建设工程违约索赔及管理程序-

1、建设工程违约索赔及管理程序班级姓名:工程管理0906谢俊钦摘要:建设工程合同是承包人进行工程建设,发包人支付价款的合同,包括勘察、设计、施工合同。勘察、设计、施工单位一方为承包人,建设单位一方为发包人。建设工程合同是承发包双方在平等自愿基础上订立的明确权利义务的协议,是双方在建设实施过程中遵循的最高行为准则。关键词:建设工程合同;主要义务和违约责任;建设工程合同承包人建设工程合同是承包人进行工程建设,发包人支付价款的合同,包括勘察、设计、施工合同。勘察、设计、施工单位一方为承包人,建设单位一方为发包人。建设工程合同是承发包双方在平等自愿基础上订立的明确权利义务的协议,是双方在建设实施过程中遵循

2、的最高行为准则。针对我国目前普遍存在的合同意识淡漠、违约行为不断的状况,明确各自权利义务,强化合同规范管理,严格追究违约责任,成为维护建设市场正常秩序的重要保障。下面作者结合学习合同法的体会,谈谈对建设工程合同违约责任及其承担方式的认识。一、合同的违约和违约行为的分类合同法第60条规定,当事人应当按照约定全面履行自己的义务。建设工程合同是承包人进行工程建设,发包人支付价款的合同,包括勘察、设计、施工合同。勘察、设计、施工单位一方为承包人,建设单位一方为发包人。建设工程合同是承发包双方在平等自愿基础上订立的明确权利义务的协议,是双方在建设实施过程中遵循的最高行为准则。针对我国目前普遍存在的合同意

3、识淡漠、违约行为不断的状况,明确各自权利义务,强化合同规范管理,严格追究违约责任,成为维护建设市场正常秩序的重要保障。下面作者结合学习合同法的体会,谈谈对建设工程合同违约责任及其承担方式的认识。一、合同的违约和违约行为的分类合同法第60条规定,当事人应当按照约定全面履行自己的义务。说明只要是合同中明确规定的,当事人必须遵守,这是合同法律效力的具体表现。任何合同义务的不履行,都是对合同规定的违反,都将构成违约。违约行为的表现形式多种多样,归纳起来可作如下分类:按照是否完全违背缔约目的,违约行为可分为根本违约和非根本违约。按照合同是否履行与履行状况,违约行为可分为不履行和不适当履行。不履行是指债务

4、人不按合同约定履行义务;不适当履行,又称不完全履行,是指债务人履行义务不符合合同约定。不履行进一步可分为履行不能和拒绝履行,履约不能属于债务人客观上无法履行义务,拒绝履行属于债务人能够履行义务而主观上不履行。不适当履行进一步可分为瑕疵履行和加害履行。按照是否造成侵权损害,违约行为可分为瑕疵履行和加害履行。瑕疵履行是指因债务人的履行有瑕疵,致使履行本身的价值或效用减少或丧失;加害履行是指债务人的履行不仅有瑕疵,而且瑕疵还导致债权人的其他权益受到损害。按照迟延履行的主体,违约行为可分为债务人给付迟延和债权人受领迟延。二、违约责任的承担方式违约行为的后果直接导致对合同债权的侵害,必须承担相应的违约责

5、任。违约责任以合同债务为发生前提,具有惩罚和补偿双重属性。合同法以严格责任作为承担违约责任的归责原则,不论违约人在主观上是否有过错,都应当承担违约责任。关于违约责任承担方式,合同法等法律规定可以采用继续履行、停止违约行为、赔偿损失、支付违约金、执行定金罚则及其他补救措施。继续履行,又称实际履行或强制履行,是指当事人一方违约的,对方有权请求人民法院或仲裁机构作出判决或裁决,强迫违约人按照合同履行义务。停止违约行为,是指当事人一方违约的,对方可以要求其停止违约行为;违约人也应当主动停止违约行为;人民法院有权责令违约人停止违约行为。赔偿损失,是指当事人一方的违约行为给对方造成财产损失的,违约人应依法

