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1、全国职称英语等级考试试题(理工类) 第一部分阅读理解(75分) Passage1 CATVisashortwayofsaying"communityantenna(天线)television."But"cabletelevision"isthetermmostpeopleuse.CabletelevisionallowsviewerstoreceiveTVprogramsthattheycannotpickupwiththeirregularantennas. Televisionsignalsdonotfollowthecurve(曲线)oftheea
2、rth.Theytravelinstraightlinesinalldirections.SignalsfromaTVstationmovetowardthehorizon(水平线)andthengointospace.Ifyouliveonlyafewmilesfromastation,youmaynotgetanypictureatall. CATVbeganin1948.PeopleinplacesfarfromTVstationssharedthecostofputtinguphighantennas.Acommunityantennawasusuallyplacedonahill,a
3、mountain,oronahightower.TheantennapickedupTVsignalsandfedthemintoasmalllocalstation.Fromthestation,thickwirescalledcablesranouttonearbyhomes.Eachpersonusingthecablepaidamonthlycharge. CATVworkedwell,andsoonnewuseswerefoundforit.Localstationscouldfeedprogramsintoemptychannelsthatwerenotinuse.Peopleal
4、ongthecablecouldhavelocalnews,weatherreports,andfarmandschoolnewsatnoextracharge. Today,cabletelevisionhasmovedintocities.Itbringsinextraprogramsthatcityviewerswithregularantennascannotsee.Itisalsousedinmanyclassroomsthroughoutthecountry. 1.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthat_. A.mostpeopleusecabletelev
5、ision B."communityantenna"isanothernamefor"regularantenna" C.acommunityantennaisusedforcabletelevision D.regularantennascannotpickupTVsignalsprograms 2.Ofthefollowing,whichisNOTthewayTVsignalstravel? A.Inacurve. B.Inastraightline. C.Inalldirection. D.Towardthehorizon. 3.CableTVis
6、becomingmoreandpopularbecause_. A.itisfreeofcharge B.itcanprovidemoreprograms C.itprovidesallTVusersgoodpictures D.TVsetswithregularantennascanalsohaveagoodreceptionthroughCATV 4.Onthewhole,thispassageisabout_. A.howtoputuphighantennas B.awayofpickingupbetterTVprograms C.howtousetheemptychannelsonyo
7、urTVset D.thewaythatTVsignalsaresent 5.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat_. A.TVhasbeguntobeusedforeducationalpurposes B.thereisnochargeforCATV C.cableTVcannotbeusedinmountainousareas D.antennasforcableTVareusuallyputupinthecenterofacommunity Passage2 Inearliesttimes,menconsideredlightningtobeoneofthegrea
8、tmysteriesofnature.Someancientpeoplebelievedthatlightningandthunderweretheweaponsofthegods. Inreality,lightningisaflowofelectricityformedhighabovetheearth.Asingleflashoflightning1.6kilometerslonghasenoughelectricitytolightonemillionlightbulbs. TheAmericanscientistandstatesman,BenjaminFranklin,wasthe
9、firsttoshowtheconnectionbetweenelectricityandlightningin1752.Inthesameyearhealsobuiltthefirstlightningrod.Thisdeviceprotectsbuildingsfromdamagebylightning. Modernsciencehasdiscoveredthatonestrokeoflightingcontainsmorethan15millionvolts.Asparkbetweenacloudandtheearthmaybeaslongas13kilometers,andtrave
10、lataspeedof30millionmeterspersecond. Scientistsestimatethatthereareabout2000millionflashesoflightningperyear.LightninghitstheEmpireStateBuildinginNewYorkCity30to48timesayear.IntheUnitedStatesalongitkillsanaverageofonepersoneveryday. Thesafestplacetobeincaseofanelectricalstormisinaclosedcar.Outside,o
11、neshouldgotolowgroundandnotgetundertrees.Also,oneshouldstayoutofwaterandawayfrommetalfences.Insideahouse,peopleshouldavoidopendoorwaysandwindowsandnottouchwiresormetalthings. Withlightning,itisbettertobesafethansorry! 6.Lightningisreally_. A.weapon B.electricity C.light D.mystery 7.Peopleoncethought
12、hatlightningcamefrom_. A.scientists B.ground C.lightningrod D.gods 8.Oneflashoflightningcanproduceenoughelectricityfor_bulbs. A.10,000 B.1,000 C.1,000,000 D.100 9.BenjaminFranklin_. A.madethefirstlightningrod B.inventedelectricity C.builttheEmpireStateBuilding D.preventedLightningfromhittingcars 10.
