化学专业英语

1、Professional English for Environmental Engineering and Science(一Introduction What is the difference between specialized English and common English?(ESTEnglish of Science and Technology 科技英语English Writing of Science and Technology 毕业论文self-recommendation就业自我介绍Interview(二What courses have you learned

2、 during college/at University ?organic chemistry 有机化学inorganic chemistry 无机化学physical and analytical chemistry 物理化学和分析化学biochemistry 生物化学applied chemistry and chemical engineering 应用化学和化学工程化学基础(三环境(1compulsory/required courses (必修课:principles of chemical engineering 化工原理fundamentals of environmental

3、 engineering 环境工程学基础environmental monitoring 环境监测environmental microbiology 环境微生物学(micro-: ”little, small”water/air/noise pollution control engineering 水/大气/噪声污染控制工程;solid waste treatment 固体废弃物处置与处理(2elective courses (选修课程:environmental protection and sustainable development环境保护与可持续发展cleaner product

4、ion 清洁生产environmental impact assessment(EIA环境影响评价问:环境科学与工程专业英语?Professional English on Environmental Engineering and Science(四How to Write an Scientific Paper(科技论文的写作(Unit 20Content and Structure(内容和结构:1.Introduction (引言、前言、导言;2.Theory & Methods (理论及方法;3.Method of Design and Calculation (设计方法和计算

5、方法;4.Method and Condition of Experiment < Experimental> (实验条件及方法;5.Results and Discussion (数据结果与讨论;6.Conclusion (结论;7.Acknowledge(致谢; 8.References (参考文献; 9.Appendix(附录。(五专业英语学习目的(The Purpose of Learning English专业英语术语(technical terms;构词法(word-building:前缀(prefixes、后缀(suffixes和词根(roots对学生英语构词有快捷实

6、用的帮助;使学生了解环境专业的前沿知识,增强翻译能力(enhance translation competence(看得懂英文文献;也要适当地写得出。一、Difference Between Public English and Specialized Englishe.g. International development organizations and human rights groups increasingly insist,however,that environmental problems that deprive vulnerable populations in de

7、veloping countries of access to shelter,water,or food or that spread diseases,whatever the sources,are security issues.Analyze the structure of the sentence:主语(subject:International development organizations and human rights groups谓语(predicate:insist 宾语(object:that从句1:主语:environmental problems that2

8、that3that从句2:deprive vulnerable populations in developing countries of access to shelter,water, or foodthat 从句3:or that spread diseases翻译:然而,国际发展组织和人权组织日益坚称剥夺了发展中国家的易受伤的人群对庇护所、水源、食物的获取,或是疾病的传播,这些环境问题,不管什么来源,都应归为安全问题。(一词汇的不同 difference in words专门科技语体:句子的修饰成分多,联合成分多,层次多,复句多,长句多。科技语体讲究事实的可靠性和论证的逻辑性,极少用

9、夸张、拟人、双关等修辞手段。No brick, no construction; no word, no composition.无砖不成房,无词不成章。1.科技英语词汇的类别专业词汇指使用专有名词和术词如,geophys(地球物理学biochemistry(生物化学phosphate(磷酸盐等,特点:词义单一,表达专业上某一种具有确切定义的概念。次技术词汇源出于一般词汇,在科技文献中使用时,可能有原来的含义,又能用作专门的科技术语。如conductor(指导者;导体,Power(能力;功率;幂, 乘方。How much is the sixth power of nine? 九的六次幂是多少

10、?energy(活力;能量, work(工作;功等。功能词汇是指介词,连词类具一定语法功能的词如at, in, on, of, and, but, or, if等。2.科技英语词汇主要特点(1大量科技词汇来源于拉丁文和希腊文。保持拉丁语原形的词拉英汉alcohol alcohol 乙醇,酒精aluminium aluminium 铝ammonium ammonium 铵bacterium bacterium 细菌,杆菌gypsum gypsum 石膏用拉丁语词根组成的词:bio-(生物的: biochemisty生物化学, bioanalysis生物分析法, bioassay生物测定, bio

