文学导论知识点

1、文学导论知识点poetry（一）Elements of PoetryRhyme (Rime)Rhyme is the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds 1. Single or Masculine rhyme单（阳）韵-rhyming sounds involve only one syllable. . cold, bold; thing, king; day, way or Feminine rhyme双叠（阴）韵-rhyming sounds involve two or more sylla

2、bles. . begin, again； flatter, matter; 3. Triple rhyme三叠韵-a kind of feminine rhyme in which identical stressed vowel sounds are followed by two identical unstressed syllables. . machinery, scenery; tenderly, slenderly; spitefully, delightfully; remember, September4. Internal rhyme（行内韵）-at least one

3、of the rhyming words are within the line. . “Each narrow cell in which we dwell”; “the grains beyond age, the dark veins of her mother”5. End rhyme(or Terminal rhyme)（行尾韵）-the both rhyming words occur at the ends of lines. (The commonest and most consciously sought-after sound repetition in English

4、poetry.) . Under my window, a clean rasping sound When the spade sinks into gravelly ground. Let us roll all our strength, and all Our Sweetness, up into one ball.6. Beginning Rhyme行首词韵-rhyme that occurs in the first syllable or syllables of successive lines. .Why should I have returned?My knowledge

5、 would not fit into theirs.I found untouched the desert of the unknown.7. Interlaced or Crossed Rhyme交错韵-Words in the middle of each line rhyme. It occurs in long couplets, especially the hexameter. .Laurel is green for a season, and love is sweet for a day,But love grows bitter with treason, and la

6、urel outlives not May. or Exact rhyme（全韵）-differing consonant sounds are followed by identical stressed vowel sounds, and the following sounds are identical. . foe, toe; meet, fleet; buffer, rougher; fix, sticks; 9 .Half rhyme or off rhyme, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, slant rhyme)（斜韵）-the feminine rh

7、ymes that do not rhyme completely. .frightful, slightly; yellow, pillow；mirth, forth；trolley, bully rhyme（视觉韵）-formed by words that look alike a rhymed unit but do not have the same sounds. . cough, bough； home, some; hear, bear11. Approximate rhymesAlliteration头韵-repetition of initial sounds. . all

8、 the awful auguries. Bring me my bow of burning gold; more often defined as the repetition of consonants. . after lifes fitful fever（二）Rhyme scheme（押韵格式）-the pattern of alternating end rhymes in a stanza or poem. In analysis of a rhyme scheme, each rhyme is represented by a small letter. . Love is a

9、 sickness full of woes, (a)All remedies refusing; (b)A plant that with most cutting grows (a)Most barren with best using. (b)Why so (c)（三）Stanza-a group of lines of verse forming one of the units or divisions of a poem. （It is usually recurrent, characterized by a regular pattern, with respect to or

10、 under determination of, the number of lines, and arrangement of meter of rhyme.）Common stanza forms include the couplet, the triplet, and the quatrain Couplet-two successive rhyming lines:For thy sweet love remembred such wealth bringsThat then I scorn to change my state with kings.（The couplet is

11、one of the main verse units in Western literature, and is a form of great antiquity. Chaucer was one of the first English poets to use it and its generally thought that Chaucer developed the form.）Triplet-a stanza of three lines; an individual poem of three lines. E. g.When as in silks my Julia goes

12、Then, then (methinks) how sweetly flowsThat liquefaction of her clothes.Next, when I cast mine eyes and seeThat brave vibration each way free;O how that glittering taketh me!Quatrain -a stanza or an individual poem of four lines rhymed or unrhymed. It occurs as the commonest of all stanzaic forms in

13、 Eastern and Western poetries, and lends itself to wide variation in meter and rhyme. .I envy not in any moodsThe captive void of noble rage, The linnet born within the cageThat never knew the summer woods;I envy not the beast that takesHis license in the field of time, unfettered by the sense of cr

14、ime,To whom a conscience never wakes. Other Stanzaic forms：Quintain-a stanza or an individual poem of 5 lines.Sexain, or sixain, sextain, hexastich/heksstik/ -a stanza of 6 linesHeptastich/heptstik/ -a stanza or an individual poem of 7 lines.Sonnet-a 14-line poem./（四）Metrical RhythmAccents and pause