13、_isthebestplacetobeduringanelectricalstorm. A.Swimmingpool B.ahighground C.Underatree D.Acar Passage3 Becauseoftheenergycrisis,scientistsintheoil-consumingnationshavebecomeincreasinglyinterestedinthepotential(潜在的)ofsolarenergy.Someexpertsestimatethatthepresentsupplyoffossil(化石)fuelwillnotlastuntilth
14、eendofthetwentiethcentury.Theproblemthatsolarenergyresearchersfaceishowtoharness(利用)thesun'senergyeffectivelyandinexpensively.Oneofthemostpopularmethodscurrentlybeingtestedusesrooftopsolarcollectorsandundergroundstoragetanks.Anadvantageofaproperlyworkingsystemofthistypeisthatitwillnotcreateanyen
15、vironmentalpollution.Anotheradvantageofusingsolarenergyisthatthecostofthefuel-thesun'srays-iszero.Whenasolarheatingsystemisworkingatmaximum(最大的)efficiency,itcanprovideupto80percentofwinterheatingneeds. 11.Themaintopicofthispassageis_. A.theshortageoffossilfuel B.theproblemsthatenergyresearchersf
16、ace C.anenvironmentalpollutionproblem D.aninexpensiveenergysource 12.Onepopularsolarheatingsystemmakesuseof_. A.roofcollectorsandundergroundstorage B.fossilfuelconversion C.undergroundoiltanks D.watercollectionandevaporation 13.Thecostofusingthesun'sraysforheatingis_. A.aboutthesameasthecostoffo
17、ssilfuels B.severalhundreddollarsperyear C.negligiblecomparedwithotherenergysources D.determinedbytheseverityofthewinter 14.Whichofthefollowingdescribesanadvantageofusingsolarenergy? A.Thereislittleornoenvironmentalpollution. B.Alargepercentageoffuelcostscanbesaved. C.Fossilfuelswillbecomemoreplenti
18、ful. D.Theoil-consumingnationswillnothavetoimportoil. 15.Accordingtosomeexperts,thesupplyoffossilfuelwillnotlast_. A.onemorecentury B.anindeterminabletime C.untiltheendofthiscentury D.indefinitely 第二部分完成句子(25分) 根据短文内容完成句子,每个空格只能填一个单词。有的单词第一个字母已经给出,请将其余字母补全。 Notlongago,anairplanewasflyingoverNewZeala
19、nd.Therewasatelevisioncameracrewonboard.Suddenly,outinthenightsky,abrightsphere(球体)cameintoview.Everyoneonboardsawitandeveryonethough,"UFO"-UnidentifiedFlyingObject.Thecameracrewwentintoactionandstartedfilming.Thatweekpeopleallovertheworldsawthefilmofthismysteriouslightontheirtelevisionscr
20、eens.Whatwasit?Wasitaspaceshipfullofvisitorsfromanotherplanet?Thecaptainoftheaeroplaneandthefilmcrewbelieveditwas.Otherobservershadmanydifferentexplanations.SomesaiditwasVenus(金星).Otherssaiditwasjustatrickoflight. Anairtrafficcontrolleralsosawitonhisradarscreen.Hethoughtthataflockofbirdswascausingdo
21、tsonhisradarscreenwhenthe"UFO"appeared. MostastronomersnowbelievethatwhatthesepeoplesawwasalmostcertainlytheplanetVenus.Atthattimeofyearitisverybrightandeasytosee.Andfromamovingaeroplaneitcanappeartobemovingfast.SofarthereisnoproofthatUFOsorspaceshipsfromotherplanetsdoexist.Theseyearsinves
22、tigatorsofUFOshaveinvestigatedthousandsofsighting-oroccasionswhenpeoplesaidtheysawaUFO.Ninetypercentoftheseturnedouttohaveasimpleexplanation. However,it'sgoodideatokeepanopenmind.ScientistsinsomecountriesaretryingtopersuadetheirgovernmentstohelpthemstudyUFOs.Andtheyareplanningtocooperateinter-na
23、tionallyonreportingandinvestigatingsightingsofUFOs. Afterall,itisquitepossiblethatthereislifeoutthereintheuniverse.Andifsomethingisalive,itisquitepossiblethatitwillcometovisitus. 16.ThecaptainandthecameracrewbelievedthatUFOwasavspaceshipfromanotherplanet. 17.ManyobelievedthattheUFOwasVenus. 18.Sofar
24、thereisnoproofthatUFOsarespfromouterspace. 19.SomescientistsintheworldareplanningtodosomeronUFOs. 20.Plifeintheuniversemaytrytomakeavisittous. 第三部分阅读理解(80分) Passage1 Inrecentyears,scientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentshavedrasticallychangedhumanlifeonourplanet,aswellasourviewsbothofourselvesasindivi
