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1、PART 1PART 1Passage A Engine Construction (I)The automobile is designed to travel on roads. The typical automobile has just an internal combustion engine that operates by burning its fuel inside the engine and makes the automobile move. combustion kmbstn n. 燃烧燃烧internal combustion engine 内燃机内燃机 Figu
2、re 2-1a V-engine Figure 2-1b Inline-engine So an engine is the heart of an automobile. See figure 2-1. A typical automobile engine consists of cylinder block, cylinder head, camshaft, valves, spark plug, piston and piston rings, connecting rod, crankshaft,flywheel and oil pan. See figure 2-2.cylinde
3、r silind n. 汽缸,圆筒,圆柱体汽缸,圆筒,圆柱体camshaft km:ft n. 凸轮轴凸轮轴valve vlv n. 阀门,气门阀门,气门 piston pistn n. 活塞活塞crankshaft krk:ft n. 曲轴曲轴flywheel flaiwi:l n. 飞轮飞轮consists of 由由组成组成cylinder block 汽缸体汽缸体cylinder head 汽缸盖汽缸盖 spark plug 火花塞火花塞piston ring 活塞环活塞环oil pan 油底壳油底壳 Figure 2-2 Cylinder block or engine block,
4、 as shown in Figure 2-3, is a single machined casting unit. It contains the cylinders and the water coolant and lubricant passages. Figure 2-3a V-engine block casting k:sti n. 铸件铸件contain kntein v. 包含,容纳,含有包含,容纳,含有coolant ku:lnt n. 冷冻剂,冷却液冷冻剂,冷却液passage psidV n. 通道通道 So it is a complicated part at t
5、he heart of an engine. Cylinder block is usually made from cast iron or in modern engines, aluminium and magnesium. Figure 2-3b Inline engine blockcomplicated kmplikeitid a. 复杂的复杂的aluminium 7ljuminim n. 铝铝magnesium mgni:zjm n. 镁镁A cylinder head is a casting generally made from iron or aluminum that
6、holds the valves, valve springs and one or two camshafts (overhead cam engine only). valve spring 气门弹簧气门弹簧overhead cam engine 顶置凸轮轴发动机顶置凸轮轴发动机The cylinder head has machined surfaces to provide a precision fit to mate parts. Inline four- and six-cylinder engines have one cylinder head. V6 and V8 engi
7、nes have two cylinder heads. surface s:fis n. 表面,平面表面,平面precision prisin a. 精确的精确的mate meit v. 使使配对,配对,使使一致一致The head is essentially a flat plate of metal bolted to the top of the cylinder block with a gasket in between. See figure 2-4.gasket gskit n. 衬垫,垫圈衬垫,垫圈bolt beult v. 用螺栓连接,用螺用螺栓连接,用螺栓固定栓固定fl
8、at plate 平板平板The key parts of any camshaft are the lobes. As the camshaft spins, the lobes open and close the intake and exhaust valves in time with the motion of the piston. lobe lub n. 圆突,凸起出部圆突,凸起出部cam lobe 凸轮凸角凸轮凸角intake and exhaust valve 进排气门进排气门It turns out that there is a direct relationship
9、between the shape of the cam lobes and the way the engine performs in different speed ranges. See figure 2-5. Valves (Figure 2-6) are usually made from a steel alloy. Exhaust valves must withstand extremely high temperatures up to 815 degrees Celsius without damaging the valve. withstand wistnd v. 经
10、得起经得起steel alloy 合金钢合金钢The valve face must seat evenly against the valve seat in the cylinder head to prevent leaks from the cylinder during the compression and power strokes. valve seat 气门座气门座compression stroke 压缩冲程压缩冲程Many valve faces and seats have an angle of 45 degrees.Figure 2-6b Camshaft Valv