11、isotope生物同位素, biolaser生物学用激光器, biolysis生物分解, biomass生物量, biome生物群落。拉英汉abbrevio abbreviate 缩短,简略abnormitas abnormal 反常(ab-:from;away from ex: abroad国外的acidum acid 酸保留希腊词原形的词希英汉colon colon 结肠coma coma 昏睡hepar hepar 肝脏neuron neuron 神经元用希腊词语根组成的词 Pents 五、戊: ( penta-: pref. 表示“五”之义pentagon(building五角大楼 p

12、entagon.五边形; 五角形pentabromide 五溴化物 Pentane 戊烷 Pentanol 戊醇(2科技英语专指性极强口语常说: Then the flask is taken away 。(然后把烧瓶拿走The table was turned upside down 。(桌子被翻了个The buffer liquid was used up 。(缓冲液用完了.但书面科技英语常这样写: The flask is then removed.The table was inverted. The buffer liquid was consumed.(写作中尽量少用口语,add(

13、添加 put in(放进 consume(消耗 use up(用光extinguish(使熄灭, 扑灭 put a fire(灭火 ignite(点燃 set fire(点燃 insert(插入 push in(推进 invert(颠倒 turn upside down(颠倒occupy (占据fill up(装满place(放 put(放 remove(去掉 take off/away(拿走 flame(火焰 fire (火excited(兴奋happy, glad(高兴cautious(小心的 careful(细心的 centre(中心 heart(中心 eventually(终于 in

14、the end(终于 sufficient(充足的 enough(足够的3.科技英语词汇中的前后缀如semi-(半,部分: semi-acetal (乙缩醛半缩醛; semiautomatic半自动化; semicircle半圆;semiconductor半导体; semidiameter半径; semiquantitative 半定量 semipermeability 半渗透性; semiplastic半塑性的;。如poly-多、聚: polyphase 多相的; polyacid缩多酸、多酸的、多元酸的;polyester fiber 聚酯纤维; polyether 聚醚,多醚;polye

15、thylene聚乙稀; polymer 聚合物。如其它如self, pre-, auto-, over-等都可作前缀,(1 只取前面几个:ad advertisement n.出公告, 做广告;广告Lab. laboratory实验室(labor:劳动 tory:地方(ex:dormitory 集体宿dormi:睡觉 exam: examination考试 maths: mathematics数学Inc. Incorporated美股份有限的, 组成公司的( company股份有限公司(2从一个词中抽出n个字母Ltd. Limited(股份有限公司 Wt. Weight重量Yd. Yard码(

16、等于3英尺或36英寸或0.9144米(3无规律的No. number B/W TV Black-White TelevisionX-former transformer变压器 ff and the following(4外来缩写词et al.(等等(1. =et alibi (=and elsewhere 【拉】與其他地方,等地 2. =et alia (=and others【拉】以及其他人,viz.【拉】(即,就是, (=videlicet =namely i.e. 【拉】(即,那就是, (=id est e.g. 【拉】(例如,(=exempli gratia vs. (与对比(= ve

17、rsusloc.cit 【拉】(在上述引文中,(=loco citato=in the place citedvia英 (通过, ibid(同上,Lb(=pound(磅,(二句子的不同1.科技英语中句子的完整性科技英语句子一般较长,多为完整句。句子的逻辑关系比较明确,时态较简单,少用省略句,甚至关系代词which , that等都不简略如,We learn that sodium or any of its compounds produces a spectrum having a bright yellow double line by noticing that there is no

18、such line in the spectrum of light when sodium is not present.But that if the smallest quantity of sodium be thrown into the flame or other sources of light, the bright yellow line instantly appears.by noticing是状语,修饰learn, noticing有两句从句作宾语。我们知道,钠或其化合物能产生具有鲜黄色双行的光谱线,而这种光谱线当钠不存在时没有。但是,如果将最小的钠量投入火焰或其他光

19、源时,明亮的黄线即时显示。如书名:有机过渡金属化学的原理和应用?principles and applications of organotransition metal chemisty2.科技英语中句子的时态基本有两种:一种是一般现在时,另一种是一般过去时:(1叙述实验和实验结果时,句子用过去时态,例如:the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(xps studies showed that Pd(palladium was in a zero-valent state.(X射线光电子能谱(XPS研究表明,钯处于零价状态。(2描述方法及作者对结果的看法和叙述

