英汉语言句法对比剖析

1、1英汉语言对比句法对比2General differencesEnglishChineseLanguage familyIndo-EuropeanSino-TibetanWriting systemAlphabetic writing： moon, sun, desk, wood;Ideagraphic writing：月，日，桌，木；history1500 years6000 yearsnatureSynthetic-analytical language综合-分析型Analytical language 分析型syntaxHypotaxis(形合)Parataxis(意合)Word for

2、mation; word order; correspondence of word meaning; part of speech; etc. 31. synthetic language& analytical languagelWhat is a synthetic language?综合性语言是指通过次词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义（格、数、时等）的语言。e.g. He is speaking on the phone. (通过动词speak的变化来表示进行时态）He spoke to me so yesterday. (speak变为spoke表示过去式）4lWhat is a an

3、alytical language?分析型语言指该语言中语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示。e.g. Every night for weeks there had been much preaching, singing, praying, and shouting, and some very hardened sinners had been brought to Christ, and the membership of the church had grown by leaps and bounds.一连几周每天晚上教堂里都有许多布道、唱歌、以及大

4、声祈祷等活动，连一些极其顽固的罪人也被带引到了上帝面前，一时间教堂的信众人数陡增。5l英语是从综合型向分析型语言发展的语言;He will be speaking in the congress tomorrow. (综合型)He will speak in the congress tomorrow.(分析型)汉语是分析型语言，语序是重要的语法手段：学习政治 to study politics政治学习 the study of politics一会儿再说 /再说一会儿坐车到郊外 / 到郊外坐车我喜欢，我选择。/ 我选择，我喜欢。屡战屡败/屡败屡战62. Hypotaxis & paratax

5、islWhat is hypotaxis (形合), and what is parataxis (意合)？lEnglish is a hypotactic language and Chinese a paratactic one. 7lHypotactic relations at the sentential level refer to construction whose components are linked through the use of conjunctions.l(句子的形合关系指依靠连接成分的使用将句子结构的各个组成部分的连接起来) leg. * Bread an

6、d butter is my favourite breakfast. *The man ran away when he saw the dog. *John loves Mary and Mary loves John, too.l 英语语法呈外显性英语语法呈外显性(overtness) ；语法型语法型8lParatactic relations refer to constructions whose components are linked in meaning through juxtaposition and punctuation/ intonation and not thr

7、ough the use of conjunctionsl(句子的意合关系指组成句子的各个成分依靠意思来连接，只需将各个成分并列、或用标点符号，语调连接起来，而不使用连接词等) l男女老少都参加了战斗。l(Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.)l一定在下雪，外面这么亮。lIt must be snowing, for it is so bright outside. l趁热打铁。 lStrike while the iron is hot. l她美，她年轻，她要强，她勤俭。l老太太理不直，气不壮，力不够，抵挡不住，索性坐

8、到地上，哭了起来。l 汉语语法呈隐含性汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)；语义型；语义型9Conjunctions are used more frequently in English than in Chinese.lWrite to me when you have time.l有时间就给我写信。lThey were so moved that tears came to their eyes.l他们感动得热泪盈眶。lArmy men and civilians are united as one.l军民团结如一人。lWe will not attack unless we are

9、 attacked.l人不犯我，我不犯人。l增、减词法增、减词法10比较：lShe was glad to go home, and yet most woefully sad at leaving school.l形合：她回家很高兴，可是离开学校却很难过。l意合：她喜欢回家，又舍不得离校。lChilly gusts of wind with a taste of rain in them had well-nigh dispeopled the streets.l形合：带着雨意的阵阵寒风使得街道上几乎没有什么行人了。l意合：阵阵寒风，带着雨意，街上冷冷清清，几乎没有什么人了。11lHe ha

10、d a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 形合：他有一种意见变化迅速、反复无常的、令人难堪的习惯。意合：他有一种令人疑虑不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。12 3.主题显著&主语显著l汉语：l主题显著的语言 (topic-prominent language), 采用主题-述题(topic-comment)的句式l “话语 -说明结构”l 汉语句子建立在意念主轴 (thought-pivot)上。l英语：l主语显著的语言 (subject-prominent lan

11、guage), 几乎都采用主语-谓语(subject-predicate) 的句式 l “主语 - 谓语结构”l 英语句子建立在形式(或主谓)主轴(form-pivot)上。13译文主语的选择l原文：这件事你不用操心。 This you dont need to worry. 2. You dont need to worry about this.3. This is not something you need to worry about. 4. It is unnecessary for you to worry about this.5. There is no need to wo

12、rry about this.14我的头疼的要命lMy head aches badly. lMy head is killing me. lI have a terrible headache. lI have a splitting headache. lI have a migraine. 15懒惰的人不会成功lA lazy person will never succeed. lLaziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. lLaziness makes success impossible. 16这位母亲为有个聪明漂亮的女儿骄傲lT

13、he mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter. lThe intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud. 174. 汉英句子结构比较汉语： l“板块型” 或 “竹节型”，流水型l 汉语句子往往是句子较短,结构紧凑,好似“万倾碧波层层推进”l“左分支” 结构 (left-branching)l “后重心”：重要信息放在后面。 “狮子头”（头大尾小）18Chinese: circular bamboo-like sente

14、nce structure （环性竹式结构）从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。 句子的各部分似分似连，形散意合，像竹节那样，相对独立，但意义又相互关联。19英语:l“多枝共干型” 或“葡萄串型”，树形l英语句子如“老树参天, 枝杈横生”, 句子长, 插入成分多, 形成复杂嵌套结构. l“右分支” 结构(right-branching )l “前重心”：主要信息放在主句中，放在句首。前重后轻。 “孔雀尾”：头小尾大 20English: linear tree-like

