专题六,句子成分,五种基本句型

1、专题六、句子成分和五种简单句型一、句子成分分类1 .主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的是什么“或是谁"。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：Wedidn'thaveenoughtimetothinkaboutproblemsbyourselves.Sheenjoysreadingbooksandlisteningtomusic.Everycoinhastwosides（任何事物都有两面性）Threeareenough.Tospitinpublicisnotpolite.SeeingEnglishfilmsi

2、sagoodwaytolearnEnglishwell.Whatweneedisfood.在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如:Ittooktwoworkersaboutthreemonthstobuildthehouse.It'sourdutyprotecttheenvironment.It'sveryexcitingnottohaveextraclassesonholidays.Itisimportantforustoobeytrafficrules.Ontheotherhand,therearesomedisadvantagestogoonlin

3、e2 .谓语：谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：Shegetson/alongwellwith（与相处的很好）herfriends.Sheenjoysreadingbooksandlisteningtomusic.wecanalsotakesomeexercisetogethertokeep巾t/keephealthy/beingoodhealth（为了身体的健康）.HuaguoMountainis_afamoustouristattractioninLianyungang.Ourafter-schoolact

4、ivitiesareverycolorful,suchasplayingballs,singing,dancing,drawingandsoon（等等）.Greatchangeshavetakenplacesince60yearsago.Butafewyearsago,alotofbadbehaviorshappenedquiteoftenduringthetravel.Mymoneyhasrunout.3 .表语：表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。、系动词的分类：第类：表示特征或状态的，有be,look/

5、seem/appear,feel,smell,taste,sound,Youdon'tlookverywell.Theskirtfeelssoft.ThefoodtastesdeliciousThemusicsoundsbeautiful.Therosessmellsweet.Mrs.Liwasastrictbutkindteacher.第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become,get,grow,turn,fall,go,come等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Ifyoustudyh

6、ard,yourdreamwillcometrue.Assoonasshegothome,shefellasleep.第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep,remain,stay。Pleaseremainseatedandtheplaneistakingoff.Thenewswassurprising.Mymomisfriendly,wiseandpatient.HisjobisteachingEnglish.（动名词）Inhisopinion（他认为）,thebestwaysarereadingEnglishnewspapersandtalkingwithfriends.（动名词）Theonl

7、ywayistogivethechildmorehelp.（不定式）ThebestwaytolearnEnglishistouseit.Thisiswhyhewaslate.（从句）4 .宾语:宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词，介词的后面。有时,会有双宾语。如：名词作宾语Heneverforgivesothersfortheirmistakes.代词做宾语Heoftenhelpsme.不定式彳宾语Helikestosleepintheopenair.动名词作宾语TheAmericansenjoye

8、dlivinginChina.Thanksforinvitingmetoyourdinner.Whataboutgoingoutforawalk?Iamlookingforwardtomeetingyou.Iamusedtolivinginthecity.从句做宾语Ibelievethattheycanfinishtheworkintime.Idon'tknowifthereisgoingtoberaintomorrow.Canyoutellmewhenhewillcome?5.定语：字语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当

9、定语。如：形容词作定语Theblackbikeismine.代词作定语What'syourname?名词作定语Theymadesomepaperflowers.介词短语作定语TheboysintheroomareinClassThree,GradeOne.不定式作短语Ihavelotstoeatanddrink.WaterParkisagoodplacetohavefun.Planyourtimecarefullyandmakesureyouhavesometimetodowhatyoulikeeveryday.YouhadbetterfindwaystolearnEnglishwel

10、l.WheneveryouhaveachancetospeakEnglish,youshouldtakeit.IamhungryandIwantsomethingtoeat.IamthirstyandIwouldlikesomethingtodrink.Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.从句作定语ThetallboywhoisstandingthereisPeter.在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。修饰不定代词something,anything,nothing,something,a

11、nyone,somebody,anybody,nobody的定语必须后置。如：Ifyoudon'tknowtheanswer,asksomeoneelse.Doyouhaveanythingimportanttotellme?介词短语作定语时要后置。如：Doyouknowtheboybehindthetree?Thestudentsintheroomareallmyfriends.Ithinkthepictureontheleftisbetterthantheoneontheright.动词的不定式作定语时要后置Whataboutsomethingtodrink?Ihavenotime