6、向对方作出经济赔偿。赔偿损失是典型的补偿方式。支付违约金,是指当事人一方违约时,向对方支付一定数额的金钱。根据性质不同,违约金可分为惩罚性违约金和赔偿性违约金;根据来源不同,违约金又可分为约定违约金和法定违约金。定金罚则也是一种违约责任承担方式。定金是指当事人一方向对方给付一定数额的金钱作为债权的担保。定金对于债权的担保作用主要体现为定金罚则,给付定金的一方不履行约定的债务的,无权要求返还定金;收受定金的一方不履行约定的债务的,应当双倍返还定金。此外,还可采取其他一些补救措施,包括:防止损失扩大、暂时中止合同、要求适当履行、解除合同以及行使担保债权等。根据建设工程合同,承包人应当按时按质按量完

7、成工程建设,发包人应当及时检查验收并支付工程价款。无论是发包人,还是承包人,只要其不履行合同规定的义务,都将构成违约行为。针对不同性质的违约行为,债权人有权依照合同法等法律的规定要求违约的债务人承担相应的违约责任。三、建设工程合同发包人的主要义务和违约责任(一勘察、设计合同发包人的主要义务和违约责任1.勘察、设计合同发包人的主要义务在建设工程中,勘察、设计合同发包人的主要义务是:第一,向勘察人、设计人提供开展工作所需的基础资料和技术要求,并对提供的时间、进度和资料的可靠性负责;第二,为勘察人、设计人提供必要的工作和生活条件;第三,按照合同规定向勘察人、设计人支付勘察、设计费;第四,维护勘察人、

8、设计人的工作成果,不得擅自修改,不得转让给第三人重复使用。2.勘察、设计合同发包人承担违约责任合同法针对勘察、设计合同发包人的违约行为提出了三种具体方式,即发包人变更计划、发包人提供的资料不准确、发包人未按照期限提供必需的勘察、设计工作条件。这三种违约行为都将导致勘察人、设计人支出额外的工作量,从而造成勘察、设计费用的不合理增加。为此发包人应当承担不履行、不适当履行或迟延履行违约责任,按照勘察人、设计人实际消耗的工作量增付费用。合同法第285条规定,因发包人变更计划,提供的资料不准确,或者未按照期限提供必需的勘察、设计工作条件而造成勘察、设计的返工、停工或者修改设计,发包人应当按照勘察人、设计

9、人实际消耗的工作量增付费用。在这里发包人通过赔偿损失的方式承担违约责任。如果发包人未按合同规定的方式、标准和期限向勘察人、设计人支付勘察、设计费,发包人应当承担不履行或迟延履行违约责任,适用合同法第109条的规定,当事人一方未支付价款或者报酬的,对方可以要求其支付价款或者报酬。发包人迟延支付勘察、设计费的,除应支付勘察、设计费外,还应承担其他的违约责任,如支付违约金、赔偿逾期利息等。由于发包人擅自修改勘察设计成果而引起的工程质量问题,发包人应当承担责任;发包人擅自将勘察设计成果转移给第三人使用,发包人应当赔偿相应的损失。建设部、国家工商行政管理局颁布的建设工程设计合同规定,甲方应保护乙方的设计

10、版权,未经乙方同意,甲方对乙方交付的设计文件不得复制或向第三方转让或用于本合同外的项目,如发生以上情况,乙方有权索赔。(二施工合同发包人的主要义务和违约责任1.施工合同发包人的主要义务在建设工程中,施工合同发包人的主要义务是:第一,作好施工前的各项准备工作;第二,为施工人提供必要的条件,配合施工人的工作;第三,按照合同规定向施工人支付工程预付款;第四,在不妨碍施工人正常作业的情况下,进行必要的监督检查;第五,按照合同规定向施工人支付工程进度款;第六,组织竣工验收,支付竣工结算款。2.施工合同发包人承担违约责任如果合同约定由发包人提供原材料、设备、场地、技术资料,而发包人未按约定的时间和要求提供