15、sIn poetry, the end of a line of verse is itself a mark of punctuation.If the last word of a line is followed by no punctuation and is part of a continuing grammatical unit like a prepositional phrase, we call the line run-on, or enjambed. （跨行连续） . so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with

16、 rain water beside the white chickens. (William Carlos Williams)Metrical Rhythm Meter (韵律，格律)-derived from the Greek word “metron” meaning “measure”. Refers to the regular pattern of stressed (marked as O or /) and unstressed syllables (marked as o or ; u; x etc.). E. g. morning O o (or: / ) verbali

17、ze O o o (or: / ) tomorrow o O o (or: / ) again o O (or: /)Metrical Rhythm Names for Meters:1. Iamb /aiæmb/(Iambic /aiæmbik/ adj.): an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. 抑扬格（英）；短长格 （西、拉） o O ( /) (da-dum)E. g. again o O (or: /)Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou ar

18、t more lovely and more temperateo O o O o O o O o OShall I compare thee to a summers day o O o O o O o O o OThou art more lovely and more temperate. 2. Trochee /truki:/(trochaic /trukeiik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable. 扬抑格（英）；长短格（西、拉）O o (/ )(dum-da)E. g. morning O o

19、 (or: / )Tiger! Tiger! burning bright In the forests of the night.O o O o O o OTiger! Tiger! burning bright O o O o O o O In the forests of the night.OR: / / / /Tiger! Tiger! burning bright / / / / In the forests of the night.3. Anapest or Anapaest/ænpi:st/ (Anapestic or Anapaestic /ænpi:s

20、tik/ adj.): two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable抑抑扬格（英）；短短长格（西、拉）. o o O ( /) (da-da-dum)E. g. beneficial the old inn and the lights, and the fire And the fiddlers old tune and the shuffling of feeto o O o o O o o O the old inn and the lights, and the fire o o O o o O o o O o o O

21、And the fiddlers old tune and the shuffling of feet4. Dactyl /dæktil/(Dactylic /dæktilik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.扬抑抑格；长短短格 O o o (/ )E. g. verbalize O o o (/ )O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left us, O o o O o o O o o O Just for

22、 a riband to stick in his coat 5. syllables.扬抑抑格；长短短格 O o o (/ )E. g. verbalize O o o (/ ) O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left us, O o o O o o O o o O Just for a riband to stick in his coat 6. Spondee /spndi:/(Spondaic /spndeiik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by another s

23、tressed syllable. 扬扬格O O (/ /) most often used as a substitute for an iamb or trocheeE. g. Smart lad, to slip betimes away O O o O o O o O（五）Foot诗的音步-A unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllables is called a foot. Names for feet:¨ Monometer/mnmit(r)/ : one foot 单音步诗行 ¨ Dimete

24、r/dimit(r)/ : two feet 二音步诗行；二步格诗行¨ Trimeter/trimit(r)/ : three feet 三音步诗行 ¨ Tetrameter/tetræmit(r)/ : four feetPentameter/pentæmit(r)/ : five feet ¨ Hexameter/heksæmit(r)/ : six feet¨ Heptameter/heptæmit(r)/ : seven feet ¨ Octameter/ktæmit(r)/ : eig

25、ht feet¨ Nonameter/nnæmit(r) : nine feet( lines containing more than seven feet do not often occur in English verse)Illustrations of metrical rhythms: iambic pentameter o O o O o O o O o OShall I compare thee to a summers day? o O o O o O o O o OThou art more lovely and more temperate. o O

26、 o O o O o O o O Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, o O o O o O o O o O And summers lease hath all too short a date:Two terms marking the metrical pattern and rhyme scheme of a poem:¨ Scansion（音律分析：将诗行分成音步，标出重音位置，算出音节）-to mark the stressed and unstressed syllables and rhyme scheme is

27、 to scan. ¨ Caesura/si:zjur/(诗行中根据意思而作的）主要停顿 - a pause in a line of verse dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather than by metrics is called caesura, which is often marked with “”Illustration of caesurae:Mean while, declining from the noon of dayThe sun obliquely shoots his burning ray

28、;The hungry judges soon the sentence signAnd wretches hang that jurymen may dine Kinds of Poetry1. Ballad 2. Lyric Poem Verse VerseNarrative Poem （叙事诗）:A. If a poem mainly tells a relatively complete story, it is called a narrative poem. B. widespread in many literatures and continue to be written a