25、dualsinsocietyandoftheuniverseasawhole.MaybeoneofthemostprofounddevelopmentsofthelastdecadeisthediscoveryofrecombinantDNAtechnology,whichallowsscientiststointroducegenetic(遗传学的)material(orgenes)fromoneorganismintoanother.Initssimplestform,thetechnologyrequirestheisolationofapieceofDNA,eitherdirectly
26、fromtheDNAoftheorganismunderstudy,orartificiallysynthesizedfromanDNA.ThispieceofDNAisthenligated(结扎)toafragmentofbacterialDNAwhichhasthecapacitytoreplicate(复制)itselfindependently.Therecombinantmoleculethusproducedcanbeintroducedintothecommonintestinal(内部的)bacteriumEscherishchiacoli,whichcanbegrownin
27、verylargeamountsinsyntheticmedia.Underproperconditions,theforeigngenewillnotonlyreplicateinthebacteria,butalsoexpressitself,throughtheprocessoftranscriptionandtranslation,togiverisetolargeamountsofthespecificproteincodedbytheforeigngene. Thetechnologyhasalreadybeensuccessfullyappliedtotheproductiono
28、fseveraltherapeutically(疗法的)importantbiomolecules,suchas,growthhormones,interferon,insulin. Manyotherimportantapplicationsareunderdetailedinvestigationinlaboratoriesthroughouttheworld. 21.RecombinantDNAtechnologyconsistsprimarilyof_. A.producingseveraltherapeuticallyimportantbiomolecules B.givingris
29、etolargeamountsofprotein C.introducinggeneticmaterialfromoneorganismintoanother D.usingaviralenzymecalledreversetranscriptase 22.RecombinantDNAtechnologyhasbeenusedintheproductionofallofthefollowingbiomoleculesexcept_. A.growthhormones B.Escherishchiacoli C.interferon D.insulin 23.Whichofthefollowin
30、gisnottrue? A.Theforeigngenewillreplicateinthebacteria,butitwillnotexpressitselfthroughtranscriptionandtranslation. B.ThebacteriumEscherishchiacolicanbegrowninlargeamountsinsyntheticmedia. C.Researchcontinuesinanefforttofindotherusesforthistechnology. D.RecombinantDNAtechnologyisarecentdevelopment.
31、24.ExpressionofageneinEscherishchiacolirequires_. A.theviralenzymereversetranscriptase B.theprocessesoftranscriptionandtranslation C.productionofinsulinandotherbiomolecules D.thatthebacteriabegrowninasyntheticmedia 25.Thetermrecombinantisusedbecause_. A.byligation,arecombinantmoleculeisproduced,whic
32、hhasthecapacityofreplication B.thetechniquerequiresthecombinationofseveraltypesoftechnology C.byligation,arecombinantproteinisproduced,partofwhoseaminoacidscomefromdifferentorganism D.Escherishchiacoliisarecombinantorganism Passage2 Watchababybetweensixandninemonthsold,andyouwillobservethebasicconce
33、ptsofgeometrybeinglearned.Oncethebabyhasmasteredtheideathatspaceisthree-dimensional,itreachesoutandbeginsgraspingvariouskindsofobjects.Itisthen,fromperhapsninetofifteenmonths,thattheconceptsofsetsandnumbersareformed.Sofar,sogood.Butnowominous(不祥的)developmenttakesplace.Thenervefibersinthebraininsulat
34、e(使隔离)themselvesinsuchawaythatthebabybeginstohearsoundsveryprecisely.Soonitpicksuplanguage,anditisthenbroughtintodirectcommunicationwithadults.Fromthispointon,itisusuallydownhillallthewayformathematics,becausethechildnowbecomesexposedtoallthenonsensewordsandbeliefsofthecommunityintowhichithasbeensou
35、nfortunateastohavebeenborn.Naturehavingdoneverywellbythechildnowbecomesexposedtoallthenonsensewordsandbeliefsoftothispoint,havingpermittedittheluxuryofthinkingforitselfforeighteenmonths,nowabandonsittothearbitraryconventionsandbeliefsofsociety.Butatleastthechildknowssomethingofgeometryandnumbers,and
36、itwillalwaysretainsomememoryoftheearlyhalcyon(平静的)daysnomatterwhatvicissitudes(变化)itmaysufferlateron.Themainreservoirofmathematicaltalentinanysocietyisthuspossessedbychildrenwhoareabouttwoyearsold.Childrenwhohavejustlearnedtospeakfluently. 26.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss? A.Theimpactoflanguageonm