15、 sentence structure （线性树式结构） As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributesTrunk line: S + V + (O)21请看下面句子

16、lThe isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities，is compounded by the paucity of the information media.l这是一句比较典型的英语句子。看起来似乎很长，实际上是个简单句，只有一个主语（subject）,一个谓语（predicate）.全局共有九个名词（包括抽象名词和具体名词），用五个介词连接起来，而动词只有一个。句中主语是：The isolation of the rural world ,谓语是is comp

17、ounded。句子首先指出，农村社会处于一种与外界社会隔绝的状态，然后用介词短语说出原因：离开城市远，缺乏交通工具，通讯工具不足。22l译成汉语：l由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。l上述译文里，抽象名词有的译成动词，有的译成形容词。全局用了四个逗号、一个句号。这样就可以一层层，一点点地把事情交代清楚，整句语气从容不迫。这是符合汉语叙事方法的。23l如果按照汉语译文的结构来回译成英语句子，有的学生就译成下面的句子：lBecause there is a great distance and there are not enough t

18、ransport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.l这样的英语句子，语法上没有错误，理解也不存在问题，但其结构显得过于松散，变成汉式英语，而不是规范地道的英语句子。24lCarlisle Street runs westward , across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops a

19、nd meatmarkets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. l卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着大片绿色草地中止了。l此句属于主谓结构，句中只有一个谓语动词“runs”,但通过七个不同的介词，把六个名词串起来使句子扩展开来。25汉语多通过动词的连用来实现其竹式结构l 汉语动词没有什么动态变化，使用方便，且重于动态描写，所以汉语动词用得多，汉语在表达一些较复杂的思想时进往往借助动词，按时间顺序，逻辑顺

20、序，逐步交代，层层辅开，给人以舒缓明快的感觉。l 句子结构像一根竹子一样，一节一节地接下去。有人把汉语句子描写成为有如海上万顷波涛,前后起伏,层层推进,请看红楼梦中的一段：26l晴雯先接出来，笑道：“好啊，叫我研了墨，早起高兴，只写了三个字，扔下笔就走了，哄我等了这一天，快来给我写完了这些墨才算呢！”l一连十个动词，几占全段一半，不但不混乱，反而使人读了感到，犹如水来石上轻快地流淌着。l试比较译文：lQing-wen greeted him with a smile, exclaiming ,”A fine one you are ! On the spur of the moment you

21、 bade me grind ink for you this morning. But you threw down you brush and went away after having written merely three characters. Youve kept me waiting for you the whole day. You are to use up this ink now. Be quick!”27句子扩展模式l汉语：逆线性延伸 首开放性 (open-beginning) 尾封闭性(close-ending)l英语：顺线性延伸 首封闭性 (close-beg

22、inning) 尾开放性 (open-ending)28l句首开放性（左分支）l 对。 l 不对。l 他不对。l 我认为他不对。l 我告诉过你我认为他不对。l 我明明告诉过你我认为他不对。l 我开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对。l 我昨天开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对。29l句尾开放性（右分支）lHe is reading. lHe is reading a book. lHe is reading a book written by Mark Twain. lHe is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room. lHe

23、is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room on the second floor of our library.lHe is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room on the second floor of our library which has just opened. 30 前重心与后重心l 英语句子和汉语句子的重心一般都落在结果、结论、假设或事实上；但是重心的位置不同：l 英语句子一般时前重心,在复合句中，英语的主句为主要部分，一

24、般放在句首，即重心在前；l 汉语则一般按照逻辑和时间顺序，将主要部分放在句尾，形成后重心。l Nothing has happened since we parted.l 自我们别后没发生什么事情。l I went out for a walk after I had my dinner.l 晚饭后我出去散步。l He has to stay at home because he is ill.l 他病了只得呆在家里。31l又如：lHis chief contribution was making me realize how much more than knowledge I had be

25、en petting from him.l他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不只是知识，这是他最大的贡献。l在英语中先出现his chief contribution, 然后出现具体的分析，也就是先提出主要的结论，再加以阐述。而汉语则不然，先进行阐述，后进行归纳。l翻译启示：语序调整321）原因和结果la. 生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。 Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.l b. We work ourselves into ecstasy over the two super

26、powers treaty limiting the number of anti-ballistic missile systems that they may retain and their agreement on limitations on strategic offensive weapons. l 两个超级大国签定了限制它们可保留的弹道导弹系统的数目的条约和达成了限制进攻型战略武器的协议，因此，我们感到欣喜若狂。332)结论和分析l The solution to the problem of Southern Africa cannot remain forever host

27、age to the political maneuvers and tactical delays by South Africa nor to its transparent proposals aimed at procrastination and the postponement of the solution. l不管是南非政府耍政治花招和策略上的拖延不管是南非政府耍政治花招和策略上的拖延手段，还是提出显然旨在拖延问题解决的建手段，还是提出显然旨在拖延问题解决的建议，都不能永远阻挡南部非洲问题的解决。议，都不能永远阻挡南部非洲问题的解决。34l揭穿这种老八股，老教条的丑态给人民看，揭穿这种老八股，老教条的丑态给人民看，号召人民起来反对老八股，老教条，这就号召人民起来反对老八股，老教条，这就是五四运动时期的一个极大的功绩。是五四运动时期的一个极大的功绩。l A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the peop