非谓语动词 (2)

1、一二三四五非谓语动词是动词的变体,是为了满足动词作除了谓语之外的其他成分而产生的。从该意义上来说,非谓语动词是动词的升级版本,弥补了动词的先天不足。在语法填空和短文改错题中,这是必考点之一,非常重要。根据非谓语动词的类别及功能,该部分涉及的热点有动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词以及v.-ing等。解决非谓语动词用法的关键是:一、时态:把握非谓语动词和谓语动词的时间关系;二、语态:把握非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的主动或被动关系;三、句式结构:with的复合结构,独立主格结构,独立结构以及使役动词的用法等。一二三四五一、非谓语动词的形式变化一、非谓语动词的形式变化一二三四五二、动词不定式二、动词不定式

2、动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可以充当除去谓语之外的所有句子成分。1.不定式作主语(1)表示具体的某次动作或一件未完成的事或表示目的。如:To lie to your father is wrong.向你父亲撒谎是不对的。(2)it用作形式主语的常见句型:It takes sb.some time to do sth.It is +adj.+for sb.to do sth.(形容词指某事物的特征、特点)It is +adj.+of sb.to do sth.(形容词指人的性格、品德)如:Its important for us to keep the water clean

3、.保持水质清洁对我们来说是很重要的。Its very kind of you to say so.你这样说真是太好了。一二三四五2.不定式作表语(1)表示具体动作,特别是将来的动作或者表示计划、安排、命令、劝告等。主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词,如wish,idea,task,purpose,duty,job等。如:My hope is to become a scientist like Einstein.我的愿望是做一个像爱因斯坦那样的科学家。(2)注意seem,appear的用法。如:They seemed to be eating something when I entered

4、the room.我进入房间时,他们好像在吃东西。(3)be to blame (责备),be to let(出租) 常用主动式表示被动。如:You are to blame.你应该受到责备。一二三四五3.不定式作宾语(1)跟在某些动词之后,简单口诀如下:三个希望两答应:hope/wish/want/agree/promise两个要求莫拒绝:demand/ask/refuse设法学会做决定:manage/learn/decide不要假装在选择:pretend/choose如:They managed to escape from the burning building.他们设法从着火的大楼逃

5、了出去。一二三四五(2)某些动词后接“疑问词+不定式”常见的有:teach,decide,wonder,show,learn,forget,ask,find out,advise,discuss等。如:I dont know whether to answer the letter.我不知道是否要回信。(3)it用作形式宾语来代替不定式的常用句型是:主语+谓语+it(形式宾语)+宾语补足语(形容词或名词)+不定式。常见谓语动词有:consider,regard,suppose,think,believe,make,feel,find,know等。如:They find it difficult

6、 to repay the money.他们发现还这笔钱很困难。We consider it a waste of time and money to go on with the project.我们认为继续进行这个项目既费时又费钱。一二三四五4.不定式作定语(1)不定式可用在名词、代词、序数词、the only和形容词最高级等后面作定语。不定式作定语常表示将来的动作,而现在分词作定语表示正在进行的或主动的动作,过去分词作定语表示的则是完成的或被动的动作。常被不定式修饰的名词有:chance,need,promise,time,opportunity,way等。如:He had no cha

7、nce to go to school before liberation.解放前他没有上学的机会。(2)不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系,如果该不定式是不及物动词,其后应加上必要的介词。如:She is now looking for a room to live in.她现在正在找一所房子来居住。一二三四五(3)如果不定式能与主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,则常用主动式,而不用被动式,否则用被动式。如:Do you have any clothes to be washed?(I will wash them for you.)你有要洗的衣服吗?对比:Do you have any clo

8、thes to wash?(You wash the clothes yourself.)你有衣服要洗吗?5.不定式作状语(1)不定式作目的状语往往是高考命题的重点。为了加以强调,有时可把不定式放在句首,或在其前加上in order或so as。用作目的状语的不定式是一个尚未发生的将来动作。如:In order to arrive before dark,we started early.为了在天黑前到达,我们很早就动身了。一二三四五(2)不定式作原因状语常用在某些表示情感、情绪等的形容词后面,如happy,kind,surprised,frightened,angry,shocked,gla

