可持续的奶牛生产系统

1、SUSTAINABLE DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS可持续的奶牛生产系统可持续的奶牛生产系统Larry D. SatterRetired from退休于U. S. Dairy Forage Research Center,美国奶牛粗饲料研究中心U. S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service美国农业部-农业研究部andProfessor Emeritus名誉教授Dairy Science Department奶牛科学系University of Wisconsin, Madison威斯康辛大学，麦迪森

2、WE KNOW IN THE FUTURE THAT:我们知道，在将来：1.World petroleum supplies will soon start decreasing, with consequent increases in energy costs.世界石油供应将开始下降，而能源消耗将增加。2.Nitrogen fertilizer prices will continue to scalate due to high energy input into manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.由于氮肥的生产消耗大量的能源，氮肥的价格将继续攀升。3

3、.Global warming will force reduction in green- house gas emissions, with CO2 and CH4 being the main concerns in animal production.全球变暖将迫使我们减少温室气体的排放，在畜牧生产中CO2 和 CH4是最值得关注的温室气体。OUTLINE目录目录1.Energy flow in milk production 牛奶生产过程中的能量流2.Feed resources available for milk production 牛奶生产可获得的饲料资源3.Can milk

4、 production from grazing lands be improved? 放牧系统的牛奶生产能否改进？4.Issues related to sustainability of livestock production systems 关于家畜生产系统的可持续性EXAMINATION OF ENERGY FLOW IN MILK PRODUCTION检查牛奶生产中的能量流向检查牛奶生产中的能量流向Energy in Feed (100)总能总能Digested (67)消化能Feces (33)粪能Urine (4)尿能Methane (6)甲烷能Heat of Rumen Fe

5、rmentation (6)瘤胃发酵产热Metabolizable (51)代谢能Net Energy (32)净能Heat Increment (19)热增耗Maintenance (Eventually converted to heat)维持净能（最终转化成产热）Production (Deposited in milk, body tissue, fetus)生产净能（沉积在牛奶、体组织、胎儿中）EFFECT OF LEVEL OF MILK PRODUCTION ON EFFICIENCY OF FEED USE产奶量对饲料利用效率的影响产奶量对饲料利用效率的影响EFFECT OF

6、LEVEL OF MILK PRODUCTION ON METHANE PRODUCTION PER kg MILK生产水平对单位牛奶甲烷产气量的影响生产水平对单位牛奶甲烷产气量的影响EFFECT OF LEVEL OF PRODUCTION AND DIET ON EFFICIENCY OF LAND USE IN DAIRY FARMING (VandeHaar, 1998)Grazing1Confined Feeding without By-Products2Confined Feeding with By-Products3Milk Yieldkg/yr per cow5,0005,

7、00010,0005,00010,000Feedkg of DM/yr per cow6,0505,8708,1205,9508,380Land RequiredHa/yr per cow0.540.660.970.300.49Protein Productionkg/Ha359295371642731Efficiency of Land Use%443354576881All high quality pasture no other feeds234% alfalfa, 26% corn silage, 26% corn grain, 12% soybeans325% alfalfa, 2

8、5% corn silage, 13% corn grain, 2% soybeans, 12% corn gluten feed, 10% cottonseeds, 10% wheat middlings, 1% blood meal4Protein and energy yield per ha from dairy farming relative to the protein and energy yield from soybeans and corn grown for direct human consumption.产奶量和日粮类型对养牛业土地利用效率的影响产奶量和日粮类型对养

9、牛业土地利用效率的影响(VandeHaar, 1998)放牧1指定日粮（未使用副产品）2指定日粮（使用副产品）3产奶量kg/年 *每头5,0005,00010,0005,00010,000饲料kg 干物质/年*每头6,0505,8708,1205,9508,380所需土地公顷/年*每头0.540.660.970.300.49蛋白质产量kg/公顷359295371642731土地利用效率%443354576881全部为高质量的牧草，没有其他饲料。234% 苜蓿, 26% 玉米青贮, 26% 玉米, 12% 豆粕325%苜蓿, 25%玉米青贮, 13%玉米, 2%豆粕, 12% 玉米蛋白粉, 10

