Summary专项练习

1、Summary项练习1、 Original:Myneighbor'schildrenloveplayinghide-and-seekasallchildrendo,butnooneimaginethatagametheyplayedlastweekwouldbereportedinthelocalnewspaper.Oneafternoon,theywereplayinginthevacantlotdownthecorner.YoungPaul,whoisonlyfiveyearsold,foundtheperfectplacetohide.Hissister,Natalie,hads

2、huthereyesandwascountingtotenwhenPaulnoticedthestoragemailboxatthecornerandsawthatthemetaldoorwasstandingopen.Themailmanhadjusttakenoutseveralsacksofmailandhadcarriedthemtohistruckwhichwasstandingatthecurbafewfeetaway.Paulclimbedintothestorageboxandpulledthedoorclosedsohardthatitlocked.Soonrealizing

3、whathehaddone,hebecamefrightenedandstartedcrying.Meanwhile,Nataliewaslookingforhimeverywherebutcouldnotfindhim.Itwasluckythatshehappenedtopauseatthecornerforaminuteandheardherbrother'scries.Sheimmediatelyrantotellthemailmanwhohurriedbackfromhistrucktounlockthemetaldoor.Paulwasnowfree,buthehadhad

4、suchabadscarethathecouldnotstopcrying.Themailman,however,soonfoundawayofmakinghimlaughagain.Hetoldhimthatthenexttimehewantedtohideinamailbox,heshouldremembertoputastamponhimself!Summary:Thechildrenwereplayinghide-and-seekinavacantlotoneafternoon.Findingthatthestoragemailboxhadbeenleftopen,Paulhidand

5、lockedhimselfinitaccidentally.Hissister,Natalie,heardhiscriesandrealizedwherehewashiding,sosheimmediatelytoldthemailmantounlockthemetaldoor.Afterlettinghimout,themailmanmadehimstopcryingbytellinghimtoputastamponhimselfthenexthewantedtohideinamailbox.2、 Original:Whydosomeanimalsdieout?Inthepasttwohun

6、dredyearspeoplehavecausedmanykindsofanimalstodieout-tobecomeextinct.Peoplekeepbuildinghousesandfactoriesinfieldsandwoods.Astheyspreadovertheland,theydestroyanimals'homes.Iftheanimalscan'tfindaplacetolive,theydieout.SixteenkindsofHawaiianbirdshavebecomeextinctforthisreason.Otheranimals,suchas

7、theFloridaKeydeer,maysoondieoutbecausetheyarelosingtheirhomes.Huntershavecausedsomeanimalstobecomeextinct,too.Inthelastcentury,hunterskilledallthepassengerpigeonsinNorthAmericaandmostofthebuffalos.Todaytheyarefastkillingoffhawksandwolves.Pollutioniskillingmanyanimalstoday,too.Asriversbecomepolluted,

8、fisharepoisoned.Manydie.Birdsthateatthepoisonedfishcan'tlaystrong,healthyeggs.Newbirdsarentborn.Sofaanimalshavebecomeextinctbecauseofpollution.Butsome,suchasthebaldeagleandthebrownpelican,havebecomerareandmaydieout.Scientiststhinkthatsomeanimalsbecomeextinctbecauseofchangesinclimate.Theplaceswhe

9、retheylivebecomehotterorcooler,drierorwetter.Thefoodthattheyeatcannotgrowthereanymore.Iftheanimalscan'tlearntoeatsomethingelse,theydie.Dinosaursmayhavediedoutforthisreason.Summary:Inthepasttwohundredyears,manykindsofanimalshavediedout.Thereareseveralreasonsforit.First,peoplekeepbuildinghousesand

10、factoriesinfieldsandwoods,whichdestroysanimals'homes.Then,hunters'killinghasalsocausedsomeanimalstobecomeextinct.Besides,someanimalsaren'tabletobearstrongoffspringandnordotheyhaveenoughfoodtoeatbecauseofpollutionandclimaticchanges.三、Original:OfallthegamesheldthroughoutGreece,thosestageda

11、tOlympiainhonorofZeusarethemostfamous.TheGames,likeallGreekgames,wereanintrinsicpartofareligiousfestival.HeldeveryfouryearsbetweenAugust6andSeptember19,theyoccupiedsuchanimportantplaceinGreeklifethattimewasmeasuredbytheintervalbetweenthemanOlympiad.AlthoughthefirstOlympicchampionlistedintherecordswa