11、这些条件,如果发包人未按约定支付工程预付款或工程进度款,发包人应承担不履行、不适当履行或迟延履行违约责任,适用合同法第283条规定,发包人未按照约定的时间和要求提供原材料、设备、场地、资金、技术资料的,承包人可以顺延工程日期,并有权要求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。在这里发包人承担违约责任的方式是赔偿损失,施工人有权要求工期和费用索赔。如果出现发包人提供的技术资料存在错误、发包人变更设计文件、发包人变更工程量、发包人未按约定及时提供建筑材料和设备、发包人未提供必要的工作条件致使施工人无法正常作业等情况,发包人应当承担不履行、不适当履行或迟延履行违约责任,施工人可以停建、缓建,及时通知发包人并向发包人索

12、赔损失。为此合同法第284条规定,因发包人的原因致使工程中途停建、缓建的,发包人应当采取措施弥补或者减少损失,赔偿承包人因此造成的停工、窝工、倒运、机械设备调迁、材料和构件积压等损失和实际费用。在这里发包人承担违约责任的方式是采取补救措施和赔偿损失。隐蔽工程隐蔽后,如果发生质量问题,需要重新开挖,除去覆盖物,必然造成返工浪费。因此施工人在隐蔽之前,首先应进行自检,然后通知发包人和监理工程师进行检查验收,发包人和监理工程师检查合格后,施工人才能进行隐蔽施工。在隐蔽前检查隐蔽工程,既是发包人的权利,也是发包人的义务。如果发包人接到通知后不及时检查,施工人就无法进行隐蔽施工,发包人应承担迟延履行违约

13、责任。合同法第278条规定,隐蔽工程在隐蔽以前,承包人应当通知发包人检查。发包人没有及时检查的,承包人可以顺延工程日期,并有权要求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。在这里发包人承担违约责任的方式是赔偿损失,施工人有权要求工期和费用索赔。施工人按照合同规定完成工程建设后,取得发包人支付的竣工结算款,这是施工人享有的合法权益。为此合同法第286条规定,发包人未按照约定支付价款的,承包人可以催告发包人在合理期限内支付价款。发包人逾期不支付的,除按照建设工程的性质不宜折价、拍卖的以外,承包人可以与发包人协议将该工程折价,也可以申请人民法院将该工程依法拍卖。建设工程的价款就该工程折价或者拍卖的价款优先受偿。这是针对

14、工程价款为施工人设立的优先受偿权。通过这一法律设计,强化了对施工人合法权益的优先救济和保护,为解决久治不愈的业主拖欠工程款问题提供了必要的法律依据。四、建设工程合同承包人的主要义务和违约责任(一勘察、设计合同承包人的主要义务和违约责任1.勘察、设计合同承包人的主要义务在建设工程中,勘察、设计合同承包人的主要义务是:第一,按照勘察、设计合同规定的进度和质量要求向发包人提交勘察、设计成果;第二,配合施工,进行技术交底,解决施工过程中有关设计的问题,负责设计修改,参加工程竣工验收。2.勘察、设计合同承包人承担违约责任勘察、设计的质量是决定建设工程质量的基础。如果勘察、设计的质量存在缺陷,整个建设工程

15、的质量也就失去了保障。勘察、设计工作必须符合法律法规的有关规定,符合建设工程质量、安全标准,符合勘察、设计技术规范,符合勘察、设计合同的要求。如果勘察人、设计人提交的勘察、设计文件不符合质量要求,将承担瑕疵履行违约责任;如果勘察人、设计人不按合同约定的期限提交勘察、设计文件,将承担迟延履行违约责任。合同法第280条规定,勘察、设计的质量不符合要求或者未按照期限提交勘察、设计文件拖延工期,造成发包人损失的,勘察人、设计人应当继续完善勘察、设计,减收或者免收勘察、设计费并赔偿损失。在这里勘察人、设计人通过继续履行和赔偿损失的方式承担违约责任。(二施工合同承包人的主要义务和违约责任1.施工合同承包人

