大学英语综合教程2笔记

1、II. Text Analysis An essay is usually made up of three parts: a beginning where the topic is introduced; the body part where the topic is elaborated on, and a conclusion. Besides stating the topic directly, there are many other ways to introduce a theme. In this text, an anecdote or an incident is u

2、sed. The author of Text A, Unit 6, Book 1 (What Animals Really Think) introduces his topic by posing a question: "Do animals all have thoughts, what we call consciousness?" Text B, Unit 3, Book 1 (How to Make Sense out of Science) begins by quoting newspaper headlines: "New Drugs Kill

3、 Cancer Devastation by El Nino - a Warning 6:30 p.m. October 26, 2028: Could This Be the Deadline for the Apocalypse?" Text B of this unit, Children and Money, begins with an imagined argument between a child and his parent over the control of pocket money. Discover other forms of introduction

4、as you read on. However, the more important point is that you should learn to vary your own writing by adopting various types of topic introduction. Without a conclusion, an essay lacks a sense of completeness. A conclusion may be a restatement of the main points previously mentioned, a proposed sol

5、ution, a quotation from some book or person, a prediction of future developments, a suggestion for further study, etc. Text B, Unit 3, Book 1 ends by giving a simile, comparing scientific research to mountain climbing, "a process filled with disappointments and reverses, but somehow we keep mov

6、ing ahead." In this text, Howard Gardner makes a suggestion in the form of a question. III. Cultural Notes1. Education in the West: There is no common agreement in the West concerning the best method of education. A variety of views can be found among parents, teachers and students. Indeed, it

7、might be argued that it is this very existence of contending points of view that is characteristic of Western education. This can be seen as far back as in the work of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, who encouraged his students to question everything, even their most fundamental beliefs. Yet

8、 even then there was no general agreement that this was the best way to teach. Socrates, after all, was condemned to death by his fellow citizens for corrupting the morals of the young by his way of teaching. Many later periods of Western history were no more tolerant of encouraging students to chal

9、lenge traditional beliefs: Darwin's theory of evolution, for example, was for a time banned from schools in some American states on the grounds of religious belief. Much of the current debate over education surrounds the extent to which learning should be teacher-based or student-based. Which of

10、 the two should decide what should be learned, how it should be learned, and when it should be learned? Comparing Western and Asian methods of learning it is generally true that Western methods are more student-centered, expecting students to discover things for themselves rather than relying on the

11、ir teachers to tell them. An extreme version of the student-centered approach can be seen at Summerhill, a school in England established by the educationalist A.S. Neill. There children have complete freedom to decide what they are going to learn and which lessons they will attend. If they wish they

12、 need not attend any at all. Mainstream education in England is far more strict, demanding that children attend lessons and follow a national curriculum. This curriculum and the importance of achieving good exam results tend to reinforce a more teacher-centered approach, as both teachers and student

13、s find the pressure of time, leaves less opportunity for an exploratory approach to learning. The extent to which learning is teacher-centered or student-centered also depends on differences between subjects. In recent years, for example, there has been a trend in the teaching of mathematics in scho

14、ol classrooms in England away from having pupils work on their own or in small groups back towards a more traditional approach, with the teacher guiding the entire class Step-by-step through a lesson. This followed research that suggested that, as far as maths was concerned, a more teacher-centered

15、method was more effective.2. Standing on the shoulders of giants: a well-known phrase, frequently employed by inventors to express modesty about their achievements. The suggestion is that while they have been able to see further than those who came before them, it is not because they themselves are

16、intellectual giants. Rather it is because they have been able to build upon the accumulated discoveries of their great predecessors.IV. Language Study1. attach v.: fasten or join (one thing to another) (used in the pattern: attach sth. to sth.) Examples: We can measure wind speed by attaching a wind

17、 meter to a kite and sending it up into the air. Attached to this letter you will find a copy of the agreement. 2. not in the least: not at all Examples: I am not in the least touched by this kind of beauty. Ann didn't seem in the least concerned about her family. 3. find one's way: reach a

18、destination naturally; arrive at Examples: Shanghai is not an easy city to find your way around. Drunk as he was, Peter still found his way home.4. phenomenon: (pl. phenomena) sth. that happens or exists and that can be seen or experienced Examples: Stress-related illness is a common phenomenon in b

19、ig cities. Thunder and lightening are natural phenomena.5. initial: of or at the beginning, first (adj., used only before n.) Examples: If a car suddenly pulls out in front of you, your initial reaction may include fear and anger. Their initial burst of enthusiasm died down when they realized how mu

20、ch work the job involved.desirable adj worth having; to be wished for 【 (that.)】a desirable residence, solution 称心的住所、 解决方法It is most desirable that they should both come. 他们两人都来, 这最好不过了.n. v. desireCf. desirous渴望的; desired 被要求做的Ex. 填空It is most desirable that he should attend the conference. Everyb