10、% 棉籽, 10% 麦麸, 1% 血粉4奶牛场每公顷的蛋白和能量产量相对于直接供人类消费的大豆和玉米的蛋白和能量产量的百分比。Milk Production Per Cow in the United States Over the Past 100 Years(VandeHaar and St-Pierre, 2006, J. Dairy Science 89:1280-1291)在过去的一个世纪里美国奶牛的单产变化曲线FEED RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR MILK PRODUCTION牛奶生产可利用的饲料资源牛奶生产可利用的饲料资源EFFICIENCY OF LAND

11、USEBy-productsMilling (wheat and rice)Fruit and VegetableDistillers and Brewers GrainsCottonseedCrop ResiduesCorn StalksWheat and Rice StrawSweet Potato VinesPasture (non-arable land)Forage (arable land)Improved PastureCorn SilageAlfalfaGreen chopped small grainsGrainCornSmall GrainsEnergy From Feed

12、 In Milk(10-20 units)Milk ProductionArable Land Required Per 3,000 kg milk = .1 -.15 Ha(20 Units)(80 Units)Energy In Feed (100 units)土地利用效率土地利用效率副产品粉料（小麦和水稻）水果和蔬菜酒糟和啤酒糟棉籽农作物秸秆玉米秸麦秸和稻秸甘薯马铃薯的蔓秸牧草 (非可耕土地)粗饲料 (可耕土地)人工改良牧场玉米青贮苜蓿谷草谷物玉米小粒谷类作物饲料转入牛奶的能量(10-20 单位)产奶量可耕土地需要量：每3吨牛奶 = .1 -.15 公顷(20 单位)(80 单位)饲料中

13、的能量 (100 单位)NUTRIENT CONTENT OF RELATIVELY HIGH QUALITY BY-PRODUCT FEEDS1FeedDigestible Energy-1X2 Mcal/kgNet Energy-3X3 Mcal/kgCrude Protein %NDF %Brewer grains, dried3.381.7129.247.4Corn distillers grains, dried3.721.9729.738.8Corn gluten feed, dried3.431.7323.835.5Citrus pulp, dried3.441.706.924.

14、2Cottonseeds (whole)3.551.9423.540.1Rice bran3.762.0515.526.1Wheat bran3.231.6117.342.5For comparison:Corn grain3.852.019.49.5Corn silage2.991.458.345.01National Research Council, 200121X = intake at maintenance level33X = intake at three times maintenance level相对高质量加工副产品的营养浓度含量相对高质量加工副产品的营养浓度含量饲料消化

15、能-1X2 Mcal/kg净能-3X3 Mcal/kg粗蛋白 %NDF %啤酒糟, 干3.381.7129.247.4白酒糟,干3.721.9729.738.8玉米蛋白粉,干3.431.7323.835.5柑橘皮,干3.441.706.924.2全棉籽3.551.9423.540.1米糠3.762.0515.526.1麦麸3.231.6117.342.5比较比较:玉米3.852.019.49.5玉米青贮2.991.458.345.01National Research Council国家研究委员会, 200121X =维持水平33X = 3倍维持水平NUTRIENT CONTENT OF RE

16、LATIVELY LOW QUALITY BY-PRODUCT FEEDS相对低质量的加工副产品的能量浓度相对低质量的加工副产品的能量浓度Feed饲料Digestible Energy消化能-1XC P粗蛋白% of DM1Mcal/kg2% of DMWheat straw麦秸442.044.8Corn stover玉米秸57-5.9Corn cobs玉米芯512.313.0Rice straw稻草45-4.2Barley straw大麦秸47-4.1For comparison:比较Corn grain玉米943.859.5Corn silage玉米青贮662.998.31Morrison

17、 Feeds and Feeding, 19592National Research Council, 2001SHOULD FEEDS THAT ARE LESS THAN 50% DIGESTIBLE ENERGY (MOSTLY CROP RESIDUES) BE INCLUDED IN LACTATING COW DIETS?泌乳奶牛日粮中是否应该添加能量消化率低于泌乳奶牛日粮中是否应该添加能量消化率低于50的饲料原料（大部分为农的饲料原料（大部分为农作物秸秆）作物秸秆）Probably Not ! !可能不行！At most, only small amounts should be