12、soneCoroebusofElis,acook,whowonthesprintracein776BC,itisgenerallyacceptedthattheGameswereprobablyatleast500yearsoldatthattime.Accordingtoonelegend,theywerefoundedbyHeracles,sonofAlcmene.TheGameswereheldatOlympiainthecity-stateofElis,onatrackabout32meters(35yards)wide.Theracinglengthwasonestade,adist

13、anceofabout192meters(210yards)whichwasonelengthofthetrack.Atthemeetingin776BC,therewasapparentlyonlyoneevent,thestade,butothereventswereaddedovertheensuingdecades.In724BCatwo-lengthrace,diaulos,roughlysimilartothe400-meterrace,wasincludedandfouryearslater,thedolichos,along-distanceracepossiblytobeco

14、mparedtothemodern1500-oreven5000-meterevent,wasadded.wrestingandthepentathlonwereintroducedin708BC.Thelatterwasanall-aroundcompetitionconsistingoffiveevents-thelongjump,javelinthrow,discusthrow,footrace,andwresting.Boxingwasintroducedin688BC,andin680achariotrace.In648,thepancratium,akindofall-streng

15、th,orno-hold-barred,wrestingwasincluded.Kickingandhittingwereallowed;onlybitingandgouging(thrustingafingerotthumbintoanopponentesye)wereforbidden.Between632and616BC,eventsforboyswereintroduced.Andfromtimetotime,furthereventswereaddedincludingcontestsforfullyarmedsoldiers,forheralds,andfortrumpeters.

16、TheprogrammusthavebeenasvariedasthatofthemodernOlympics,althoughtheathletics(trackandfield)eventswerelimited:therewasnohighjumpinginanyformandnoindividualfieldevent,exceptinthepentathlon.Untilthe77thOlympiad(472BC)alloftheconteststookplaceononeday;latertheywerespread,with,perhaps,somefluctuations,ov

17、erfourdays,withafifthdevotedtotheclosingceremonypresentationofprizesandabanquetforthechampions.Sourcesgenerallyagreethatwomenwerenotallowedascompetitorsor,exceptforthepriestessofDemeter,asspectators.Inmostevents,theathletesparticipatedinthenude.TheOlympicGameswereoriginallyrestrictedtofree-bornGreek

18、s.Thecompetitors,includingthosewhocamefromtheGreekcolonies,wereamateurinthesensethattheonlyprizewasawreathorgarland.Theathletesunderwentamostrigorousofsupervisedtraining,however,andeventually,thecontestantsweretrueprofessionals.Notonlyweretheresubstantialprizesforwinning,buttheOlympicchampionalsorec

19、eivedadulationandunlimitedbenefitsfromhiscity.Athletesbecamefulltimespecialists-atrendthatinthemoderngameshascausedalongandbittercontroversyoveramateurism.Summary:Inthisarticle,theauthorexplainsthehistoryofsomeoftheearliestrecordOlympicGamesheldinGreece.ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheseGamesstartedarou

20、nd1276BCalthoughthefirstchampionwasrecordedin776BC.InthefirstGamestherewasonlyoneevent,howeverastimewenton,differenteventswereadded.Longerdistancerunningraceswerefirstaddedandthenothereventslikewrestingandthepentathlon.Theyevenaddedeventsspeciallyforboysandarmedsoldiers.OriginallytheGameswereplayedo

21、nonedaybutthischangedtofivedays.AnotheraspectoftheGameswasthatwomenwerenotallowedascompetitorsorspectators.ThecompetitorswerealsorestrictedtoGreekswhowerenotprofessionals.However,atrendstartedwhereathletesbecamefull-timespecialistswhichahscausedalotofcontroversy.四、Original:Athirdkindofthinkingisstim

22、ulatedwhenanyonequestionsourbeliefsandopinions.Wesometimesfindourselveschangingourmindswithoutanyresistanceorheavyemotion,butifwearetoldthatwearewrongweresenttheimputationandhardenourhearts.Weareincrediblyheedlessintheformationofourbeliefs,butfindourselvesfilledwithanillicitpassionforthemwhenanyonep

23、roposestorobusoftheircompanionship.Itisobviouslynottheideathemselvesthataredeartous,butourself-esteem,whichisthreatened.Wemaysurrender,butrarelyconfessourselvesvanquished.Intheintellectualworldatleast,peaceiswithoutvictory.Fewofustakethepainstostudytheoriginofourcherishedconvictions;indeed,wehaveana