29、nd read.Epic （史诗）:a) one of the ancient types of poetry.b) plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilizationc) long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about heroes who are usually warriors or even demigodsd) deals with noble characters and heroic deedse)

30、incorporates myth, legend and folk talef) reflects national history, thus more cultural than literarySonnet（十四行诗）:a) one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe-popular in Renaissance Italy, and thereafter in Spain, Portugal and other European countries.b) German and Engli

31、sh Romantics revived the form, which remains popular.c) a lyric invariably of 14 lines, usually in iambic /ai æmbik/ pentameter /pen' tæmit/ , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.Sonnet: there are three prominent types of sonnet, all named after their founders or perfecters1) Shakesp

32、earean Sonnet莎士比亚体十四行诗 ¨ also called Elizabethan sonnet or English sonnet. ¨ structured of three quatrains and a terminal couplet ¨ in iambic pentameter ¨ with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg.2) Petrarchan Sonnet彼特拉克体十四行诗 ¨ also called Italian sonnet-originated in Italy

33、in the 13th century. ¨ consummated by Francesco Petrarch, a crowned laureate ¨ contains an octave/ktiv/（意大利十四行诗的前八行）with the rhyme pattern abbaabba and a sestet/sestet/（十四行诗的最后六行） of various rhyme patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd3) Spenserian Sonnet斯宾塞体十四行诗 ¨ is considered by some a

34、variation of Shakespearean sonnet. ¨ comprises three quatrains and a couplet ¨ in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee. ¨ some poets write sonnets on a single subject or under one controlling idea and thus create a sonnet sequence or sonnet cycle(六)Elements of Poe

35、try-Tone1) the poise, mood, voice, attitude and outlook of the poet2) the speaker or the poets attitude toward his subject, his audience or even himself. 3) personality reflected4) discussed usually in ordinary vocabulary. . cold, eager, uncertain, boastful, protesting, indifferent, positive, optimi

36、sticy Judged by synthetic analysis of all the elements involved in the poem (imagery, metaphor, understatement, etc), especially its diction and sentence patterns Elements of Poetry-Image1) a word picture to evoke sense impressions in the readers mind2) representation of sense experience through lan

37、guage3) the soul of poetry as language is the body of poetry4) One image is frequently the result of the cooperation of the several senses and sometimes can be rather abstract. . fresh air-cooperation; death/coffin-abstract 5) imagery6) All the images formed into a meaningful whole in a poemFunction

38、s of imagery:1. to create the atmosphere2. to provide an internal pattern3. focus the theme of the poemElements of Poetry-Themecontrolling idea or its central insightA novel: thought-provokingA poem: emotion-arousing.Elements of Poetry-Poetic Devices（1）Simile: a comparison of two things, indicated b

39、y some connective, usually like, as, than or a verb such as resembles.Your fingers are like mine. Your fingers are like sausages. O my Loves like a red, red rose,Thats newly sprung in JuneO my Loves like the melodieThats sweetly played in tune. （2）Metaphor: a statement that one thing is something el

40、se, which, in a literal sense, it is not. Your fingers are sausages. Oh, my love is a red, red rose. Oh, my love has red petals and sharp thorns. Oh, I placed my love into a long-stem vase And I bandaged my bleeding thumb.（3）Conceit: originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “a fan

41、ciful idea”. It is a metaphor or simile that is made elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant. . two lovers souls are compared to the legs of the compasses.（4）Personification: a figure of speech in which a thing, an animal, or an abstract term . truth, nature) is made human. . The Wind by James St

42、ephensThe wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his hand.And said hed kill and kill and kill, And so he will and so he will.（5）the pun: often subjected to abuse as a “low” form of wit, the pun is essentially a kind

43、of metaphor that can be used lightly and facetiously or for more serious purposes. . Customer: Do you serve crab here? Waiter: Yes Sir, we serve everyone!（6）apostrophe: a way of addressing someone or something invisible or not ordinarily spoken to. Such as an inanimate object (spade!), some dead or

44、absent person (Milton!), an abstract thing( Return, delights!) , or a spirit (soul). A poet uses apostrophe to announce a lofty and serious tone, giving life to the inanimate and giving life to the intangible (a way of speaking to it person to person). . Death, aint you got no shame?（7）metonymy(换喻，转喻): the name of a thing is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. . the White House decided.（8）synecdoche(提喻): a kind of metonymy, is the u