18、 in the diet unless we improve the quality of the low quality crop residues.除非我们能够改善低质量作物秸秆的质量，否则即使要添加也只能是少量的IS THERE ANYTHING WE CAN DO TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF STRAW AND CORN STALKS?有什么办法可以改善麦秸、玉米秸质量么？有什么办法可以改善麦秸、玉米秸质量么？YES ! !有！有！In-vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) of corn stalks harvested

19、 over time. (Berger et al., 1979, JAS 49:1312)玉米秸体外测定干物质消化率随收割时间的变化曲线CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF CROP RESIDUES CAN IMPROVE DIGESTIBILITY BY 10 20 %化学处理可以使作物秸秆消化率提高化学处理可以使作物秸秆消化率提高1020%1.Ammonia氨: 2-3 g / 100 g DM Applied either as anhydrous or aqueous forms.存在固、液两种形式2.Calcium hydroxide氢氧化钙: 3-5 g / 100 g

20、DM3.Sodium hydroxide氢氧化钠: 2-3 g / 100 g DM Is more difficult to work with, and increases sodium residues in the soil. 显效慢、易在土壤中造成残留TWO WAYS TO ACHIEVE ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF DIGESTIBILITY IN TOTAL DIET两种处理方法使日粮消化率最终达到标准水平两种处理方法使日粮消化率最终达到标准水平Better Way较好的方法较好的方法=+Average Digestible Forages + By-Product

21、s中等质量的粗饲料和副产品Acceptable in Digestibility达到标准的消化率High Digestible Corn Grain高消化率谷物Poor Way较差的方法较差的方法+=High Digestible Corn Grain高消化率谷物Acceptable in Digestibility达到标准的消化率Low Digestible Crop Residues低消化率的作物秸秆ISSUES RELATED TO SUSTAINABILITY OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS可持续发展的家畜生产系统可持续发展的家畜生产系统Issues R

22、egarding Sustainability of Livestock Production Systems Relate To:家畜生产系统可持续性涉及：家畜生产系统可持续性涉及：1.Excretion of Nitrogen (primarily ammonia release to the atmosphere, and nitrate contamination of water) 氮的排放（主要是排入大气的氨和硝酸盐对水的污染）2.Excretion of Phosphorus (excessive enrichment of surface waters) 磷的排放（富营养水）3

23、.Release of Methane (global warming) 甲烷排放（全球变暖）4.High Energy (hydrocarbon) Inputs (consumption of non-renewable resources, and contribution to global warming) 摄入高能量物质（碳水化合物），消耗不可再生资源，并导致全球变暖。Nitrogen Issues氮的问题氮的问题Water quality水质1.Nitrate leaching to groundwater 硝酸盐渗入地下水2.Nitrate enrichment of coast

24、al waters, causing excessive algae growth and hypoxic conditions. 沿海水中硝酸盐浓度增加，导致海藻大量生长，导致水污染。Nitrogen Issues (continued) 氮的问题（续）氮的问题（续）Air Emissions 气体排放1.Acid rain 酸雨2.Excess fertilization of fragile environments 富营养的脆弱的环境3.Formation of particulates (2.5 ). 在大气中形成悬浮微粒4.Nitrous oxide formation and g

25、lobal warming. 形成笑气（一氧化二氮）和全球变暖5.In poultry and swine houses ammonia concentration can directly affect human and animal health. 鸡舍和猪舍氨浓度直接影响人和动物的健康Dairy Cows奶牛奶牛Feedlot Steers育肥场育肥场Phosphorus Issues磷的问题磷的问题Phosphorus stimulates algae growth in fresh water bodies, causing lakes and streams to become

26、green with algae. Eventually the lakes become low in oxygen as the excess algae decomposes, causing fish kills. 磷刺激清水中藻类的生长，导致河流湖泊变绿。最终湖泊由于藻类的大量分解含氧量降低，导致鱼类死亡Agricultural activities are responsible for 50-80% of the P entering lakes and streams. 农业生产产生的磷占排入湖泊河流的磷总量的50-80% 。PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENT OF