37、athematics. B.Children'sabilitytolearnlanguages. C.Howbasicconceptsofphysicsarelearned. D.Math-learningstrategiesforbabies. 27.Accordingtothepassage,whichoffollowingactivitieswouldteachababygeometry? A.Pickingupawoodenblock. B.Recognizingthenumber2. C.Utteringanonsenseword. D.Lookingatdistantobj
38、ects. 28.Accordingtotheauthor,atwhatagedoesachildprobablybegintolearnaboutsetsandnumbers? A.Sixmonths. B.Ninemonths. C.Fifteenmonths. D.Eighteenmonths. 29.Theuseoftheword"ominous"showsthattheauthorbelievethechild's_. A.linguisticfutureisthreatened B.nerveswilldeteriorate C.hearingwills
39、uffer D.mathematicalabilityalldecline 30.Thepassagesupportwhichofthefollowingconclusions? A.Thelanguageconceptsusedinearlyeducationinterferewithmathematicalreasoning. B.Itishopelesstotrytoteachchildrenmathematicsaftertheageoftwo. C.Languageteachingshouldincorporatesomemathematicalformulas. D.Prescho
40、oleducationshouldstresssociety'sbeliefsandconventions 第四部分概括大意(20分) 给下面一篇文章的每一段概括大意。每一段的主题用一个或几个单词表示,空出的词已给出了第一个字母,请把其余字母补全。 31.TheSolarE Thesunisthesourceofmostoftheheatknowntous.Asadirectsourceofheat,thesunmaintainslifeuponthisplanet,150000000kilometersdistant.Itisalsoanindirectsourceofheat.Si
41、ncetheearthisderivedfromthesun,itisthelatterthatwemusttracesomeoftheearth'sinternalheatthatrevealsitselfthroughvolcanoes,geysers(喷泉),andhotsprings. 32.InsectsandSurfaceT Aninsectisnotafraidofgravity,butitisindeadlyfearofanotherforceofnature.Thisforceiscalledsurfacetension(张力).Amancomingoutofabat
42、hcarrieswithhimafilmofwateraboutonefiftiethofaninchinthickness.Thisweightsaboutapound.Awetmousehastocarryitsownweightinwater.Awetflyhastoliftmanytimesitsownweight,and,aseveryoneknows,aflyoncewettedbywateroranyotherliquidisinaveryseriouspositionindeed.Aninsectgoingforadrinkisinasgreatdangerasamanlean
43、ingovertheedgeofacliffinsearchoffood.Ifitoncefallsintothegripofthesurfacetensionofthewater-thatistosay,getswetitislikelytoremainsountilitdrowns.Afewinsectscontrivetobeunwettable;themajoritykeepawayfromtheirdrinkbymeansoflongproboscis(喙). 33.TofBoilingPointofLiquids Whenthetemperatureofaliquidisraise
44、denough,theliquidboils.Thismeansthatbubblesofvapor,containingmillionsofmoleculesformbelowthesurface.Inorderforsuchbubblestobeproduced,thepressureofthevaporinsidethemmustbeequaltothepressureoftheairuponthesurfaceoftheliquid.Iftheairpressureisgreater,thebubblewillcollapse.Theboilingpointofaliquid,then
45、,isthetemperatureatwhichthevaporpressureoftheliquidisequaltotheatmosphericpressureupontheliquidatthesurface. 34.EandContraction Solidsalsoexpandwithincreaseintemperatureandcontractwhencooled.Buttheydonotbehavequitesouniformly(相同地)inthisrespectasliquidsandgasesdo,particularlyinthecaseofwidevariations
46、,intemperature.Mostsolidsexpendorcontractbyadefiniteamountforeverydegreeofthetemperaturethatrisesorfalls.Theamountbywhichonsubstanceexpandsandcontractsforonedegreeisnotusuallythesameasthatforadifferentsubstance.Thus,foragivenriseintemperature,apieceofbrassexpandsatlittlemorethanapieceofcopperandmuch
47、morethanapieceofsteelofthesamesize. 35.AofElectricTrains Electrictrainshavemanyadvantagesoverthosedrawnbysteamengines.Thereisnosmoketosoilthepassengers'clothesandthecushionsinthetrain.Becausetheycarrynoheavyloadsofcoalandwater,thesetrainscanstartandstopwithlesswasteofpower.Inastationtheyaresilen
48、t:there'snosteamtoproducenoisetodeafenthepassengers. 第五部分阅读理解(120分) Passage1 Intheatmosphere,carbondioxideactsratherlikeaone-waymirrortheglassintheroofagreenhousewhichallowsthesun'sraystoenterbutpreventstheheatfromescaping. Accordingtoaweatherexpert'sprediction,theatmospherewillbe7oCwarmerintheyear2050thanitistoday,ifmancontinuestoburnfuelsatthepresentrate.Ifthiswarminguptookplace,theicecapesinthepoleswouldbegintomelt,thusraisingsealevelseveralmetresandseverelyfloodingcoastalcities.Also,th
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