21、ody is desirous of success to succeed.6. assist v. help (used in the following patterns: assist sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事assist sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事assist sb. in doing sth. 帮助某人做某事.)Examples: The college student decided to assist the boy with his study. The professor was assisting his students to prep

22、are their papers.We all assisted him in preparing their papers.7. somewhat adv. to some degree, a little, slightly Examples: Conditions in the village have improved somewhat since November."Are you concerned about your exam results?""Somewhat."8. await v. (fml) wait for Await is

23、a fairly common word in formal writing, but you do not usually use it in conversation. Instead you use "wait for." Examples: We must await the results of field studies yet to come. After I sent the letter asking for a job, I had nothing to do but await the answer.9. on occasion: now and th

24、en Examples: Steve spent almost all his time doing his research, but, on occasion, he would take his son to see a film. on one occasion 曾经, 有一个时候 on several occasions 屡次, 好几次on this occasion / on the occasion of 在.的时候, 值此之际 take/seize (the) occasion to do.抓住(做.)的好时机, 乘机.10. neglect v. give too littl

25、e attention or care to忽视, 疏忽, 漏做 Examples: The manager was accused of neglecting his duties. Don't neglect to lock the door. Compare.: ignore: pay no attention to sb./sth, on purpose, or as if sth. has not happened, 忽视, 不理睬; 抹煞(建议) Example: I greeted her, but she just ignored me and walked on. I

26、 tried to tell her but she ignored me.11. relevant (to) : directly connected with the subject (opposite irrelevant) Examples: The debate is closely relevant to their daily lives. I shall go to borrow all the relevant books from the school library for my term paper12. exception: sb./sth, that a comme

27、nt or statement does not apply to Examples: Normally, parents aren't allowed to sit in on the classes, but in your case we can make an exception. All the students in this class, with one or two exceptions, support the educational reforms.Without exception all the students wanted to leave school

28、and start work. When you are mentioning an exception, you often use the expression "with the exception of'. Example: We all went to see the film, with the exception of Otto, who complained of feeling unwell.13. on one's own: 1) without anyone's help 独立地, 主动地 Examples: You needn'

29、t give me any help. I am able to manage on my own. Your child can do the work on her own. 2) alone 独自地, I'd rather not go to dance on my own. I do wish you'd come with me.14. in due course: at the proper time; eventually及时地, 在适当时 Examples: Your book will be published in due course. Be patien

30、t. You'll get your promotion in due course.15. principal adj. : (rather frei) main, chief n. 负责人, 首长, 校长 adj. 主要的, 首要的 Examples: Their principal concern / interest is to earn enough money to send their children to school. n. The principal of a school is the person in charge of it. Example: Compl

31、aints from the students began arriving at the principal's office. Cf.: principle n. 法则, 原则, 原理 They agree to the plan in principle. 16. make up for: repay with sth. good, compensate forExamples: I lose much time last term, but I'm certainly making up for lost time now. Her husband bought her

32、 a present to make up for quarreling with her the day before.17. in retrospect: on evaluating the past; upon reflection回顾/回顾往事/检讨过去 Examples: The young man knew in retrospect that he should have married his first love Emily. In retrospect, I wish that I had chosen biology as my major.18. extreme: ad

33、j. very great Example: with extreme caution, extreme sports, . n. the furthest possible limit, an extreme degree Example: I know I always say that you eat too much, but there is no need to go to the other extreme. (phrase: go to extremes: do sth. so much, state sth. so strongly, that people consider

34、 your actions unacceptable and unreasonable19. so much so that: to such an extent Examples: Some parents spoil their children, so much so that they never ask them to do any studying.20. continual adj. happening again and again, repeated不停的；连续的，总是的一般指多次重复的动作，指中间有间断，但又持续很久，好像没有停止的意味 Examples: He hates

35、 these continual arguments.The dog's continual barking disturbed the whole neighborhood. Cf.: continuous adj. 继续的；连续的；延伸的指中间没有间断continuous rain all day 下了一整天的雨 3 days' continuous flight 连续三天的飞行Ex. Please stop your continual questions. The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.21. apply v

36、. 1) be relevant (to sb./sth.); have an effect (used in the pattern apply to sb./sth.) Examples: The advice given by the professor only applies to some of the college students. 2) write a letter or fill in a form in order to ask formally for sth. (used in the pattern: apply to sb. for sth., apply to

37、 do sth.) Examples: He applied to the company for the position of a sales manager. We went to the sports club so often that we decided that we might as well apply to join.22. contrast v. compare (two people or things) so that differences are made clear (used in the pattern: contrast A and/with B) Ex

