文体学中的变异

1、文体学中的变异n 变异说：Style is deviation from the norm.n 实现层（语音层）语音变异 （书写层）书写变异n 形式层（词汇层）词汇变异，方言变异，语域变异，历史时代变异 （语法层）语法变异，语域变异， n 语义层语义变异，语用变异，语篇变异n 1、Phonological deviationn 诗歌语言中的非重读音节的省略（elision 元音省略，aphesis 首字母省略，apocope 尾音消失）或者添加的现象（expansion）.n And heavily from woe to woe tell oer _Shakespeare elisionn

2、But came the waves and washed it away _Spenser expansionn Baluster, bastard, July. 词的重音位置转移，属于语音变异n Omission 1) Aphesis the omission of an initial part of a wordn 2)Syncope the omission of a medial part of a wordn 3)mispronunciation and sub-standard pronunciation special pronunciation: rhyming 词的读音为

3、了押韵发生变化 wind读成动词的读音waindn 2、Graphological deviationn 一种是指发音的变异在书写上的体现，另一种是指在排版、斜体、粗体、大写、标点及打印等方面的变异。n 误拼词 We know eggsactly how to sell eggs. Easier Dusting by a stre-e-tch. n Seeker of truthn Follow no pathn All path lead whereTruth is here没有标点如逗号和大小写，并且在排列上最后一句与前面有一空行。3、Lexical deviationLexical de

4、viation in literature refers almost exclusively to neologisms or the coinage of new words. (1) 新造词（neologism） bionics 仿生学 skateboard 滑板 mobile phone 手机 e-commerce 电子商务 弥尔顿的pandemonium 魔窟 莎士比亚的bare-faced 无耻的 (2) 临时造词（nonce formation)n In coining new words, it may be said that the literary writer is n

5、ot so much breaking rules of word-formation as extending the rules. n In the coinage of new words, the literary writer usually extends three major rules of word-formation: affixation, compounding and conversion. n Affixationn Affixation is the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which already

6、exists in the language. The following lines contain some typical examples of words coined by extension of this rule:n (1)There was a balconyful of gentlemen. (Chesterton)n (2) We left the town refreshed and rehatted . (Fotherhill)n 后缀- ful 经常与bowl ,basket ,spoon 等表示容器的名词连用,表示“满. 的”,此处与balcony 连用,生动形

7、象地描绘出“阳台好像容器一样挤满了人”这样一幅画面。英语是形合型语言,对词汇的形态变化有严格的要求,为了使表达更形象生动,直接在名词后添加形容词词尾,使描述更具物象感,也起到了填补词汇缺项的作用。（3）It is easier to marry than unmarry. Jack London这一句中的unmarry 是根据marry创造出来的，意思是divorce,但作者没有用divorce,却用了临时词unmarry,这不仅与marry 押韵，而且生的地说明了在作者所处的时代离婚是一件非常困难的事，修辞效果不言而喻。. “ the widow-making unchilding unfa

8、thering deeps” (英国十九世纪诗人霍普金斯描写大海的诗)n widow-making：大海吞噬了妻子的丈夫；n unchilding：夺去了老人们的孩子；n unfathering：葬送了孩子们的父亲n (4) The orangemostest drink in the world.n orange 一词后面连续用了两个最高级词缀most 和est ,给人以深刻的印象。广告商为了体现广告语言的表意功能,使用词汇变异手段来实现广告的注意、兴趣和记忆的语用目的。n Compoundingn Compounding is the combination of two or more

9、items to make a single compound one. Consider the following examples:n (1) They were else-minded then, altogether, the men. (G. M. Hopkins)n (2) They lowed about her whom he knew, dewsilky cattle. . (James Joyce: Ulysses)n 这是小说尤利西斯中描写一群奶牛的语句。在这里，乔伊斯巧妙地将dew和 silky组合在一起，形成了一个新奇而又自然的复合词 dewsilky,简洁生动地为

10、读者传达了“露水”和“丝绸般光亮”这两个意象,形象地描绘出清晨奶牛身有耳目一新的感觉。n （3）the wagon beginning to fall into its slow and mileconsuming clatter. -William Faulnern (4) To lighten the burden of womankind.（5）They my-loved and my-deared each other. - William Thackerayn 作者创造了mileconsuming 是根据time-consuming 这个词生造出来的，形象地表达大篷车费时费力又走不远

11、的情形。my-loved ， my-deared两个临时用的复合动词，句子即变得妙趣横生。n Conversion Conversion, which is often described as zero affixation, is the adaptation of an item to a new grammatical function without changing its form. (1) Dont be such a harsh parent, father! Dont father me! (H. G. Wells)n (2) My mother and father to

12、ted the luggage from car to cottage , exclaiming over how well the place had wintered , no broken windows n winter 通常作名词使用, 此处则将它们用作动词, winter 意为“经受了冬天的考验”。n (3)The coffee-er coffee.n 此广告把名词coffee当形容词用，别出心裁地使之有了比较级形式“coffee-er”，用以表达“咖啡千杯好，此品味更浓”的意思。n (4) A world of made is not a world of born.n 创造的世