20、一般性规律时,用现在时态。The method uses a lambs wool column for filtration(这种方法使用羊毛柱进行过滤。3、科技英语中常用后置定语 4.科技英语中常用被动语态5.科技英语中常用虚拟语气二.Contents:Reading Skills、Translating Skills、Literature Searching 、Writing SkillsUnit 1 Introduction of Environmental Engineering and Science第一部分:课文阅读1、metrics n.统计数据,度量2、(1industria

21、lize: vt. & vi.(使工业化ex. They wanted to industrialize their nation. 他们想使国家工业化。(suffixes-ize:to make ex: crystallize vt. & vi.使结晶ex. Cold rain crystallized into snow. 雨水在低温情况下结晶变成雪。(2pollutant:n.污染物质(尤指工业废物;污染源ex. Pollutants are constantly being released into the atmosphere.污染物质正在不断地被排放到大气中去。p

22、ollute:v.污染 pollution:n.污染,玷污 ex. pollution prevention:污染防治 pollution load:污染负荷 pollution control regulation:环境保护法polluter:污染者;污染物质 ex. polluter pays principle:“污染者承担”原则(谁污染谁治理 pollutive:adj. 引起污染的 ex. non-pollutive technology非污染技术意近词:contaminate:v.污染 -ate:to make contamination:n.污染(物ex: effect-tion

23、,-action:condition, the act of interactions 相互作用contaminative:a.污染的 -ive:inclined to; having the quality ofex. constructive建设性的contaminator:n.污染物,弃脏者 -or,-er:the one who/whichex: bioreactor 生物反应器 contaminant:n.污染物 ex: separation 除垢-al:a. inclined to be;connected with;pertaining to ex. natural自然的 pol

24、itical政治的n. the action of,the person of ex. refusal拒绝 arrival到达者(4monitor:n. 1. 监视器; 检测器2. (学校班长3.(计算机显示器 4. 级长5. 监考员 vt. 1. 监听, 监视2. 监测, 检测3. 检查;跟踪调查4. 密切注视,监督 vi. 1. 监控;监听;监测;监视 ex. monitor air pollution. monitor an examination. environmental monitoring (monitoring n.监视;控制;监测;追踪(5ecosystem:n.<生

25、>生态系统(prefixeseco-: ecological ex. ecosphere 生态圈(sphere.n. 1.球(体 2.(兴趣或活动的范围, 领域, 阶层;界 3.圆球;球状物 4.(包围地球等的大气的层 ex:atmosphere n.大气, 大气层,大气圈ex. sulfur dioxide emissions:SO2排放Most scientists accept that climate change is linked to carbon emissions.大多数科学家都相信气候变化与排放的含碳气体有关。(2greenhouse gases(GHGs:温室气体(

26、3acidify sidifai:v.使酸化,使成酸;变酸 -fy:to make ex:purify净化 clarify澄清acid:a.酸的;酸性的 n.化酸 acidicsdk:a. <化>酸的,酸性的 -ic/ical:a.relating to ex. scenic风景的 geographical地理的(4endocrine disrupting compounds(EDC:内分泌干扰物质(环境荷尔蒙/环境激素 compound:n.复合物, 化合物, 混合物ex. When two or more elements combine and form a compound

27、, a chemical change takes place.当两种或两种以上的元素结合形成化合物时, 发生化学变化。(5PCBs:polychlorinated biphenyls 多氯联苯(6marine mammal:海洋哺乳动物(7organism:nizm:n.有机物, 有机体; 生物4、(1surface water:地表水 subsurface water:地下水(underground water;groundwater地下水 sub-:“在.底下”: subsoil 底土,下层土(subsoil water 地下水 subway地道/铁“(地位、级别等低,副”:subedi

28、tor 副编辑 subagent副代理【化】“下”,“低”,“亚”,“次”,“逊”:subatomic亚/次原子的(3mandated mæn,detid(命令,授权implementation,mplmnte-n:规定实施(mandatorymænd,t:ri:(命令的;强制的;义务的implementation:强制实施(4 preventativepriventtiv:a. 预防性的(5municipalmjunisipl市政的;地方政府的landfill垃圾填埋场Ex. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW:城市生活固体废物,城市生活垃圾5、(1oz