11、eThere are intake valves and exhaust valves. On the intake side, the intake valve opens which lets the fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber. air-fuel mixture 空气燃油混合气空气燃油混合气At some point, the intake valve closes, the air-fuel mixture is compressed and ignited by the spark plug. ignite ignait
12、v. 点燃,使燃烧点燃,使燃烧Then the exhaust gas exits the cylinder when the exhaust valve opens. There are always at least one intake and one exhaust valve. Some cylinder heads have 2 intake and 2 exhaust valves. A spark plug is an electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal combustion e
13、ngines and ignites compressed air-fuel mixture by means of an electric spark. device divais n. 装置,设备装置,设备by means of 用,凭借用,凭借Spark plugs have an insulated center electrode which is connected by a heavily insulated wire to an ignition coil on the outside. insulated insjuleitid a. 绝缘的绝缘的electrode ilek
14、trud n. 电极电极ignition ignin n. 点火,着火点火,着火insulated wire 绝缘线绝缘线ignition coil 点火线圈点火线圈The spark plug forces electricity to arc across a gap. The electricity must be at a very high voltage in order to travel across the gap and create a good spark. Voltage at the spark plug can be anywhere from 40,000 to
15、 100,000 volts. voltage vultidV n. 电压电压volt vlt n. 伏特伏特combustion kmbstn n. 燃烧燃烧cylinder silind n. 汽缸,圆筒,圆柱体汽缸,圆筒,圆柱体camshaft km:ft n. 凸轮轴凸轮轴valve vlv n. 阀门,气门阀门,气门 piston pistn n. 活塞活塞crankshaft krk:ft n. 曲轴曲轴flywheel flaiwi:l n. 飞轮飞轮casting k:sti n. 铸件铸件contain kntein v. 包含,容纳,含有包含,容纳,含有coolant ku
16、:lnt n. 冷冻剂,冷却液冷冻剂,冷却液passage psidV n. 通道通道 complicated kmplikeitid a. 复杂的复杂的aluminium 7ljuminim n. 铝铝magnesium mgni:zjm n. 镁镁surface s:fis n. 表面,平面表面,平面precision prisin a. 精确的精确的mate meit v. 使使配对,使配对,使一致一致bolte bEult v. 用螺栓连接,用螺栓固定用螺栓连接,用螺栓固定gasket gskit n. 衬垫,垫圈衬垫,垫圈lobe lub n. 圆突,凸起出部圆突,凸起出部withs
17、tand wistnd v. 经得起经得起device divais n. 装置,设备装置,设备ignite ignait v. 点燃,使燃烧点燃,使燃烧insulated insjuleitid a. 绝缘的绝缘的electrode ilektrud n. 电极电极ignition ignin n. 点火,着火点火,着火voltage vultidV n. 电压电压volt vlt n. 伏特伏特internal combustion engine 内燃机内燃机consists of 由由组成组成cylinder block 汽缸体汽缸体cylinder head 汽缸盖汽缸盖 spark
18、plug 火花塞火花塞piston ring 活塞环活塞环oil pan 油底壳油底壳valve spring 气门弹簧气门弹簧overhead cam engine 顶置凸轮轴发动机顶置凸轮轴发动机flat plate 平板平板cam lobe 凸轮凸角凸轮凸角intake and exhaust valve 进排气门进排气门steel alloy 合金钢合金钢valve seat 气门座气门座compression stroke 压缩冲程压缩冲程air-fuel mixture 空气燃油混合气空气燃油混合气by means of 用,凭借用,凭借insulated wire 绝缘线绝缘线i
19、gnition coil 点火线圈点火线圈EXERCISE 21. internal combustion engine 2. 点火线圈点火线圈3. power stroke 4. 进排气门进排气门5. valve seat 6. 空气燃油混合气空气燃油混合气7. cylinder block 8. 压缩冲程压缩冲程9. piston ring 10. 绝缘线绝缘线Engine Construction (II)Piston transforms the energy of the expanding gasses into mechanical energy. transform trnsf
20、:m v. 转换,使转换,使变形变形expanding ikspndi a. 膨胀的膨胀的mechanical energy 机械能机械能They are commonly made of aluminum or cast iron alloys. commonly kmnli ad. 一般,普通,通常一般,普通,通常The piston is a cylindrical shaped hollow part that moves up and down inside the engine cylinder.cylindrical silindrik()l a. 圆柱的圆柱的hollow hl
21、u a. 空的,空腹的,空心的空的,空腹的,空心的Most engine pistons have three rings: the top two are compression rings and the lower ring is oil control ring, compression ring 压环压环oil ring 油环油环and they function as the seal between the piston and the cylinder wall and also act to reduce friction by minimizing the contact