38、amples: Carrie contrasted the situation then with the present crisis. Students were asked to contrast Ernest Hemingway with Mark Twain. n. action of contrasting Examples: I was always reading when I was a kid, but my daughter, in contrast, just watches TV all day. In contrast to the hot days, the ni

39、ghts are bitterly cold.23. on the one hand . on the other hand: to introduce two contrasting circumstances Examples: On the one hand her temper was likely to cause trouble, but on the other hand we needed her expertise. On the one hand, we have good reason to feel pleased with our progress. On the o

40、ther hand, we mustn't get complacent.24. assuming (that): = if You use assuming that when you are considering a possible situation or event, so that you can think about the consequences. Examples: Assuming that this painting really is a Van Gogh, how much do you think it's worth?25. valid:（法

41、律上）有效的, 有根据的, 正当的, 正确的 Examples: Scientific theories must be backed up with valid evidence. The contract is valid for three months. Compare: efficient有效的；效率高的: an efficient secretary/ methods/ machine effective有效果的, 有作用的,生效的, 得力的 The medicine is an effective cure for a headache.take effective measur

42、es 采取有效措施 effective forces 实有战斗兵力26. worthwhile: adj. 值得出力的, 值得做的; 值得花时间精力的worth doing, worth the trouble takenExamples: It is worth while to discuss discussing the problem. It is a worthwhile job. Compare: worth 和worthy有价值的, 值得的, worth + n/ doing : How much is this bicycle worth? It's worth 50.

43、 The book isn't worth reading. of great worth 价值很高的 of little worth 价值很少的of no worth 没有价值的 The painting is of great worth. worthy of n/ doing (to be done): He is worthy of our praise. This book is worthy of being read to be read.a worthy cause 正义的事业 a worthy life 有价值的生活a worthy man 高尚的/可敬的人 a wo

44、rthy opponent 劲敌(相称的)a worthy gentleman 可敬的先生Ex. 填空Her achievements are worthy of the highest praise. It is a worthwhile job.It isnt worthwhile waiting for him. 改错：F: The place is not worth visiting it. F: The place is worthwhile visiting. T: The place is not worth visiting.T：Visiting the place is w

45、orthwhile.27. superior adj. 优良的/ 优势的, 胜过.的(to; in); 超越. 的(to)Examples: They are superior in numbers. This machine is superior to that machine in many respects.Compare inferior: (to; in); adj. 下级的, 差的, 次的, 自卑的His work is inferior to mine in many respects.The products are inferior to the sample. Notes

46、 to Text A: reflect on: 1. To throw or bend back (light, for example) from a surface.Example: A mirror reflects a picture of you.2. reflect on (回忆/仔细考虑): To form or express carefully considered thoughts about（常与on, upon连用）:Example: He reflects on his country's place in the world .Approach: 1. vt

47、. To come near: 2. vt. work at, cope with Example: We approached the museum.approach a problem from different angles3. n. method: Example: a new approach to the problem 18-month-old: Example: the five-year-plan a ten-pound baby, a 1000-word report telling lesson: Having force and producing a strikin

48、g effect. 有力的,生动的,有效的Example: the most telling passages in that novelHistory is the most telling witness.turn in: return, hand in (交还; 上缴)fit into To make suitable; adapt, To equip;:使适合, 安装； Example: These shoes fit me. fit a handle on a doorwould do (expresses a habit or tendency in the past) Examp

49、le: He would get up late those days. Whenever he had time he would come over to see me.shed/throw light on: make sth clear, state clearly 使清楚，阐明Example: The investigation the cause of the accident.may well : most likely, 完全/很可能Example: You may well say so. When you see him you may well not recognize

50、 him. may/might as well 不妨， 还是的好Example: There is nothing to do here, I might as well go home. succeed in doing: be successful in doing Example: They succeeded in completing the project on time. so/as long as: if, on condition that, provided that Example: You can use the book you keep it clean.-whet

51、her it be placing a key in a key slot, drawing a hen or making up for a misdeed (line 52-53) be-型虚拟的一种，意为“不管（不论）是还是”，表示让步，其省略结构为be it, be he or等，必须倒装。如：Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unswerving support. Ex. Every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, whether it be fine or

52、raining_（不论晴天还是下雨）. in one sense一种意义上来说 /in a sense 在某种意义上来说Example: In a sense he is right. point to /at / out: 指某处/指向/指出Example: Dont point at people rudely. He pointed to the front door. He pointed out the importance of doing this.to ones rescue: save or help sb. Example: A friend came to our rescue. I had a mobile phone to my rescue.in terms of: 按照, 从 方面说来，用 的话来说Example: We will measure the goods money. It is a bad year busi