29、one uzun n.化臭氧 ozone layer:臭氧层ozone-depleting substance:臭氧损耗物质 ozonizer臭氧发生器(2stratospherestræt,sf n.平流层,同温层6、(1lead:n.铅 ex. Lead is a heavy metal.(2chlorofluorocarbon(CFCs:氯氟烃 chlorine:n.<化>氯 fluorine:n.<化>氟 carbon:n.化碳(3carbon dioxide:CO2 di-/bi-:two ex: diatomic二原子的 bichromate 重铬

30、酸盐 carbonmonoxide:一氧化碳 mono-:one;alone(4Clean Air Act:空气洁净法 Clean Air Act Amendments:清洁空气修正案(amendment mendmnt n.1.(法律、文件的改动,修正案,修改,修订 2.(美国宪法的修正案 7、(1redevelopment: 再开发 re-:再,重复,重新ex:rebuilt 重建 remarry再婚 restart重新开始(2brownfields:“棕地” Notes3:(3urban sprawl: (城市杂乱无序拓展的地区:城市蔓生;城市扩展;城区的无计划扩张8、(1increas

31、ingly:adv.日益, 越来越多地, 不断增加地 =more and moreEx:I find it increasingly difficult to live within my income.我发现靠收入过日子越来越难了。9、A. sustainability:n.可持续发展,可持续性 -ility:quality ofex:feasibility 行性(feasible:adj.可行的, 可能且合理的B. sustainable:adj.1.(对自然资源和能源的利用不破坏生态平衡的, 合理利用的 2.可持续的ex:sustainable development:可持续发展-abl

32、e:a. capable of;likely to be done ex. acceptable可接受的 adaptable可适应的C. sustain :vt.保持,维持;支持,经受;忍受10、exposure to:暴露,显露;曝光ex:suffering from exposure to toxic substances. 遭受在有毒物质的暴露下。11、geochemistry:地球化学(rootgeo:earth,land ex:geology地理学hydrogeology ,haidrudildi 水文地质学hydro-:表示“水,液,流体”之义;表示“氢的含氢的”之义12、(1MT

33、BE:methyl-tert-butyl ether甲基叔丁基醚(用作汽油添加剂tert:缩略语(abbr. tertiary:第三的;<化>叔的,特的,三代的ter-/tri-: 第三(2unintended:adj.非故意的,无意识的un-:不 unreal 不真实的 unclear不清楚的无 uncondictional无条件的 unmanned无人的非 unjust 非正义的 unartificial非人工的13、tetraethyllead:四乙基铅 tetra-:表示“四”之义ex: tetracycline四环素(tetra+cycl环,圈+ine素ethyleiln

34、.乙荃,乙烷基14、 inadvertent,ndv:tnt:adj.粗心大意的, 因疏忽造成的, 非故意的advertent dv:tnt:adj.注意的,留意的 in-:不,无,非ex: incomplete 不完全的 incapable无能力的 informal非正式的二、Technical Terms技术术语Scope n.(活动范围,机会,余地 Diligent adj. 勤勉的,用功的Contaminate v. 污染 contaminant:污染物 contaminator:弄脏者,污染物Craft vt. 手工制作,构思 Sophisticated adj. 复杂的,成熟的In

35、tractable adj. 难处理的,难控制的前缀:in-:表示“否定,与相反”之义Deplete vt. 耗尽,使衰竭 Sanitation n. 卫生,卫生设施Infrastructure n. 基础设施 Amendment n. 改善,改正Remediation n. 补救,纠正,修复 Aquifer 含水土层,蓄水层Ban n. 禁令 Chlorofluorocarbons n. 氯氟烃(CFCsMitigation n. 缓解,减轻 ex:mitigation measurementSubsurface water:地下水前缀:sub-:“在底下”;“(地位、级别等低,副”;“【化

36、】低、亚、次”三、长难句的翻译1.The scope of environmental engineering and science continues to expand both in terms of the number cities and countries of the world where water and air quality problems are in urgent need of attention, and in terms of the pollutants themselves,which now so often seen to have intern

37、ational and global impacts。主语:scope 谓语:expand短语:in terms of(依据,按照 bothand:不仅.而且翻译:依据世界上很多城市和国家的水和大气质量问题急需关注,以及污染物本身已经被视为国际和全球性影响,环境科学与工程的范围继续在扩大。2、It is hope that some of the science,technology,and policy instruments that have enabled parts of the United States to approach clean air and water goals