24、turalrepugnancetosodoing.Weliketocontinuetobelievewhatwehavebeenaccustomedtoacceptastrue,andtheresentmentarousedwhendoubtiscastuponanyofourassumptionsleadsusseekeverymannerofexcuseforclingingtothem.Theresultisthatmostofourso-calledreasoningconsistsinfindingargumentsforgoingonbelievingaswealreadydo.S

25、ummary:Athirdkindofthinkingoccurswhenwearetoldthatourbeliefsandopinionsarewrong.Wemayhavebeenheedlessintheirformation,butourself-esteemwillnotpermitustochange.Wemayhavetogiveup,butwearenotconvinced.Wedonotstudytheoriginofourbeliefs;webelieveaswehavebeenaccustomedtobelieve,andweseekargumentsforcontin

26、uingtobelieveaswealreadydo.下面上一篇进阶练习：ChildrenMustbeTaughttoTellRightfromWrongbyWilliamKilpatrickManyoftodayysoungpeoplehaveadifficulttimeseeinganymoraldimension（道德层面）totheiractions.Thereareanumberofreasonswhythatstrue,butnonmoreprominentthanafailedsystemofeducationthateschews（回避）teachingchildrenthet

27、raditionalmoralvaluesthatbindAmericanstogetherasasocietyandaculture.Thatfailedapproach,called-ma“kindge,c”isiownasintroducedinschools25yearsago.Ittellschildrentodecideforthemselveswhatisrightandwhatiswrong.Itreplaced“charactereducatiOn（!t育）"Charactereducationdidn'taskchildrentoreinventthemo

28、ralwheel（浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准）;instead,itencouragedthemtopracticehabitsofcourage,justiceandself-control.Inthe1940s,whenacharactereducationapproachprevailed,teachersworriedaboutstudentschewinggum;todaytheyworryaboutrobberyandrape.Decision-makingcurriculumsposethorny（棘手的）ethicaldilemmastostudents,leaving

29、themwiththeimpressionthatallmoralityisproblematicandthatallquestionsofrightandwrongareindispute.Youngstersareforcedtoquestionvaluesandvirtuestheyvneeveracquiredinthefirstplaceoruponwhichtheyhaveonlyatenuous（薄弱的）hold.Theassumptionbehindthismethodisthatstudentswillarriveatgoodmoralconclusionsifonlythe

30、yaregiventhechance.Buttheactualresultismoralconfusion.Forexample,arecentnationalstudyof1,700sixth-toninth-gradersrevealedthatamajorityofboysconsideredrapetobeacceptableundercertainconditions.Astoundingly,manyofthegirlsagreed.Thiskindofmoralilliteracyisfurtherencouragedbyvalues-education（价值观教育）progra

31、msthatarelittlemorethancoursesinself-esteem（自尊）.Theseprogramsarebasedonthequestionableassumptionthatachildwhofeelsgoodabouthimselforherselfwontwanttodoanythingwrong.Butitisjustasreasonabletomakeanoppositeassumption:namely,thatachildwhohasuncriticalself-regardwillconcludethatheorshecantdoanbyatdh.ing

32、Suchnaiveself-acceptanceresultsinlargepartfromthenon-directive（i指导性的），non-judgmental（无是非观的）,as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choicesmentality（思想）thathaspervaded（渗透）publiceducationforthelasttwoandone-half decades. Many of today s drug education, sex education and-veadluuceasttioncoursesareba

33、sedonthesame1960sphilosophythathelpedfueltheexplosioninteendruguseandsexualactivityinthefirstplace.Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with（胡乱摆弄） outdatedgfeoeolld”approaches,NewYork,Washington,andLosAngelesareburning.Youngstersareleavingschoolbelievingthatmattersofrightandwrongarealwaysme

34、relysubjective.Ifyoupassastrangeronthestreetanddecidetomurderhimbecauseyouneedmoneyifitfeelsrightyougowiththatfeeling.Clearly,murderisnottaughtinourschools,butsuchaconclusionjustaboutanyconclusioncanbereachedandjustifiedusingthedecision-makingmethod.Itistimetoconsign（寄出）thefads（风尚）of“decisio-nmaking

35、”and“no-njudgmentalism”totheashheapoffailedpolicies,andreturntoaprovedmethod.Charactereducationprovidesamuchmorerealisticapproachtomoralformation.Itisbuiltonanunderstandingthatwelearnmoralitynotbydebatingitbutbypracticingit.（约3000字）SampleSummaryof“ChildrenMustbeTaughttoTellRightfromWrong”Inhisessay“ChildrenMustbeTaughttoTellRightfromWron