13、界并非是原生的世界。 （动词转名词）n 卡明斯这句诗意在把物化的文明世界与原始的世界进行对比，表达了他对文明世界的一些创造物如摧残人性的机器的真实感觉。n (5) Fainter, dimmer, stiller, each moment, now night.n 愈近黄昏，暗越暗，静越静，每刻每分，已入夜境。n “night”这儿用作动词使这首小诗意蕴深远，在读者面前展现了一幅夜暮时分，万籁寂静，万物沉寂的恬淡的画面。n 如在雅虎网站的一则广告语 “Do you Yahoo ”n “Yahoo”一词就被前景化或凸显(foregrounded) ,因为此词的词性发生了偏离。n 再如一则宣传食用

14、油的广告:n “馋在眼里,香在心里”n 用了非常规的词语搭配,从而勾起了人的无限联想和欲望。n 谐音造词法n 英语中有时利用一些发音相同或相近的字母或字母组合互相替代,来临时创造一些词语,用以表达原词所无法表达的含义。比如,一则低价销售冬装的广告为:n GoodBuy Winter ! 100 % Cotton Knit wear 49. 95n . Britainnia Rues the Waves 这是一篇文章的标题,诙谐模仿英国海军进行曲中歌词Britannia Rules the Waves 所产生的变异效果,将“rule”调换成“rue”,意思从“统领”转为“懊悔、叹息”。这样的标题

15、有吸引力,耐人寻味。n 另一方面，如果新造的词汇在形式上背离常规，那么往往能产生奇特的艺术效果，可令读者体会到一种全新的、陌生的、甚至是扭曲的美。n 例: It soared, a bird, it held its flight, a swift pure cryof the high vast irradiation every where all soaring all around about the all, the endlessnessnessnessnessn (James Joyce: Ulysses)n ，“endlessnessnessness”一词是作者利用英语后缀的习

16、惯新造的词。“ness”的四次重复似乎能产生一种听觉上的艺术效果，让读者也感受到歌声的美妙悠扬，余音缭绕，回味无穷。同时，读者似乎也能切身体会到布鲁姆那虚无缥缈的精神世界以及他在优美歌声中浮想联翩的心理状态。n . Dont dear me. n have a lovely wife.n -She is a workholic.n 4、Dialectal deviationn 方言包括社会方言（跟职业、城乡、阶级等的差别相关）和地方方言。英国小说家劳伦斯和艾米丽勃朗特等都时常使用一些地方方言，对刻画人物起到了非常不错的效果。n 5、Deviation of historical periodn

17、 作家有时会用古语(archaism) 来取得一定的效果，这就是历史时代变异。古英语和现代英语交替出现，隐含着诗人古今循环，今古合一的时间观念。n 6、Grammatical deviationn 语法变异主要有表层结构(surface structure) 的变异 和深层结构(deep structure) 的变异。n 表层变异可以是某一常规语法形式反复使用，达到非常规的程度。n Our hearts charitys hearths fire, our thoughts chivalrys throngs Lord _Hopkins The wreck of Deutschland 所有格

18、形式的反复使用n Lord of living and dead; n Thou hast bound bones and veins in me, fastened me freshn 把me和flesh 看作是fastened的双宾语，意思是fastened flesh for me，就像 cook me dinner一样， n 深层的语法变异体现在语义层面，Dylan Thomas a grief ago 中的 。 不是一个可数名词，也不能表示时间，用在这里表现了诗人经历了很多的悲伤，因而时间是以悲伤来度量的。n 7、Deviation of registern 语域是根据语言使用者在运

19、用语言时所要求完成的功能来定义的，例如电视体育评论，牧师的布道，竞选时的演讲都可以说是语域，语域变异即可以体现在词汇方面，也可以体现在句法方面。n Today we have naming of parts. Yesterday,n We had daily cleaning. And to-morrow morning,n We shall have what to do after firing. But today,n Today we have naming of parts. Japonican Glistens like coral in all of the neighbouri

20、ng gardons,n And today we have naming of parts. _Henry Reed “Integration” n 军事的语言与诗歌的语言结合在一起，形成强烈的反讽，惟妙惟肖刻画出士兵厌战的心理状态。n 8、Semantic Deviationn Semantic deviation belongs to deep-structure deviation , which may be defined as linguistic effects involving something odd in the cognitive meaning of a cert

21、ain linguistic unit, ., a word or phrase (Leech, 1969: 131). . The child is the father of the man 从孩子现在的表现可以预见他成人后的情况。n . More haste, less speed. (欲速则不达)n Figures of speech usually used in semantic deviation are: Oxymoron, Paradox, Irony.n (1) Oxymoron 矛盾修辞法n Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which

22、apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce an epigrammatic effect. . a wise fool，idiotic wisdom ，cruel kindness ，victorious defeat crowded solitude，bitterly happy，tearful joy, proud humility, loving hate n . He passed an existence of competitive tranquility. . Parting is such a sweet sor

23、row.n . Can enemies become mortal friends?n . He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.n . (New York) has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleas

24、ures of any town I ever saw. n 这座城市（指纽约）里有心里最空虚的百万富翁，人格最渺小的伟人，最目空一切的草包，最使人瞧不上眼的美女，最卑鄙龌龊的摩天大楼，和最令人悲哀的娱乐。比我所见到过的任何城市都有过之而无不及。（2） Paradox 隽语n Paradox is a Greek word meaning contrary to expectation, apparently absurd or a self-contradictory statement. In rhetoric, paradox is a statement that appears to

25、 be logically contradictory, apparently absurd or self-contradictory and yet may be true. Its purpose is to provoke fresh thought.n . Failure is the mother of success. The more you give, the more you have. 多施多得n This suspense is terrible. I hope it will last. Cheapest is the dearest.n . Everybodys b

26、usiness is nobodys business.n Juliet: My only love sprung from my only haten Too early seen unknown, and known too late!n Prodigious birth of love it is to me,n That I must love a loathed enemy. （Shakespeare）n （3）Irony 反语n Irony is the expression of actual intent in words that carry the opposite mea

27、ning. It is an effective literary device . Most forms of irony involve the perception or awareness of discrepancy or incongruity between words and their meaning, or between actions and their results, or between appearance and reality. n . This hardworking boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.

28、n . She wants him to buy one of those modest cars, like a Cadillac or a Benz.n . It was one of those glorious days-overcast skies, a cutting wind and sub-zero temperature.9、Discoursal or textual deviationn 语篇包括书写的语篇text 和口语中的话语 discourse, 往往涉及衔接与连贯，信息结构，话语轮换等等。比如意识流小说里不连贯的语篇体现人的意识杂乱无章的特点。n 10、Pragma

29、tic deviation语用层面的变异n 在语言的使用中，经常会有违背会话原则、关联、礼貌以及面子的情况，从而构成变异。语用分析经常应用到戏剧、小说以及广告等多种文本分析中。nn Syntactic deviation refers to departures from normal (surface) grammar. These include a number of features such as unusual clause themes, unusual phrase structures. n Unusual Clause Themen The initial unit of

30、a clause may be called its theme. The theme may be characterized as the communicative departure for the rest of the clause. In English, the expected or “unmarked” theme （无标记主位）of a main clause is:n 1. Subject of an indicative clause: . (She) got a new dress.2. Auxiliary in a yes-no question: (Did) s

31、he get a new dress?n 3. Wh-element in a wh-question: . (Which) dress did she get? 4. Main verb in an imperative clause: (Get) a new dress for her.n However, the literary writer can go beyond this and may place any of the rest of clause elements in the thematic position in order to achieve certain li

32、terary effect. The theme thus produced is unusual and is therefore called a marked theme. （有标记主位）因此，在句法上，较为常见的变异（或偏离）是违反常规的句子结构。n (1) My opinion of the coal trade on that river is, that it may require talent, but it certainly requires capital. Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (

33、Dickens, David Copperfield)n 此句为强调宾语talent和capital,并用排比的方法将其自然地进行对比,表达了Mr. Micawber徒有才华却缺乏资金的遗憾。n Adverbials in the initial position： n . (2) Alone she cuts and binds the grain, And sings a melancholy strain; n Notes: The use of alone first makes it possible for the line to rhyme with the next one,

34、and bestow a musical quality to the poem. Secondly, this fronting of the adjunct makes the element highly noticeable and reinforce the theme of the poem. Deviant Phrase Structuren To employ phrases that are structurally deviant for the purpose of certain communicative effects. . Do not Go Gentle int

35、o that Good Night (Do not Go Gentle into that Good Night)(Dylan Thomas, “Do Not Go Gentle into That Night”)Good night here means death Gentle here means one should not accept death without resistance. Such deviant use of gentle attracts much attention to the line itself and makes the reader pause to

36、 think seriously about the meaning of the line and meaning of death.n 语序混乱n Me up at does out of the floorquietly Stare a poisoned mousestill who alive is asking Whathave i done that You wouldnt have ( . cummings , “Me up at Does”)n This is a short poem containing only 8 lines and 26 words and is co

37、mposed exclusively of everyday words and expressions. Nevertheless, it is not easy to understand at a first reading. The difficulty in understanding the poem is caused by the extremity in syntactic deviation in the first part of the poem and by the graphological deviation as is manifest in the capit

38、alization of the first letter of certain words and the de-capitalization of the pronoun i. n There is a lot to be said about the syntactic deviation here but for the moment let us simply rearrange the order of some words and lines so as to give some idea of what the poem is about, realizing though t

39、hat any alteration in syntax would mean some change in meaning.n a poisoned mouse who still alive does Stare quietly out of the floor up at Me is asking what have i done that You wouldnt haven From this rearrangement, we may see that Me in the poem is a human being and the addresser of the poem from

40、 whose point of view this scene is presented. It is perhaps this Me that has poisoned the mouse. We may also notice that What have i done that You wouldnt have is in fact a case of free direct speech. For clarity, let us transform it into direct speech by putting it into a pair of quotation marks.n is asking What have i done that You wouldnt haven It is clear then that i refers to the poisoned mouse and You the human being - Me. Now we have come to the point. According to the convention of verse composition, the first letter of each line should be capitalized. However, cummin