卫生类职称英语新增文章1

1、2011年职称英语卫生类阅读理解新增文章篇目第三篇 Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor*第十八篇 Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics*第二十四篇 Preventing Child Maltreatment+第三十四篇 Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial Resistance注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、完形填空请参见第15页；3、2011年词汇部分与2010年教材相比未作任何变化。第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor The le

2、ading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancerThey said patients

3、are younger, especially women According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything elseFollowing breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate "An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer, "sai

4、d Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five yearsAmong them,l,483 were male Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only l8 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or

5、 inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about1 irritated eyes and throat About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens a

6、nd about 25 percent of women's bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancerSome claimed they may change food preparation methods "Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen

7、to cook, "said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman"I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancerI have already started frying less." Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, b

8、ut was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems Other experts agreed with he3 "Smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men, "said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University

9、9;s Medical College"It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women" He's research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils usedThe chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if

10、exposed to the fume for a long time, 6experts said词汇：fume 烟，气，汽tumor(=tumour) n肿瘤cancer癌瘤breast乳房，胸incidence发生(率)diagnosis诊断inhale秒吸人irritate使疼痛，刺激fry钐油炸，油煎unventilate使不通风adjacent临近的dietary饮食的immune吐免疫的honorary名誉上的；荣誉的respiratory呼吸的stall货摊注释：1complain原意是“抱怨，诉苦"，但医学上常用complain about或complain of表

11、示“主诉”。2adjacent to：与相毗邻，临近(地方)3Other experts agreed with he其他专家同意何医生的意见。agree with sb：同意某人的意见。agree with sth：同意什么东西。 agree to do sth：同意做什么事情。4by far the biggest cause：最最大的原因。by far是用来做形容词最高级the biggest的状语，对形容词最高级起强调作用。本来形容词最高级就已经是最高了，可是说话的人还要对它再强调出来，所以就相当汉语的“最最”的意思。5.warned people not to stand near

12、of stalls selling.：警告人们不要站在卖的货摊附近。也可以说成". warned people off stalls selling."。6.if exposed to the fume for a long time：.如果长时间接触这种烟的话。expose sbto sth 原意是“使. (人)暴露于. (物)”，但医学文献中常常用来表达“接触到(物)"的意思。此处if引导的条件状语从句相当于“if one is exposed to the fume for a long time"。练习：1What a new tendency

13、in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers? A Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women B Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men C Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males D Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females2Which of the follo

14、wing diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai? A Heart disease B Breast cancer C Infectious diseasesD Lung cancer3What symptoms may be' complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes? A Irritated eyes and throat B Sever

15、e pain in both lungs C Continuous cough and headacheD Difficulty in breathin94What was the local women's reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?A Happy B Surprised C Angry D Careless5Which of the following has relatively little connection with women's lung can

16、cer? A Family cancer history B Unhealthy dietary habits C Weak immune systems D Personal health and physical condition答案与题解：1D文章第二段明确提到，肺癌的新趋势就是“病人更年轻，尤其是妇女”。2B文章第三段说到，“肺癌排在乳腺癌之后，发病率第二高"，可见乳腺癌才是最常见的疾病。3A文章第七段说到，“60以上患肺癌的妇女都长期接触厨房油烟并主诉眼睛和喉咙疼痛难受"。4B文章倒数第七段明确说到，“当妇女们知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶"。5D 回

17、答此题时，首先要注意倒数第五段中的两处文字，即had few links to和was closely related to.，其中link to意为connection with，而relate to则意为connect with，都是“联系"的意思，只是few和closely的差别却很大。few和little一样，都是具有否定意义的词，意为“很少，几乎没有"，只是后面的名词分别为可数名词和不可数名词而已；它们与a few和a little不同，a few和a little具有肯定意义，意为“有几个"和“有一点"，后面的名词同样分别为可数名词和不可数名

18、词。如果这一点明白了，也就很容易回答这道题了。*第十八篇 Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics Most older people with so-called type II diabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week, according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen new