9、d,delighted,disappointed,sorry等。如:I am so sorry to hear about your failure on business.听到关于你生意失败的事我很遗憾。(3)不定式作结果状语用于so.as to.,such.as to,enough to.,too.to,only to等结构中(其中only to常表示出乎意料的结果)。如:He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out.他匆忙去了售票处,结果被告知所有的票已经卖完了。She

10、 was too excited to say a single word.她太兴奋而说不出话来。一二三四五6.不定式作宾语补足语(1)接带to的不定式作宾语补足语,此类动词(短语)有:advise,allow,ask,cause,command,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,invite,leave,like,mean,oblige,order,permit,persuade,prefer,request,tell,want,warn,wish,call on,depend upon,long for,wait for等。一二三四五(2)接不带

11、to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语)有:make,have,let等使役动词以及see,watch,notice,observe,look at,feel,hear,listen to等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态,则to不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略,也可以保留。如:I wont have you say such things.我可不允许你说这样的话。She was seen to enter the managers office ten minutes ago.十分钟前有人看见她进了经理办公室。注意:使役动词leave和get后的宾语补足语用带to的不定

12、式形式。(3)用在with/without的复合结构中,不定式表示将来的动作。如:With many tough problems to settle,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有很多棘手的问题要解决,这位新当选的总统日子不好过。一二三四五三、三、v.-ing的用法的用法v.-ing具有动词和名词的特点:动词的特点体现在可以有自己的宾语、状语和补足语,有时态和语态的变化;名词的特点体现在可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。1.v.-ing作主语(1)v.-ing作主语可放在句首,谓语动词用单数,通常用来表示抽象动作或反复发生的

13、动作或表示一件已知的事或已有的经验。如:Reading good books makes us happy.读好书使我们快乐。一二三四五(2)it用作形式主语的常见句型:It is no good/no use/useless/worthwhile/fun/a waste of time+v.-ing。如:Its no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。注意:“There is no +v.-ing”表示“不可能,无法做”。如:There is no getting along with him.简直无法同他相处。(3)可以有自己的逻辑主语,当作主语时,其逻辑主语

14、常使用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。如:Toms coming is what we have expected.汤姆的到来在我们的预料之中。His leaving is a great loss.他的离去是一个巨大的损失。一二三四五2.v.-ing作表语v.-ing作表语时,句子主语常是表示无生命事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。作表语的v.-ing与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。如:His favorite sport is swimming.=Swimming is his favorite sport.他最喜欢的运动是游泳。一二三四五3.v.-ing作

15、宾语(1)常见后接v.-ing作宾语的动词(短语)有:consider,suggest/advise,excuse/pardon,admit,delay/put off,fancy,avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice,deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate,forbid,imagine,risk,cant help,mind,allow/permit,escape等。如:David suggested selling your house and car to pay the debt.戴维建议卖掉你的房子和车来抵债。I couldnt risk

16、 missing that train.我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的风险。一二三四五(2)有些动词接不定式或v.-ing作宾语皆可,但是意义区别较大。如:remember to do sth.记住要去做某事remember doing sth.记得曾做过某事forget to do sth.忘记要做某事forget doing sth.忘记做过某事regret to do sth.很抱歉或遗憾地要去做某事regret doing sth.后悔做了某事mean to do sth.打算做,想要去做mean doing sth.意味着一二三四五(3)作介词的宾语,也常用于固定短语和句型中。如:be/g

17、et used to,devote.to.,look forward to,pay attention to,get down to,think of,be proud of,prevent.from.,keep.from.,be engaged in,feel like以及have some difficulty/trouble/problems/fun/pleasure/a good time/a hard time (in).,There is no need/use/harm/hurry (in).等。如:We are thinking of making a new plan for

18、 the next term.我们正考虑为下学期制订一项新的计划。(4)it可作形式宾语,代替v.-ing,句型为:主语+谓语+it(形式宾语)+宾语补足语+v.-ing。宾语补足语只限于少数几个词或短语,如:useless,worthwhile,senseless,fun,no good,no use等。如:I find it useless advising him to change his mind.我发现劝说他改变主意是没有用的。一二三四五(5)v.-ing和不定式作宾语的转化:want,need,require,deserve等动词以物作主语时,其后的宾语用主动式表示被动含义或用不