12、totraveltoChinaisinAutumnorinSpring.6 .状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如：程度状语Theymissedmeverymuch.方式状语Ioftengotoschoolbybikeinsteadofonfoot。Inthisway,youcanimproveyourspeaking.条件状语Withouthishelp,wecouldn'tworkitout.Ifyoutryyourbest

13、,youwillmakegreatprogress.Unlessyoustudyhard,youwillfailanexam.(4)目的状语Inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.ImuststudyhardsothatIcancatchupwithmyclassmates.Howkindyouare!Youalwaysdowhatyoucantohelpme.Wecanmakeafiretokeeptheroomwarmsothatwecanchatforawhile.Tofindabookinthelibrary,enterakeyw

14、ordintothecomputer结果状语Heistooyoungtojointhearmy.Heisnotoldenoughtojointhearmy.Hisclassis_sointerestingandlivelythatmanystudentslikeitverymuch.时间状语Hejoinedthearmyattheageof18.WhenIwasyoung,Icouldswimwell.Assoonashegetshome,hegoestoseehismother.原因状语Becausehewasill,hedidn'tgotoschool.Becauseofhisil

15、lness,hedidn'tgotoschool.7 .宾语的补足语在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如：名词作宾补Ifyouletmego,I'llmakeyouking.形容词作宾补Don'tmakeyourhandsdirty.Mr.Wangcanmakehisclassinterestingandlively.副词作宾补WefoundLiMingoutwhenwearrived.介词短语作宾补Makeyours

16、elfathome.Weregardhimasourgoodfriend省略to的不定式作宾补Isawagirlgo_intothebuilding.带to的不定式作宾补Theboyorderedthedogtoliedown.现在分词作宾补Thebosskeptthemworkingallday.过去分词作宾补Yesterdayhegothislegbroken.在英语中，常见的“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构有：“宾语+名词”。常用于该结构的动词有：call,name,make,find,think,等。WecallhimJack.TheymadeLiLeitheirmonitor.形式宾语+名

17、词IthinkitagoodideatolistentomoreEnglishsongs.Ithinkitourdutytoprotecttheenvironment.“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think,believe,leave,make,keep,turn,等。如：Doyouthinkhisideawrong?Wemustkeepourclassroomclean.Wecan'tleavehimalone.CanyougeteverythingreadyforthepartybeforeFriday?“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态。常见的副词有：down,up,h

18、ere,there,home,in,out,anywhere等。如：Lethimin/out.Mr.Lidroveushome.Whengotthere,wefoundhimout.“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种：A要求带to的不定式Thecoolwaterofthelakeinvitedustoswim.WhenIfailedanexam,youencouragedmetobeconfidentandkeeptrying.B要求不带to的不定式let,make,have,see,hear,watch,notice,find等Thebossmadetheworkerswork12ho

19、ursaday.IoftenhearhimreadEnglishinhisroom.C单词help后可加to或不加toShesometimeshelpshermother(to)dohousework.“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。Isawthemplayingontheplayground.IheardMarysingingintheclassroom.“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成。Ihadmybikestolen.Theteacherexplainedagainandagaintoma

20、kehimselfunderstood.形式宾语+形容词WefounditimpossibletogettherebeforeSaturday.IthinkitimportanttostudyEnglishwell.随堂练习讲出划线部分的句子成分：1. Hersuggestionsoundsquitereasonable.2. Ihavealottosayonthismatter.3. Pleasegivemesomeadvice.4. Sheisquiteallrightnow.5. Alonelypersonisalwaysalone.6. Afat,sandy-hairedboyinje

21、anscametoseeMissWhite.7. Totravelabroad,onemusthaveapassport8. Hehasbroughtbackabookreportingonanimallife.9. Thesettingsunshoneonherface,lightingitupwitharosyglow.10. Isn'titwonderfulthattheChineseTeamwon?二、简单句的五种基本句式简单句：如果句子只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示，就是简单句，不管句子是长是短。e.gIlikeEnglish.ShecomesfromAmerica.有时两个或更多的主语可以共一个谓语；两个或更多的谓语可以共一个主语；有时甚至可以有两个主语和两个谓语。这样的句子仍然是简单句。e.g1. Britain,America