22、area between the piston and the cylinder wall. See figure 2-7.minimize minimaiz v. 将将减到最少减到最少friction frikn n. 摩擦摩擦,摩擦力,摩擦力cylinder wall 汽缸壁汽缸壁 Figure 2-7 In a reciprocating pistion engine, the connecting rod connects the pistion to the crankshaft. reciprocating risiprkeiti a. 往复的,来回的往复的,来回的In moder
23、n internal combustion engines, the connecting rods are most usually made of steel. The small end attaches to the piston pin or wrist pin, which is currently most often press fit into the connecting rod. The big end connects to crankshaft. See figure 2-8. piston pin / wrist pin 活塞销活塞销press fit 压入配合,压
24、配合压入配合,压配合Figure 2-8 Connecting rod and pistonCrankshafts are made of forged steel. forged steel 锻钢锻钢forged iron 锻铁锻铁The crankshaft, held in the engine block, converts the up and down motion of the pistons into a rotary motion. convert knv:t v. 使转变,使使转变,使改变改变rotary rutri a. 旋转的,转动的旋转的,转动的n. 运行的机器运行的
25、机器rotary motion 旋转运动旋转运动It provides the turning motion for the wheels. There are usually three journals in a four cylinder engine. journal dV:nl n. 轴颈轴颈To convert the reciprocating motion into rotation, the crankshaft has crankpins, additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the c
26、rank, to which the “big ends” of the connecting rods attach. rotation rutein n. 旋转,循环旋转,循环crankpin krkpin n. 曲柄梢曲柄梢bearing bri n. 轴承轴承axis ksis n. 轴,轴向轴,轴向offset :fset v. 位移,偏移位移,偏移reciprocating motion 往复运动往复运动The crankshaft has large weights, called counter weights, that balance the weight of the c
27、onnecting rods. counter weights 平衡重平衡重These weights ensure an balance force during the rotation of the moving parts. balance blns n. 平衡平衡v.平衡平衡The crankshaft typically connects to a flywheel, to reduce the vibration caused by the four-stroke cycle. See figure 2-9.vibration vaibrein n. 振动振动four-strok
28、e cycle 四冲程工作循环四冲程工作循环Figure 2-9a Crankshaft with connecting rodFigure 2-9b Crankshaft Assermbly1. crankshaft 2. locking ring 3. ignition distributor drive gear 4. intermediate ring5. crankshaft gear 6. crankshaft bearing 7. key 8. nut 9. connecting rod 10. big end bearing shell 11. small end bushin
29、g 12. spacing sleeveA flywheel is a rotating disc located on one end of the crankshaft and serves three purposes. First, through its inertia, it reduces vibration by smoothing out the power stroke as each cylinder fires. inertia in:j n. 惯性惯性smooth out 弄平(消除)弄平(消除)Second, it is mounting surface used
30、to bolt the engine up to its load. Third, on some diesel flywheel has gear teeth around its perimeter that allow the starting motors to engage and crank the engine. See figure 2-10.perimeter primit n. 周长周长Figure 2-10 FlywheelThe flywheel connected to the crankshaft provides the momentum to keep the
31、crankshaft turning without the application of power, through the energy generated during the power stroke. momentum mumentm n. 动量,冲力,冲量动量,冲力,冲量This energy is also used to drive the crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons during the three idle strokes of the 4-stroke cycle. idle aidl a. 懒惰的,停顿的,(机器)空
32、转懒惰的,停顿的,(机器)空转This makes for a smooth engine speed. The flywheel forms one surface of the clutch and is the base for the ring gear.ring gear 齿圈齿圈Do you wonder what oil pans do? Oil pans are a major engine cooling system parts. cooling ku:li n. 冷却冷却a. 冷却的冷却的They are usually constructed of thin steel