19、定式的被动式。如:Those young trees need watering/to be watered.那些小树需要浇水了。4.v.-ing作定语只能放在名词前面,说明该名词的性能或用途,不用来表示动作。如:Youd better take some sleeping pills before going to bed.睡觉前你最好服用些安眠药。一二三四五四、分词的用法四、分词的用法分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种,在句中可作状语、定语、表语和补语等。1.分词作状语(1)分词在句中可作时间、原因、结果、条件、方式、伴随状语,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。现在分词表示主动的动作,过去分词

20、表示被动或完成的动作。其中,分词作时间、条件、原因、让步等状语时,可以和状语从句替换。如:Having waited in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.=After he had waited in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.排了半小时的队后,汤姆突然意识到把钱包落在家里了。一二三四五(2)分词作伴随状语时,现在

21、分词表示主动的动作,过去分词表示被动或完成的动作。不能用状语从句替换,但可以改写成并列结构。如:He walked down the hill,singing softly to himself.=He walked down the hill and sang softly to himself.他向山下走去,轻轻地哼着歌。(3)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且往往用于一些系表结构中,表示一种状态,这样的词(短语)有:lost,seated,hidden,stationed (驻扎),lost/absorbed in(沉溺于),dressed in,tired of等,不管它们作什么成分,

22、都不用其现在分词形式。如:Absorbed in his book,he didnt notice me enter the room.=As he was absorbed in his book,he didnt notice me enter the room.因为沉浸在书中,他没有注意到我进了房间。(4)分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致;如果不一致,必须用独立主格结构来表示,即在分词形式前加上它的逻辑主语。如:So many people being absent,we decided to put off the meeting.这么多人缺席,我们决定将会议延期。一

23、二三四五2.分词作定语(1)现在分词的主动式作定语表示某个正在进行的动作或某个经常性的主动动作或状态。现在分词的被动式表示一个时间上正在发生而语态上是被动的动作。如:The flowers smelling sweet in the garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.花园里散发着香味的鲜花吸引着参观者来欣赏自然美景。The question being discussed is important.正在被讨论的这个问题很重要。(2)过去分词作定语表示某个被动的或完成的动作,有时也可以表示一个经常性的被动动作(无时间性)。如:

24、Is this the book written by Henry James?这是亨利詹姆斯写的书吗?He is a teacher respected by all his students.他是位受到学生尊重的老师。一二三四五3.分词作宾语补足语(1)用在感官动词see,observe,notice,watch,hear,smell,listen to,look at,feel,find 或使役动词have,get,leave,keep等后面。现在分词表示正在进行的主动动作,过去分词表示已完成的被动动作。(2)用在with/without的复合结构中。过去分词作宾语补足语表示被动和完成的

25、动作;现在分词表示正在进行的主动动作。如:We found the house easily with the little boy leading the way.在这个小男孩的引领下,我们很容易地找到了这个房子。With all the things she needed bought,she went home happily.她高兴地回家了,带着买的所有她需要的物品。一二三四五4.分词作表语(1)现在分词具有形容词的特征,一般表示主语的性质、特征,常具有“某物或某事令人”的意思。如:The film was moving.这部电影很感人。(2)过去分词多用来描述人或高级动物的心理状态,

26、表示情感、情绪的过去分词常具有“某人感到”的意思。如:They are satisfied with their present job.他们对当前的工作感到满意。一二三四五五、独立结构作状语五、独立结构作状语有些非谓语动词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,可作为习惯用法。这些短语有:generally speaking (总的说来),frankly speaking (坦率地说),judging from (从判断),to be honest(老实说),to be sure (确实),to tell you the truth (说实话),to cut a long story s

27、hort (长话短说),to be frank (坦率地说),to make matters/things worse (更糟糕的是),believe it or not等。另外,given,considering,providing/provided,supposing等可用作连词或介词。.完成句子完成句子(高考真题变式训练高考真题变式训练)1.While waiting for the opportunity to get (promote),Henry did his best to perform his duty.2. (observe) carefully if any chang

28、e occurs when doing experiments in the lab.3.Last night,there were millions of people (watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.4.There are still many problems (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.5.The film star wears sunglasses.Therefore,he can go shopping without (recognize).6.To

29、day there are more airplanes (carry) more people than ever moted Observe watching to be solved being recognized carrying 7. (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Shanghai,Linda appears more mature than those of her age.8.For those with family members far away,the personal computer and the phone are important in staying (connect).9.Children,when (accompany) by their parents,are allowed to enter the stadium.10. (understand) your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your