16、的主要义务在建设工程中,施工合同承包人的主要义务是:第一,作好施工准备工作;第二,按照合同要求进行施工;第三,在不影响正常作业的前提下,随时接受发包人对进度、质量的监督检查;第四,按照合同规定,按质如期完成工程,参加竣工验收,进行工程交付;第五,在规定的保修期内,针对由于本方原因造成的工程质量问题,无偿负责维修。2.施工合同承包人承担违约责任施工的质量是决定建设工程质量的关键。在施工过程中,施工人应当按照设计文件和施工规范进行施工,不得偷工减料、粗制滥造,不得擅自修改工程设计,否则施工人对施工质量应承担瑕疵履行违约责任;施工人不得延误工期,否则将承担迟延履行违约责任。为此合同法第281条规定,

17、因施工人的原因致使建设工程质量不符合约定的,发包人有权要求施工人在合理期限内无偿修理或者返工、改建。经过修理或者返工、改建后,造成逾期交付的,施工人应当承担违约责任。在这里施工人承担违约责任的方式主要表现为继续履行,同时还要承担逾期交付引起的违约责任,发包人可从支付违约金、减少价款、行使担保债权等方式中选择适当方式要求施工人承担违约责任。建设工程质量关系到国家利益、社会公共利益和社会公众安全,关系到使用者的自身权益以及第三者的人身财产。施工人不仅应对施工质量负责,而且应对建设工程合理使用期间的质量安全承担责任。如果由于施工人的原因,在合理使用期限内发生了质量事故,造成发包人、最终用户或者第三者

18、人身财产损害,那么施工人不仅应承担加害履行违约责任,而且还要依法承担相应的侵权责任,从而发生施工人违约责任与侵权责任之间的责任竞合。为此合同法第282条规定,因承包人的原因致使建设工程在合理使用期限内造成人身和财产损害的,承包人应当承担损害赔偿责任。发包人可以选择违约责任或者侵权责任要求施工人赔偿损失,其他受损害人可以根据侵权责任要求施工人承担损害赔偿责任。参考文献1 合同法第60条2合同法第280条3合同法第281条4合同法第282条5合同法第283条6合同法第284条Engineering and claims proceduresAbstract:The construction con

19、tract is the contractor for construction projects, contracting to pay the price of the contract, including survey, design, construction contract. Survey, design, construction units, party contractor, the construction unit side to the Employer. The construction contract is a contract the agreement of

20、 clear rights and obligations entered into by the two sides equal on a voluntary basis, the highest code of conduct for both sides to follow in the construction and implementation process.Keywords:Construction contract; the primary duty and breach of contract; construction contract contractorThe con

21、struction contract is the contractor for construction projects, contracting to pay the price of the contract, including survey, design, construction contract. Survey, design, construction units, party contractor, the construction unit side to the Employer. The construction contract is a contract the

22、 agreement of clear rights and obligations entered into by the two sides equal on a voluntary basis, the highest code of conduct for both sides to follow in the construction and implementation process. The contract for our current common sense of apathy, constant breach, to clarify the respective ri

23、ghts and obligations, and strengthen the management of contract specifications, strict liability for breach of an important guarantee for safeguarding the normal order of the construction market. The combination of the following of the learning experience of the "Contract Law", talk on the

24、 construction contrac t liability for breach of its commitment to understanding. Breach of contract and breach of contract law. "The provisions of section 60, the parties shall fully fulfill their obligations in accordance withthe contract. The construction contract is the contractor for constr

25、uction projects, contracting to pay the price of the contract, including survey, design, construction contract. Survey, design, construction units, party contractor, the construction unit side to the Employer. The construction contract is a contract the agreement of clear rights and obligations ente

