Nouncompound2)Adjectivecompounds3)verbcompounds问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性,哪两种不具有多产性?在形容性复合词当中,哪三类有多产性?动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的?*名词

44、解释:Conversion(重点，还没考过)Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Functionalshift=conversionZero-derivation(选择或填空要点)Adjectivetonoun:(1)fullconversion(2)partialconversion问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？答案：由Adjectivetoverbs:(1)Transitive(2)Intransitive简答题:形容词变动词的三种类别(没考过)问题：请你举出由conjun

45、ction变为noun的一个例子?答案：Ifsandbutsblendingarealsocalledblendsorportmanteauwords(选择或填空要点)问题：blending分为哪四类合成词？1.head+tail2.head+head3.head+word4.word+tail问题:绝大多数blending都是什么词性?答案：nounsTheoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns;veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.问题：截短法clipping分为哪四类？答案：Therearefourcommon

46、typesofclipping:1)Frontclipping2)Backclipping3)Frontandbackclipping4)Phraseclipping要注意clipping的例子有一个特殊变化：fridge(refrigerator截短之后在i,g中间加一个d),还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke(cocacola)问题：什么是acronymy？Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofneamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounp

47、hrasesandtechnicaltermsAcronymy包含两类:1)initialisms(不发音)e.g.BBC,VOA,TB2)acronyms(形成新的发音)e.g.CORE,TEFLWordsfrompropernames有四大类:1.Namesofpeoplee.g.bobby:Namesofpeople2.Namesofplacese.g.champagne,rugby3.Namesofbookse.g.utopia4.Tradenamese.g.cabal问题：以下的词采用哪种构词法？e.g.diagnosis-?diagnose:(先有诊断的名词,后有了诊断的动词,这种

48、构词被称作)backformationbloomers(它的构词法满足哪一种词法):属于Wordsfrompropernames中的NamesofpeopleVJ-day:(这种构词法是由哪一种构成的)属于Initialisms中的AcronymsPop:(采用哪一种构词法构成的):clippingSitcom:blendingFORTRAN:head+headBath(名词)-bathe(动词)Bath和bathe存在一种什么关系?(Conversion)重点句：Conversionisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.问题：Noun+v-ing,这类词构成的词是什么词？答案：compounding问题：Record-breaking,它是属于复合法中的哪一种？答案：Adjectivescompounds问题：请说出Adjectivescompounds中多产性强的有几类？答案：有三类1)n+v-ing2)n+a3)n+v-ed问题：up-bringing是属于哪一类构词法构成的词？答案：nouncompounds(adv+v-ing)问题：复合词与自由短语的最大的区别是什么?答案：区别也就是复合词的特点:1)Phoneticfeatures2)Sema