19、spaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet's Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the body's ability to utilize insulin by 30 per cent, the newspaper reportedThis is equal to1 t

20、he effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today, it said Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type,all more than 60 years of age, exercise on bicycles six times a week for three monthsAfter the three months the doctors measured how much sugar t

21、he test subjects' muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.2 Associate Professor3 DrFlemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthy non-exercising persons "T

22、his means that the insulin works just as well for both groupsPhysical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes,4 but it can eliminate almost all their symptomsAt the same time it can put off 5 the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment"Dela

23、 was quoted as saying6 Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas, controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up7 a sweat, but that the activity has to be maintained since i

24、t wears off8 after five days without sufficient exercise Most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercise, Dela added词汇：insulin胰岛素diabetic (患)糖尿病的；n糖尿病患者diabetes糖尿病；多尿症briskbrisk彩轻快的；活泼的，活跃的Copenhagen哥本哈根(丹麦首都)muscle肌肉 utilise(=utilize)利

25、用，使用medication儿药物，药物治疗subject玩实验对象utilisation(=utilization) 利用，使用saying格言hormone激素pancreas胰(腺)注释：1be equal to：等于 2as a measure for how well their insulin worked：作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。从语法上分析，how引起的从句是for这个介词的宾语从句。3associate professor：副教授4.cannot cure people of diabetes：不能治好人们的糖尿病。cure sbof sth：给某人医治某病。

26、例如：This medicine should cure you of your cold这药准能治好你的感冒。put off：推迟，延期Dela was quoted as saying：Dela的话像格言一样被人们所引用。注意谓语是被动语态。work up：逐步引起，激起wear off：逐渐消失(be)unaware of sth不知道，没觉察练习：1How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin? A By taking more salt than usual B By taking less salt tha

27、n usual C By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week D By going climbin9，swimming or boxing every day2Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin byA 70 per centB 30 per centC 60 per centD only a few per cent3. The subjects of the research tests condu

28、cted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital includedA elderly non-diabetic menB elderly type II diabetic menC both sexes of all agesD both A and B 4. To what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect?A To the degree where they begin to sweatB To the degree where they fee

29、l exhausted C To the point when they feel thirstyD To the point when they have to take insulin5.According to Dela，among most diabetics the importance of exercise is of watching their diet A as poorly understood as B as well understood asC less understood than D better understood than the importance答

30、案与题解： 1C 文章一开始就有此问题的明确答案。至于吃多少盐或者从事其他剧烈运动文章自始至 终都没有提到。2B 文章第二段说到，体育锻炼能将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高30。3D 此题答案在文章第四段，实验对象既有型糖尿病患者，也有健康人，而且都是60岁以上的男人。4A文章倒数第二段说到，体育锻炼只要达到出汗的程度就能起作用。5C最后一段明确说到，大多数糖尿病患者知道必须注意饮食，但却并不知道体育锻炼的重要性。*第二十四篇Preventing Child Maltreatment Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-1

31、ong consequencesThere are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatmentData for many countries。especially low-and middle-income countries, are lacking Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to studyCurrent estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of

32、research usedNonetheless，international studies reveal that approximately 20of women and 5-10of men report being sexually abused as childrenWhile 2550of all children report being physically abusedAdditionally，many children are subject to 1 emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as2 psychological abuse

33、) Every year，there are an estimated 31.000 homicide deaths in children under 15This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to 3 falls, burns and drowning Child maltreatment causes suffering to c

34、hildren and families and can have long-term consequencesMaltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain developmentExtreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systemsConsequently，as adults，maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural

35、, physical and mental health problemsViathe behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease，cancer，suicide and sexually transmitted infections4Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatmentthere is an economic impact, including cost of hospitalization,

36、mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health cost.A number of risk factor for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment. It