26、red into by the two sides equal on a voluntary basis, the highest code of conduct for both sides to follow in the construction and implementation process. The contract for our current common sense of apathy, constant breach, to clarify the respective rights and obligations, and strengthen the manage

27、ment of contract specifications, strict liability for breach of an important guarantee for safeguarding the normal orderof the construction market. The combination of the following of the learning experience of the "Contract Law", talk on the construction contract liability for breach of i

28、ts commitment to understanding.A, breach of contract and breach of classification"Contract law" in article 60, the parties shall fully fulfill their obligations in accordance with the contract. Instructions as long as it is clearly stipulated in the contract, the parties must comply with s

29、pecific performance of this contract the force of law. Non-performance of any contractual obligations are stipulated in the contract violation would constitute a breach of contract. Breach of the performance of a variety of forms can be summed up can be classified as follows: breach of contract can

30、be divided into fundamental breac h of contract and fundamental breach of contract is completely contrary to the Contracting purpose.In accordance with the contract is in compliance with the performance situation, the breach can be divided into non-performance or improper performance. Fails to perfo

31、rm the debtor fails to fulfill contractual obligations; improper performance, also known as incomplete performance is to fulfill their obligations of the debtor does not meet the contract. Non-performance can be further divided into fulfillment can not be refused to honor the performance can not bel

32、ong to the debtor an objective can not fulfill their obligations, refused to honor belonging to the debtor to fulfill the obligations of non-performance and subjective. Improper performance can be further divided into the defective performance and harm to fulfill. According to whether caused by tort

33、 damages, the breach can be divided into defective performance and harm to fulfill. Defective performance, the performance of the debtor's flawed, resulting in fulfillment of their value or utility of the reduction or loss; harm to fulfill means that the debtor fulfill not only flawed, and flaws

34、 also led to other creditor's rights are being infringed. In accordance with the main body of delay in performance, the breach can be divided into the debtor's payment delay and Delay in Acceptance.Second, the liability for breach of contract commitmentConsequences of the breach is a direct

35、result of a violation of the contract claims, must bear the corresponding liability for breach of contract. Liability for breach of contract debt is the premise, with the dual attributes of punishment and compensation. Attributable to the principle of as liable for breach of contract law "stric

36、t liability, breach of human subjective fault, should bear the liability for breach of contract. Liability for breach of commitments, "contract law" the law can continue to fulfill the cessation of the breach, damages, payment of liquidated damages, and the implementation of the deposit pe

37、nalties and other remedial measures.Continue to perform, also known as the actual performance of specific performance, refers to the party breached the contract, the other party has the right to request the people's court or an arbitration institution to make a judgment or award, and forced the

38、breach of contract in accordance with thecontract to fulfill their obligations.Cessation of the breach, the party breached the contract, the other party may request the cessation of the breach; breach of contract should also take the initiative to stop the breach; People's Court has the right to

39、 be ordered to breach cessation of the breach.Compensation for damages is the party of the breach to the other party property losses, breach of contract law to make financial compensation to the other. Compensation for damages is a typical way of compensation. Payment of liquidated damages, to the o

40、ther party breached the contract, to pay a certain amount of money. According to the different nature of liquidated damages can be divided into the punitive damages the gold and compensation for breach of contract; According to different sources, liquidated damages can be divided into the agreed pen

41、alty and statutory liquidated damages.Deposit penalties for a breach of contract bear the way. Deposit refers to the parties a party to pay a certain amount of money as security for debt. The deposit for a security for debt role mainly for the deposit penalties to pay a deposit of one party does not

42、 perform the debt, no right to demand the return of the deposit; party accepting the deposit fails to perform the agreed debt obligations, should be double the return of the deposit.In addition, you can take some other remedial measures, including: preventing further loss, to suspend the contract, r