27、LACTATING COWS泌乳奶牛磷的需要量泌乳奶牛磷的需要量WE OVERFEED PHOSPHORUS TO OUR DAIRY COWS!我们给奶牛饲喂的磷过量了！我们给奶牛饲喂的磷过量了！CAN WE REDUCE IT?我们可以减少些么？我们可以减少些么？Current status of P nutrition of lactating dairy cows milking 9100 kg/305 d lactation305天产奶量天产奶量 9100kg的泌乳奶牛磷的营养状况的泌乳奶牛磷的营养状况NRC Recommendations (1989 and 2001)NRC推荐量

28、推荐量(1989 and 2001)Dietary Phosphorus (% of DM)日粮磷含量日粮磷含量(% of DM)Beginning Signs of P deficiency开始表现磷缺乏开始表现磷缺乏X X0.300.350.400.5020011989Amount Dairy Producers Feed实际生产中的饲喂量实际生产中的饲喂量PHOSPHORUS FEEDING RECOMMENDATIONS (NRC, 2001)1磷的推荐量磷的推荐量Milk ProductionEstimated DM IntakeP Requirementkg/dlb/dkg/dlb

29、/dg/day% of diet DM255520.344.762.30.32357723.657.979.60.352459926.959.296.90.365512030.066.0113.10.381 For Holstein cow weighing 680 kg and producing milk with 3.5% fat, 3.0% true protein, and 4.8% lactose. Cow is 90 days in milk.适用于体重适用于体重680 kg ，乳脂3.5%，乳蛋白3.0%，乳糖4.8%，DIM90天的奶牛2 For cows in very e

30、arly lactation, NRC suggests diets with 0.42% P 对于刚刚开始泌乳的奶牛，对于刚刚开始泌乳的奶牛，NRC推荐日粮磷含量推荐日粮磷含量0.42% Phosphorus and Reproduction磷与繁殖性能磷与繁殖性能CHARACTERISTICS OF ESTROUS BEHAVIOR FOR LACTATING COWS FED DIETS CONTAINING 0.37% or 0.57% P (Lopez et al., 2002)饲喂含饲喂含P0.37% 或或 0.57% 日粮的泌乳奶牛发情表现日粮的泌乳奶牛发情表现0.37% Pn=

31、1590.57% Pn=174P-valueDuration of estrus, hr发情持续时间，小时8.78.70.99Total mounts, n爬跨次数，次数7.57.80.68Total mounting time, sec总爬跨时间，秒25.824.50.59Average duration of standing events, sec接受爬跨平均持续时间，秒3.43.40.76REPRODUCTIVE MEASURES FOR LACTATING COWS FED DIETS CONTAINING 0.37% or 0.57% P饲喂含饲喂含P 0.37% 或或 0.57%

32、 日粮的泌乳奶牛繁殖性能测定日粮的泌乳奶牛繁殖性能测定0.37% P 0.57% PP-valueDays to first natural estrus产后第一次发情日期68670.87Conception rate at first AI, % 第一次人工授精受胎率，%39.442.00.67Overall conception rate at 30 d, %30天总受胎率，%34.338.00.35Days open 空怀天数1121160.45Services per conception平均配种次数2.92.60.35Anovulatory condition1, %无排卵表现29.

33、927.10.611Cows with no corpus luteum for at least three consecutive weekly ultrasound examinations after day 50.产后50天后连续三周B超检查没有黄体的奶牛Average Daily Milk Production of Cows Fed Diets Differing in Phosphorus Content不同磷水平日粮奶牛的平均产奶量不同磷水平日粮奶牛的平均产奶量FIXED NITROGEN FORMS AND PHOSPHORUS ARE PRECIOUS RESOURCES

34、 THAT MUST BE USED WISELY固定氮肥和磷是宝贵的资源，需要好好利用固定氮肥和磷是宝贵的资源，需要好好利用 1 kg fixed nitrogen in fertilizer/manure represents an energy investment equal to the energy in 1.5 liters of diesel fuel. 1 kg 固定氮肥/施入氮肥其能量效果相当于 1.5升柴油的能量。 Our planet has abundant phosphorus resources, but there is about a 100 yr suppl

35、y of phosphorus available at manageable cost. 我们的地球有丰富的磷资源，但可利用磷只可供应100年的使用。Methane Production and Global Warming甲烷产生与全球变暖甲烷产生与全球变暖 Second only to carbon dioxide in greenhouse effect. 仅次于二氧化碳的第二大温室效应气体 Approximately 60 times more effective per unit weight than carbon dioxide. 相同质量的甲烷对温室效应的作用相当于二氧化碳的