38、can be applied to the enormous pollution problems that are coming to light as the former Soviet Union and other eastern bloc countries transform their economies.It is hope that引导的形式主语中:主语:the science,technology,and policy instruments 谓语:can be applied to第一个that从句修饰he science,technology,and policy in

39、struments;第二个that从句修饰pollution problems。翻译:已经使美国部分地区达到了清洁的大气和水目标的科技、政策手段能够应用于像前苏联和其他东欧国家转换经济体制带来的巨大污染问题上。3、The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990,for example,are shifting the approach taken to emission controls from the traditional “command and control”methods,in which government dictates the use of t

40、echnology,to a more market-based approach that allows major sources to buy and sell emission allowance.短语:shiftfrom to由.。转移到。翻译:比如,1990年的清洁空气法案修正案,采取的排放控制方法由传统的政府颁布的的管制手段转移到更市场化的手段允许源头买卖排放量。4. Environmental engineering has been defined as the branch of engineering that is concerned with protecting t

41、he environment from the potential, deleterious effects of human activity, protecting human populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors,and improving environmental quality for human health and wellbeing.engineering that从句:包含3个并列分句protectingprotectingand improving“环境工程定义为工程学的一个分支,(该工

42、程学是关于保护环境免遭人类活动的潜在的、有害的影响,保护人口免遭有害的环境因素的影响,以及改善利于人类健康的环境质量。”Unit 2 Finding Solutions for Tough Environmental Problems第一部分:课文阅读Title:Finding Solutions for Tough Environmental ProblemsEx:solution heat:溶解热 solve:v.解决/答solventslvnt:n.化溶剂 a.有溶解能力的soluteslju:t n.溶解物,溶质1、mediummi:djm n.介质;媒介, 手段, 方法, 工具 ad

43、j.中等的, 适中的ex:filter medium 过滤介质 heating medium供热介质ulture medium培养基 medium size中号(M2、participantp:tisipnt:n.参加者, 参与者 participatep:tisipeit:vt. & vi.参加, 参与 ex:contaminate:v.污染 contaminant:n. 污染物,致污物(1water supply and drainage:给排水(2reuse:vt.再用, 重新使用 n.再用, 重新使用 ex:The same water was reused after che

44、mical treatment.原来的水经过化学处理之后再度使用。 reuse of wastewater废水回用 re-:again,once more (又,再 ex:rebuilt 重建 remarry再婚(3terrestrialtirestril: adj.陆地的,大陆的 <> coastal海岸的,沿海的Ex: heat 地热 ecosystem陆生生态系统(4trace contaminants:微污染物质/源;残余污染物;痕量污染物(trace:n. 痕量;微量 contaminant:n.污染物,致污物trace element 痕量元素 trace compon

45、ents痕量组分trace concentration痕量浓度微污染:micro-pollution(micro -:small ex. Microbiology微生物学 microscope 显微镜微污染水源:micro-polluted water/slightly polluted water(5biogeochemical:生物地球化学的(rootbio:life ex:biology生物学 biocide杀虫剂 geo:earth(6diversity:n.多样化 ex:biological diversity(biodiversity(7membrane:n.薄膜, 隔膜,膜 ex

46、:membrane filtration膜过滤MBR(膜生物反应器:membrane biological reactor 生物膜反应器:biofilm reactor(8nonindustrialized:非工业化的non-:非 nonmetal 非金属 nonhuman非人类不 nonsmoker不抽烟的人 Nonexistent不存在无 noneffective 无效的 nonsexual无性别的3、integratedntgretd:adj.整体的;完全的;综合的;集成的;整合的ex:integrated control of water pollution 水污染综合防治4、(1re

47、fractoryrifræktri:adj.耐熔的, 难熔炼的;耐熔火, 热, 酸, 蚀的, 高熔点的 n.耐火材料, 耐熔质 ex:nitride refractory氮化物耐火材料(2trifluoroacetic:三氟醋酸的 tri-: three ex:tricycle三轮车 triangle三角(形fluoro-:氟 acetic:(乙醋酸的乙酸,醋酸?acetic acid5、advancedv:ns:vt. & vi.(使前进, (使发展; 促进;提高, 提升 adj.预先的, 在前的 ex:advanced wastewater treatment:先进/高级