43、equiring the proper discharge, terminate the contract and the exercise of the secured claim.According to the construction contract, the contractor shall promptly complete the building according to the quality and quantity, the developer shall timely inspection and acceptance and pay the contract pri

44、ce. Either the Employer or the Contractor, as long as it does not fulfill obligations under the contract, would constitute a breach of contract. For the different nature of the breach of contract, the creditor is entitled to require the defaulting debtor in accordance with the provisions of the law

45、of the "Contract Law" to bear the corresponding liability for breach of contract.Three, the main construction contract, the Employer obligations and liability for breach of contract(A investigation, the main obligations of the Employer of the design contract and breach of contractInvestiga

46、tion, design contract for the Employer's obligationsIn construction engineering, surveying, design contract for the main obligations of the Employer is: first, to survey and design work required basic data and technical requirements, and provide the time, schedule, and reliability of the informa

47、tion is responsible for ; survey design to provide the necessary working and living conditions; the third survey, in accordance with the provisions of the contract paid to the surveyor or designer, design fees; Fourth, maintain the results of the work of the surveyor, designer, not modification shal

48、l not be transferable to a third party to re-use.Investigation, design, contract letting and liable for breach of"Contract Law" three specific ways for investigation, design contract for breach of the Employer, the Employer to change plans, inaccurate information provided by the Employer,

49、the Employer is not in accordance with the deadline to provide the necessary survey, design, working conditions. Three breaches will lead to the surveyor or designer spending the extra workload, resulting in the survey, increased design fee unreasonable. To this e nd the Employer shall be liable for

50、 non-performance, improper performance, or delay in performance, breach of contract, with pay in accordance with the surveyor, designer of the actual consumption of the amount of work. "Contract Law" Section 285 provides that, due to change the plan of the Employer, the information provide

51、d is not accurate, or not in accordance with the deadline to provide the necessary survey, design working conditions survey, design rework, downtime, or modify the design, the developer shall fees paid by the survey and design the actual consumption of the amount of work. Liable for breach of contra

52、ct here by way of compensation for the losses.If the Employer fails to contract provisions, standards and deadlines to pay survey to the surveyor or designer, design fees, the Employer shall be liable for failure or delay in performance, breach of contract, the provisions of section 109 of the appli

53、cable contract law, a party fails to to pay the price or remuneration, the other party may request to pay the price or remuneration. Employer delay in payment of survey and design fees, in addition to survey and design fees to be paid, we must also assume other liability for breach of contract, such

54、 as payment of liquidated damages and compensation for overdue interest and other. Contract modification to the survey and design results, the quality of the project, the developer shall bear the responsibility; contracting unauthorized survey designed for transfer to a third party, the Employer sha

55、ll compensate consequential losses. Ministry of Construction, issued by the State Administration for Industry, construction and engineering design, contract provisions, the employer shall protect the copyright of Party B, without B's consent, the design documents delivered by Party A may not be

56、copied or transferred to third parties or for projects outside of this contract, such as occurrence of the above, Party B shall be entitled to claim.(B The primary duty and breach of contract for the construction contract letting peopleThe main obligations of a construction contract bidding peopleIn

57、 construction projects, the main obligations of the construction contract letting people: first, to make all the preparatory work before construction; for the builder to provide the necessary conditions, with the construction work of the people; third, according to the contract paid to the construct

58、ion project prepayments; Fourth, in the case without prejudice to the normal operation of the construction people, make the necessary supervision and inspection; Fifth, to pay progress payments to the builder in accordance with the contract; sixth, organizational completion and acceptance of payment

59、 The final settlement amount.(2 Construction Contract the Employer liable for breach ofIf the contract to provide the raw materials, equipment, site, technical information, while the contract agreed upon by the person fails to request these conditions, if the Employer fails to pay the agreed project advance or progress payments by the Employer, the Employer shall bear thenon-performance inappropriate to perform or delay in performance, breach of contract, the application of the provisions of s