36、60倍。 About 6% of the caloric intake in ruminants is converted to methane. 反刍动物摄入的能量有6%转化为甲烷。Concentrations and trends of methane over the last 1000 years. 在过去的1000年甲烷浓度及发展趋势(Kahlil, 2000)Magnitude of methane fluxes to the lower troposphere from various sources. Whiticar (2000)1各种来源进入大气对流层甲烷的数量Source

37、来源来源Flux排放排放% of total emission(Tg CH4 y-1)%占总排放量占总排放量Natural Wetlands 自然湿地自然湿地11521Rice Paddies 稻田稻田11020Domestic Livestock (enteric)家畜（肠）家畜（肠）8115Biomass Burning农业废弃物燃烧农业废弃物燃烧5510Natural Gas 天然气天然气458Termites 白蚁白蚁407Landfills 垃圾垃圾407Coal Mines 煤矿煤矿356Livestock Manure 家畜粪便家畜粪便142.5Oceans 海洋海洋101.8F

38、resh Water 淡水淡水5.9Hydrates 氢氧化物氢氧化物5.9Total5551/ In “Atmospheric Methane Its Role in the Global Environment.” M. A. K. Khalil, ed.1/ “大气甲烷在全球环境中的作用” M. A. K. Khalil, ed.Energy Cost of Food Products Derived From Animals饲料中的能量成本饲料中的能量成本“The modern food industry is in many ways a means of converting fo

39、ssil fuels into edible forms.”ColeyCentre for Energy and the EnvironmentUniversity of Exeter, England“现代农业在很多方面是一种将化石燃料转化为可食用形现代农业在很多方面是一种将化石燃料转化为可食用形式的手段式的手段” Coley 埃克塞特大学能量与环境中心埃克塞特大学能量与环境中心 ，英格兰，英格兰Megajoules of Energy to Produce 1 Megajoule of Food (Coley et al.)1生产生产1兆焦能量的食物消耗的能量兆焦能量的食物消耗的能量Ite

40、m 清单MJ Spent / MJ FoodItem 清单MJ Spent / MJ FoodTomato 西红柿49Chicken and turkey肉鸡7Whitefish 鲑鱼36Peas 豌豆 6Green beans 四季豆31Eggs 鸡蛋6Cottage cheese 脱脂干酪18Pasta 意大利面食4Apples and pears 苹果和梨11Rice 大米3Fruit juices 果汁10Potato products 马铃薯2Beer 啤酒10Sugar 糖1Beef and veal 牛肉8Bread 面包11/For the average English di

41、et, about six times as much energy invested in food as is present in food. Represents 10% of the national energy budget.1/ 对于平均英国食品，投入的能量大约是食品中的六倍，即10%的国家能量预算。Cost of Inserting a Member in the Food Chain在食物链中增加一个环节的代价在食物链中增加一个环节的代价Corn Grain (6 units of energy)玉米谷物（玉米谷物（6单位能量）单位能量）Waste Products + H

42、eat (5 units of energy)废弃产品废弃产品+产热（产热（5单位能量）单位能量）Pig Meat (1 unit of energy)猪肉（猪肉（1单位能量）单位能量）Waste Products + Heat废弃产品废弃产品+产热产热Human人类人类Returns from Animal Production*Returns on total energy and protein inputsReturns on human-edible energy and protein inputsEnergy (%) Protein (%)Energy (%) Protein (

43、%)Milk151966118Beef443771Swine18304669Poultry12242560*Modified from Bywater and Baldwin (1980). Includes costs of maintaining breeding herds under U.S. production conditions.从动物产品的效率从动物产品的效率*总能和蛋白利用效率可食用的能量和蛋白能量 (%)蛋白 (%)能量(%)蛋白 (%)牛奶151966118牛肉443771猪肉18304669家禽12242560*对Bywater and Baldwin (1980)的报道有所改进，包括了在美国生产条件下维持繁殖的成本。SUMMARY总结总结1.Emission of ammonia to the atmosphere from livestock operations is one of t