48、的废水处理advanced oxidation processes(AOPs:高级氧化技术(oxidation,ksidein:n.氧化 ex:oxidation-reduction【化】氧化还原作用6、interaction:相互作用/影响 inter-:“在一起”,“交互”ex:interface界面 interfaces between phases两相间的界面7、Ex:It is believed that人们(大家相信 It is reported that据报道It was concluded that得出的结论是第二部分:Technical Terms技术术语Chronic:ad

49、j. 慢性的,长期的反义词:acute急性的Trace:n. 痕迹,微量 ex:trace contaminants:微污染物质/源Biogeochemical:adj. 生物地球化学的前缀:bio-:“生命、生物”之义 geo-:“地球、土地”之义 Membrane:n. 膜,隔膜 ex:membrane filtration:膜过滤Criterion:n. 标准,指标复数:criteria或criteronsStratosphere:n. 平流层 Refractory:adj. 难控制的,耐火的,难熔的Trifluoroacetic acid:n. 三氟乙酸前缀:tri-:“three”

50、fluoro-:氟 acetic:(乙醋酸的Synthesis:n. 综合,合成 biotically:adv. 生物地反义词:abiotically:非生物地 a/an-:no;without;lack ex:acentric 无中心的 amoral非道德性的 Intrinsic:固有的,内在的Biodegradability:生物可降解性Microorganism:n. 微生物前缀:micro-:“small,little” Redox:氧化还原作用Terrestrial:adj. 陆地的,大陆的(反义词:coastal:海岸的,沿海的ex:terrestrial heat地热第三部分:长

51、难句的翻译1、Environmental engineers must seek to understand the nature and functioning of large and complex systems in order to protect whole ecosystems,produce new and sustainable technologies,prevent the outbreak of diseases across global scales,and protect the environment from damage resulting from th

52、e production of new chemicals.主语:environmental engineers谓语:seek to,produce,prevent,and protect该句由4个并列分句组成:seek to,produce,prevent,and protect翻译:为了保护整个生态系统,环境工程师必须寻求了解大的、复杂的系统的本性和功能,生产新的可持续的技术,预防疾病在全球的传播,保护环境免遭生产过程中新化学物质的破坏。2、As its central mission,environmental engineering is concerned with the anal

53、ysis of environmental systems and the design of plans,criteria,and technological systems for the solution of environmental problems.短语:be concerned with:与。(有关分析and引导的并列分句主语:environmental engineering 谓语:is concerned with翻译:作为它的中心使命,环境工程是关于环境系统的分析、(是关于计划、标准和解决环境问题的技术体系的设计。3、Environmental problems not

54、crossing national boundaries are also not usually considered to be security problems even though the lives of many residents of the affected countries may be at stake. 主语:Environmental problems 谓语:are also not usually considered to be翻译:即使受影响国家很多居民的生命危如累卵,没有跨越国界的环境问题通常也不认为是安全问题。4、One approach is to

55、require that programs aimed at enhancing environmental security emphasize responses to those stresses directly affecting human or reducing or degrading the worlds natural resource base.宾语:that从句:从句中的主语:programs 从句中的谓语:emphasizeaimed at enhancing environmental security修饰programs;directly affecting hu

56、man or reducing or degrading the worlds natural resource base修饰stresses 翻译:一个方法是要求以强化环境安全为目的的计划要强调对直接影响人类健康,或减少或降低世界的自然资源基础的压力的反应。Unit 3 Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect第一部分:课文阅读1、atmosphereætmsfi:n.大气, 大气层 atmo-:pref.表示“空气,蒸汽”之义sphere:范围、圈子、领域、球体 ex:biosphere生物圈2、carbon dioxide:CO2 di-

57、:two3、nitrous oxide:N2O(笑气-ous:低价的 NO? nitric oxide -ic:高价的4、(1halocarbon,hæluk:bn:n.卤代烃(CFCs,HFCs,PFCshalogenhældn:n.卤素, 卤化物 CFCs:chlorofluorocarbons,氯氟烃;HFCs:hydrofluorocarbons, 氢氟烃;hydro-:“(含氢的”之义 ex. hydrocarbonn: 碳氢化合物, 烃PFCs:perfluorocarbons,全氟烃 per-:“通,总” 过,高(用于化学名词ex. peroxide过氧化物 peracid 过酸 permanganate高锰酸盐(2sulphur hexafluoride: hexa-:six SF6英语中表示数字的前缀:mono-/uni-: one