37、is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfill the

38、expectations of parents and having special need, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.6词汇：Maltreatment 虐待impair 损害consequence结局，结果prevalence流行approximately大约，大概abuse滥用；虐待homicide杀人attribute归因于disruption扰乱via 通过transmit 传染，传播likelihood可能性adolescent 青春之男孩或女孩儿persistently 坚持地，持续地注释：

39、1be subject to：遭受 2be referred to as：被当做3be attributed t0：把归因于 4Consequently，as adults，maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural，physical and mental health problemsVia the behavioural and mental health consequence s，maltreatment can contribute to heart disease，cancer，suicide and sexu

40、ally transmitted infections因此，那些曾被虐待的儿童，到了成人期，在行为、生理以及心理等方面出现疾病的危险性大大增加。通过行为和心理上对健康的影响，虐待又会导致其出现心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病等。5.to blame for：因怪罪，责怪(某人)6 A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated，such as being either under four years old or an adolescent，b

41、eing unwanted，or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs，crying persistently or having abnormal physical features练习：1. The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT _according to the passage.A child mal

42、treatment is a global problemB there is no exact data about low-and mid-income countriesC there is a shortage of the professional data collectorsD different scientists use different research methods2.Which of the following statements is ture according to the passage? A 20% of women got sexually abus

43、ed in their childhood. B 2550of all children were reported to have been physically abused C 25_50of children were psychologically abused D 6075of children were neglected by their parents3Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT_ according to t

44、he passage A drowning in swimming B diarrhea C bums D falls4Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment? A The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up B Child maltreatment hurts his nervous and immune systems C Child maltreat

45、ment damages his early brain development D The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood5The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT_ to the passage A they frequently and easily cry B they are in infants or in adolescent period C they are often neglec

46、ted by their parents or friends D they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents答案与题解：1C 文中第一段提到了虐待儿童是-全球问题，无法获得中低收入国家中儿童受虐数字资料，第二段开头提到了儿童受虐数字难以统计的另外一个原因，即研究方法的差异性，只有专业统计人员是否缺乏没有提及，因此答案为C。2B文中第二段对数字有明确说明。3B 文中第三段指出每年l5岁以下儿童死亡大概在31，000人，该数字大大低估了实际情况，是因为有相当多的由于受虐而导致死亡的儿童被归因为摔死、烧

47、死、淹死。没有明确指出腹泻，因此可推断出该题答案为B。4A文中提到虐待儿童会导致其出现身体上的疾病，包括神经系统，免疫系统，大脑发育，以及成年后出现的疾病，但那没有提到是否会对其记忆力产生影响，因此，答案为A。5D参见注释。 +第三十四篇Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial Resistance The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized

48、as a global public health issueSome bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment(multi-drug resistant bacteria)，so pose particular difficulties，as there may be few or no alternative options for therapyThey constitute a grow

49、ing and global public health problemWHOsuggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibioticsreducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteri

50、a. An article punished in The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibioticsThe article “has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3(antimicrobial resistance)。and，in particular，has raised awareness

51、 of infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control Those ca

52、lled upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers，managers of hospitals，patients，as well as national governments，the pharmaceutical industryand international agencies WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention ef

53、forts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use, including , education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescrip

54、tion；and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures，including the use of hand-washing measuresparticularly in healthcare facilities Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries，and the existing and well-known infection prevention a

55、nd control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implementedWHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistanceAntimicrobial resistance will be the t

56、heme of WHOs World Health Day 2011词汇：evade逃避，避开pose提出alternative口咖可供选择的(途径或事物)implement实现，实施strain忍种类reinforce加强力量prudent妨慎重的，谨慎的monitor监控surveillance监视，监管rational合理的，有理性的adherence坚持，固守document证明，支持relevant相关的注释：1be alert to：对警觉，注意2The Lancet Infectious Diseases：柳叶刀一传染病期刊3antimicrobial resistance(AMR)：抗菌药物耐药性练习：1Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest? A The misuse of the antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at present B The micro-organisms develop much faster than the past, so the re