33、 and shaped into a deeper section to fully perform its function. It is also where the oil pump is placed. When an engine is not running or at rest, oil pans collects the oil as it flows down from the sides of the crankcase. In other words, oil pans that are mounted at the bottom of the crankcase ser
34、ve as an oil reservoir. oil reservoir 机油灌机油灌Engine oil is used for the lubrication, cooling, and cleaning of internal combustion engines.lubrication lu:brikein n. 润滑润滑cleaning kli:ni n. 清洁,清洗,净化清洁,清洗,净化transform trnsf:m v. 转换,使转换,使变形变形expanding ikspndi a. 膨胀的膨胀的commonly kmnli ad. 一般,普通,通常一般,普通,通常cyl
35、indrical silindrik()l a. 圆柱的圆柱的hollow hlu a. 空的,空腹的,空心的空的,空腹的,空心的minimize minimaiz v. 将将减到最少减到最少friction frikn n. 摩擦摩擦,摩擦力,摩擦力reciprocating risiprkeiti a. 往复的,来回的往复的,来回的attach tt v. 系上,贴上系上,贴上convert knv:t v. 使转变,使使转变,使改变改变rotary rutri a. 旋转的,转动的旋转的,转动的n. 运行的机器运行的机器rotation rutein n. 旋转,循环旋转,循环journ
36、al dV:nl n. 轴颈轴颈crankpin krkpin n. 曲柄梢曲柄梢bearing bri n. 轴承轴承axis ksis n. 轴,轴向轴,轴向offset :fset v. 位移,偏移位移,偏移balance blns n. 平衡平衡v.平衡平衡vibration vaibrein n. 振动振动inertia in:j n. 惯性惯性perimeter primit n. 周长周长momentum mumentm n. 动量,冲力,冲量动量,冲力,冲量idle aidl a. 懒惰的,停顿的,(机器)空转懒惰的,停顿的,(机器)空转lubrication 7lu:brik
37、ein n. 润滑润滑cooling ku:li n. 冷却冷却a. 冷却的冷却的cleaning kli:ni n. 清洁,清洗,净化清洁,清洗,净化mechanical energy 机械能机械能compression ring 压环压环oil ring 油环油环cylinder wall 汽缸壁汽缸壁piston pin / wrist pin 活塞销活塞销press fit 压入配合,压配合压入配合,压配合forged steel 锻钢锻钢forged iron 锻铁锻铁rotary motion 旋转运动旋转运动smooth out 弄平(消除)弄平(消除)reciprocating
38、 motion 往复运动往复运动counter weights 平衡重平衡重four-stroke cycle 四冲程工作循环四冲程工作循环ring gear 齿圈齿圈oil reservoir 机油灌机油灌Ignition system Starting systemLubricating systemCooling systemFuel systemValve and Valve trainCrankshaft and connecting rod assemblyengineCrankshaft and connecting rod assembly气环油环正时齿轮活塞连杆飞轮曲轴轴瓦减
39、震器和皮带轮Valve and valve train正时皮带轮凸轮轴气门活塞连杆曲轴正时皮带轮张紧轮Fuel SystemStarting systemIgnition SystemLubricating SystemCooling system1.Intake Stroke 2.Compression Stroke 3.Power Stroke 4.Exhaust Stroke English TermsExplanationsChinese1. Valve springMechanism that keeps the valve closed2. DistributorCase that
40、 enables engines ignition3. AlternatorGenerator that enables current in both directions4. FanApparatus that feed oxygen into the engines combustion 5. Water pumpDevice that circulates water through the radiator6. Fan beltPiece of rubber that wraps around the pulleys and turns the cooling fan7. Pulle
41、ySmall wheel with a grooved rim, bitted with a belt, which turns the cooling fan气门弹簧 分电器 交流发电机风扇水泵 风扇皮带 带轮 8. Radiator hoseTreated rubber tube that connects the lines of a combustion engine9. fuel pumpDevice that moves gas from the gas tank to the engine10. fuel lineNetwork of hoses that transport t
42、he gas11. Air filterDevice that removes impurities from air passing through it12. Dip stickInstrument that measures the level of oil in a motor13. Engine blockSet consisting the motor, the clutch and the gearbox14. Cylinder head coverRemovable cover on the upper part of the motor散热器软管 气泵燃油管路空气滤清器机油量尺发动机机体汽缸盖罩盖15. Spa
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